#Clinical_case 26

A 36-year old man has came to the office complaining of some red, painful and fluid-filled lesions on his right arm which has started from 5 days ago. The pain is getting worse over time passing. Today some new lesions have appeared around his right eye which is itchy and painful. He notices no more complaints.

PMH 👉 Negative

D.H 👉 Negative

Physical examinations:

There are some red blisters on lateral part of his right arm and also his right eye which is tender in touch.
Neurological examinations of both eyes are intact.

📌 Vital signs 👉 Normal

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1⃣ What is the most likely diagnosis?

2⃣ What else do you need to know about his history?

3⃣ Management?

4⃣ What would you tell your patient as part of "patient education"?

@Clinical_case_answer 26

#Clinical_case 27

A 54 year old man presents to your office complaining of chronic fatigue and feeling of tireness that has been started since 2 months ago. He also complains of abdominal pain especially in the epigaster and RUQ that happens sometimes, with nausea and decreased appetite. He has last weight for about 5Kg over recent 2 months.

👉 PMH:

1) DM2 (from 12 years ago)
2) Hypercholesterolemia

👉 D.H:

1) Metformin 1000mg daily
2) Rosuvastatin 20mg daily

Physical examination:

Head and neck 👉 Both sclera are a bit icterous

Skin 👉 Normal color and turgor

Chest 👉 Normal

Abdomen 👉 No tender/ No distention

Extremities 👉 Normal

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1⃣ Differential diagnosis?

2⃣ Most likely diagnosis?

3⃣ Management?

#Clinical_case_answer 27

1⃣ Differential diagnosis:

1) Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)
2) Hepatocellular carcinoma
3) Hepatitis C
4) Pancreatic cancer
5) Choledocholithiasis
6) Starvation
7) Wilson disease
8) Liver cirrhosis
9) Abetalipoproteinemia
10) Cholangiocarcinoma

2⃣ Most likely diagnosis:

According to patient's age, long history of diabetes, decreased energy and appetite and vague abdominal pain, fatty liver can be suspected.
But weight loss of 5Kg and conjunctival jaundice, raise our suspicion of hepatic cancers.

3⃣ Management:

🔹Diagnosis of liver cancers as well as fatty liver disease is made by considering the patient's history and examinations, laboratory and paraclinical procedures.
The following tests should be requested in this patient:

📌 CBC diff
📌 PT, PTT, INR, Albumin
📌 AST, ALT, ALP, Bili (T & D)
📌 LDL, HDL, cholesterol & triglyceride
📌 Amylase, Lipase
📌 FBS
📌 Anti HCVAb
📌 HBsAg, HBcAg
📌 Plasma Iron, ferritin and TIBC
📌 Gamma glutamyl transferase
📌 Abdominal Ultrasound

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🔔 The definitive method for diagnosing in these patients is biopsy.
The patient eventually underwent a biopsy. The final diagnosis was high-grade fatty liver disease with no clue of cancer. The patient lost weight in the context of severe loss of appetite from two months ago.

In patients with fatty liver disease and risk factors such as weight loss and jaundice, complete hepatitis diagnostic tests should be performed and the following recommendations are essential:

1) Recommended to lose weight in obese patients
2) Avoid alcohol
3) Regular control of blood sugar under the supervision of a physician
4) Regular exercise program, at least 30 minutes daily

The main treatment in these patients lifystyle change, but in some references, some medications have been recommended, such as:

📌Vitamin E
📌Pioglitazone

In advanced cases, Liraglutide can be used to prevent liver fibrosis.
In case of impaired liver enzymes, the liver profile should be checked every three to six weeks until it becomes normal.

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✅ Final diagnosis:

#High_grade_fatty_liver_disease

#Clinical_case 28

A 47-year-old woman presents to the emergency room complaining of a 4-week history of progressive abdominal swelling and discomfort. She has no other gastrointestinal symptoms, and she has a normal appetite and normal bowel habits. She is married for 20 years.

