*🛡️Arrival Of European companies in chronological order*

*💎Trick:-* PD BD FS

♟️P = Portuguese (1498)   
♟️D = Dutch   
♟️B-BRITISH English) (1600)
♟️D = Dennis (1616) 
♟️F = French (1664)
♟️S = Swedish (1731

*Hit 👍❤️👌 To Appreciate our Consistent Efforts.*

*🛡️Pacific Ocean*

*💎Warm Currents:-*
♟️1. Kuroshio Current (Japan Current)
♟️2. North Equatorial Current
♟️3. South Equatorial Current
♟️4. East Australian Current
♟️5. Equatorial Counter Current
♟️6. Alaskan Current

*💎Cold Currents:-*
♟️1. Oyashio Current
♟️2. California Current
♟️3. Peru Current (Humboldt Current)
♟️4. West Wind Drift (part of Antarctic Circumpolar Current).

*🛡️Space Debris*

♟️Space Debris (also called space junk or orbital debris) refers to all man-made objects in space that are no longer useful but still orbit the Earth.

*💎Main Sources*

*♟️1. Defunct satellites –* Old satellites that no longer work.

*♟️2. Rocket parts –* Stages or fragments left behind after launches.

*♟️3. Collision fragments –* Pieces created when satellites or rockets collide.

*♟️4. Mission-related objects –* Bolts, metal pieces, or tools left during missions.

*💎Dangers*

*♟️Damage to active satellites –* Debris can crash into working satellites.

*♟️Risk to astronauts –* Even tiny fragments can harm the International Space Station (ISS).

*♟️Kessler Syndrome –* A chain reaction where collisions create more debris, making space too dangerous.

*💎Solutions*

*♟️Graveyard orbit or re-entry –* Moving old satellites into a safer orbit or burning them up in Earth’s atmosphere.

*♟️Active Debris Removal (ADR) –* Using nets, robotic arms, or lasers to clear junk.

*♟️New space rules –* Agencies now design missions to reduce future debris.

*♟️In Short,* space debris = old satellites + rocket parts + fragments that make space operations risky.

🛡️ *National Biodiversity Action Plan (NBAP)*

♟️Align India’s biodiversity strategy with global targets like the Aichi Biodiversity Targets under the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD).

♟️ *Biodiversity Loss* Caused by habitat fragmentation, pollution, and overexploitation of resources.
♟️ *Policy Gaps* Limited focus on biodiversity in developmental policies.
♟️ *Community Involvement* Insufficient participation in conservation efforts.

💎 *Proposed Measures*
♟️Site-Specific Plans: Develop management plans for Protected Areas.
♟️Community Monitoring: Promote participatory wildlife monitoring involving local communities.
♟️Integration with Climate Goals: Link biodiversity conservation with climate adaptation strategies.

💎 *Significance*
♟️NBAP ensures sustainable biodiversity conservation, addressing both national and global challenges.

🛡️ *Evolution of Civil services in India*

♟️1. Cornwallis ( 1786-93) first to organise .

♟️ 2. Wellesley ( 1798-1805)
A. Fort William college for new recruits
B. 1806- Disapproved ( by Court of Directors)
C. East India College at Haileybury in England

♟️3. 1853- Open competition

♟️4. Indian Civil Service Act, 1861:
A. Age: 23 (1859), 22 ( 1860), 21 ( 1866), 19 ( 1878)
B. 1863- Satyendra Nath Tagore became first Indian to qualify

♟️5. Statutory civil service (1878-79: Lytton)
A. 1/6th covenanted post to Indians through nominations ( system failed and abolished)

♟️6. Aitchison Committee on Public Services ( 1886) - Dufferin
A. Drop covenanted and uncovenanted
B. Imperial Indian Civil service ( Exam- England), Provincial Civil Service ( exam- India),
Subordinate Civil Service ( Exam- India)
C. Raising Age limit to 23

♟️7. Montford Reforms 1919:
A. 1/3rd recruitment in India itself- to be raised annually by 1.5%

♟️8. Lee Commission 1924:
A. Direct recruit. To ICS on basis of 50:50 parity to be reached in 15 yrs
B. Public Service Commission to be established ( as laid in GoI Act,1919)

♟️9. GoI Act, 1935:
A. Establishment of Federal Public Service Commission and Provincial Public Service Commission.

Foreign Travellers to the Vijayanagara Empire

1. Nicolo Conti — Italy — Deva Raya I

2. Abdur Razzaq — Persia — Deva Raya II

3. Duarte Barbosa — Portugal — Krishnadeva Raya

4. Domingo Paes — Portugal — Krishnadeva Raya

5. Fernao Nuniz — Portugal — Achyuta Deva Raya

6. Cesare Federici — Italy — Late Vijayanagara period


7. Athanasius Nikitin — Russia — Deva Raya II

*🛡️Sangam Literature – Famous Texts*

*💎TRICK :-* TIRU SILA ETTU PATHU

♟️ *TIRU* → Tirukkural (By Thiruvalluvar – Ethics & Morality)
♟️ *SILA* → Silappadikaram (By Ilango Adigal – Story of Kannagi)
♟️ *ETTU* → Ettuthogai (Eight Anthologies)
♟️ *PATHU* → Pathupattu (Ten Idylls)

*🛡️Retired Judge*

♟️At any time, the chief justice of India can request a retired judge of the Supreme Court or a retired judge of a high court (who is duly qualified for appointment as a judge of the Supreme Court) to act as a judge of the Supreme Court for a temporary period.

♟️He can do so only with the previous consent of the president and also of the person to be so appointed.

♟️Such a judge is entitled to such allowances as the president may determine.

♟️He will also enjoy all the jurisdiction, powers and privileges of a judge of Supreme Court. But, he will not otherwise be deemed to be a judge of the Supreme Court.

*🛡️Branches of Biology*

*♟️Apiculture* – Study of beekeeping.
*♟️Sericulture* – Study of silkworm rearing.
*♟️Pisciculture* – Study of fish farming.
*♟️Horticulture* – Study of garden cultivation.
*♟️Floriculture* – Cultivation of flowers.
*♟️Mycology* – Study of fungi.
*♟️Phycology* – Study of algae.
*♟️Anthrology* – Study of flowers.
*♟️Ichthyology* – Study of fishes.
*♟️Ophiology* – Study of snakes.
*♟️Sauralogy* – Study of lizards.
*♟️Entomology* – Study of insects.
*♟️Ornithology* – Study of birds.
*♟️Serology* – Study of blood serum.
*♟️Osteology* – Study of bones.
*♟️Oncology* – Study related to cancer.
*♟️Parasitology* – Study of parasitic organisms.
*♟️Conchology* – Study of mollusk shells.

“Empowerment of women leads to the development of a good family, good society and, ultimately, a good nation.
When the woman is happy, the home is happy. When the home is happy, the society is happy, and when the society is happy, the state is happy, and when the state is happy, there will be peace in the country, and it will develop at a greater pace.”
*APJ Abdul Kalam*

He highlights the vital role of women's empowerment in creating a harmonious and prosperous society.

*Empowering women leads to:*

⭐Good family: Women's empowerment strengthens family bonds and creates a nurturing environment.
⭐Good society: Empowered women contribute to a more compassionate, equitable, and just society.
⭐Good nation: A society with empowered women leads to a more prosperous, peaceful, and developed nation.

*The ripple effect of a happy woman:*

⭐Happy home: A woman's happiness creates a positive and supportive family environment.
⭐Happy society: A happy home contributes to a harmonious and thriving society.
⭐Happy state: A happy society leads to a stable and prosperous nation.
⭐Peace and development: A happy nation enjoys peace and rapid development.

⭐Kalam's quote emphasizes the significance of women's empowerment in building a better world. By empowering women, we create a positive impact on families, societies, and nations, ultimately leading to peace and prosperity.