PMH 👉 excessive blood loss in previous pregnancy, which required a blood transfusion

D.H 👉 Negative

H.H 👉 No smoking/ drinks occassionally/ Snored cocaine once or twice many years ago

📌 Physical examination:

Head and neck 👉 Sclerae are icteric

Chest 👉 Symmetric/ Clear to auscultation

Abdomen 👉 Swollen with mild diffuse tenderness/ distented/ Shifting dullness to percussion and a fluid wave/ Hypoactive bowel sounds

Extremities 👉 Normal


👉 Vital signs:

BP = 94/60 mmHg
PR = 88 bpm
RR = 18/min
T = 38°C

📌 Laboratory results:

Na = 129 mEq/L
Alb = 2.8 mg/dL
Total bilirubin = 4mg/dL
PTT = 15 sec
INR = 1
WBC = 5,600
Hgb = 12 g/dL
MCV = 102 fL
Plt = 78,000

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1⃣ Differential diagnosis?

2⃣ Most likely diagnosis?

3⃣ Next step?

#Clinical_case_answer 28

1⃣ Differential diagnosis:

1) High grade fatty liver disease
2) Cirrhosis
3) Hepatocellular carcinoma
4) Hepatitis
5) Hemochromatosis
6) Wilson's disease

2⃣ Most likely diagnosis:

👉 "Hepatic cirrhosis"

Clinical approach:

Cirrhosis is the end result of chronic hepatocellular injury that leads to both fibrosis and nodular regeneration. With ongoing hepatocyte destruction and collagen deposition, the liver shrinks in size and becomes nodular and hard. Alcoholic cirrhosis is one of the most common forms of cirrhosis. It is related to chronic alcohol use, but there appears to be some hereditary predisposition to the development of fibrosis, and the process is enhanced by concomitant infection with hepatitis C. Clinical symptoms are produced by the hepatic dysfunction as well as by portal hypertension, which is produced by increased resistance to portal blood flow, producing portal hypertension, and sometimes to resultant portosystemic shunting. Loss of functioning hepatic mass leads to jaundice as well as impaired synthesis of albumin (leading to edema) and of clotting factors (leading to coagulopathy). Fibrosis and increased sinusoidal resistance lead to portal hypertension and its complications, such as esophageal varices, ascites, and hypersplenism. Portosystemic shunting via natural collaterals or iatrogenic shunts causes hepatic encephalopathy. Portal hypertension causes caput medusa and hemorrhoids. Decreased liver production of steroid hormone binding globulin (SHBG) leads to an increase in unbound estrogen manifested by spider angioma, palmar erythema and gynecomastia

3⃣ Next step:

Paracentesis of ascitic fluid (to determine its likely etiology as well as evaluate for the complication of SBP)

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✅ Final diagnosis:

#Cirrhosis probably hepatitis C-related

📌 Complications of cirrhosis

📌 Differential diagnosis of ascites based on SAAG*

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#Clinical_case 29

An 8-year old girl has been brought to the hospital with a complaint of generalized skin manifestations. The young girl was taken to a local clinic on an outpatient basis about 10 days ago following a sore throat and fever.
The physician diagnosed her with a cold and started Amoxicillin for her. 3 days after start taking amoxicillin, she developed skin rashes that started on the head and face that spread to the chest and abdomen after a few hours that was accompanied by lip swelling and dyspnea. Following a quick visit to a hospital, hydrocortisone and clindamycin was prescribed for her.
During hospitalization, swelling of the lips and dyspnea improved, but skin rashes spread to the back and buttocks.

📌 Physical examinations:

Neck 👉 Small 1*1cm lymph node on the lateral side of the neck

Pharynx 👉 Erythema and brief hypertrophy of the tonsils without exudate

Skin 👉
Palpable purpura, generalized on the skin that faded with pressure but doesnt disappeared completely.

(See the pictures below)

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1⃣ Differential diagnosis?

2⃣ Required laboratory tests?

3⃣ Management?