*🛡️Ethics in Action: The Manjunath Shanmugam Story*

♟️ *Man of Integrity*
♟️Manjunath Shanmugam, a sales officer at Indian Oil Corporation (IOC), stood firm against corruption by exposing and preventing the sale of adulterated fuel.
♟️His courageous actions to shut down a corrupt petrol station in Lakhimpur Kheri, Uttar Pradesh ultimately led to his tragic murder.

♟️ *Legacy and Inspiration*
♟️His sacrifice has inspired students across India, including those from IIM, IIT, and other institutions, to fight against corruption and stand up for ethical governance.
♟️The students at IIM set up the Manjunath Shanmugam Trust, initially to fight for justice in his case, with the long-term vision of improving governance in public life.

♟️ *Ethical Takeaway*
♟️Integrity and courage in the face of adversity are core ethical values.
♟️The Manjunath Shanmugam Trust exemplifies how individual action can spark a broader societal movement toward accountability and transparency in governance.

🛡️ *Tribal Art in India*

Diverse array of expressions reflecting lives, beliefs, and customs.
💎 *Example:*
♟️ *Warli Art (Maharashtra)-* Simple geometric shapes depicting harmony with nature.
♟️ *Gond Art (Central India)-* Vibrant hues, intricate patterns, rich mythology.
♟️ *Madhubani Painting (Bihar)-* Intricate motifs, bold colors, scenes from mythology.
♟️ *Pattachitra Art (Odisha)-* Mythological narratives on cloth or palm leaves.
♟️ *Santhal Art (Eastern India)-* Earthy tones, tribal motifs using natural materials.
♟️ *Saura Painting (Odisha)-* Vibrant colors, geometric patterns, depicting deities and myths.
♟️ *Bhil Art (Rajasthan & Madhya Pradesh)-* Folkore, rituals, nature, animals, deities.
♟️ *Phad Painting (Rajasthan)-* Stories of deities, heroes, and legends on large scrolls.
♟️ *Pithora Painting (Gujarat & Madhya Pradesh)-* Ritualistic art for blessings.
♟️ *Toda Embroidery (Tamil Nadu)-* Geometric patterns using natural materials.

*🌏SEA OF AZOV*

📍 Why in News?
✅ Ukraine has reportedly struck five ships allegedly carrying illegal cargo in the Sea of Azov, highlighting its strategic importance in the Russia–Ukraine conflict.

📍 Location
✅ Located in Eastern Europe
✅ Bordered by Russia (east) and Ukraine (north and west)
✅ Crimean Peninsula lies to its west
✅ Connected to the Black Sea through the Kerch Strait

📍 Connectivity
✅ Linked to the Atlantic Ocean via:
Black Sea → Sea of Marmara → Aegean Sea → Mediterranean Sea → Atlantic Ocean

📍 Key Features
✅ Shallowest sea in the world
✅ Average depth: 7 metres (23 feet)
✅ Characterised by low salinity due to heavy freshwater inflow

📍 Major Rivers
✅ Don River
✅ Kuban River
➡️ These rivers significantly reduce the sea’s salinity.

📍 Important Geographical Feature
✅ Arabat Spit – a 113 km-long sandbar, one of the longest in Europe

📍 Major Ports
✅ Ukraine: Mariupol, Berdyansk
✅ Russia: Yeysk, Taganrog

📍 Strategic Importance
✅ Acts as a crucial maritime route for trade and energy transport
✅ Supports fisheries and regional commerce
✅ Holds significant geopolitical and military importance due to its connection with the Black Sea and proximity to conflict zones

🎯 UPSC Prelims Fact: The Sea of Azov is the world’s shallowest sea and is connected to the Black Sea through the Kerch Strait.

🛡 *Increasing order of formation of banking institutions :-*

Trick :- Man by doing AGRICULTURE built a HOUSE, then an INDUSTRY and remaining money he invested IN SECURITY MARKET.

NABARD : agriculture 1982.

NHB : house1988.

SIDBI : industry 1990.

SEBI : securities market 1992.

1 Question: Write Daily @ 10 am

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