Civil Services Pdf Notes
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CivilServices Pdf Notes

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*πŸ›‘οΈTex-RAMPS Scheme*

*πŸ’ŽBasics*
*β™ŸοΈFull Form:-* Textiles Focused Research, Assessment, Monitoring, Planning & Start-up
*β™ŸοΈMinistry:-* Ministry of Textiles
*β™ŸοΈFunding:-* β‚Ή305 crore (2025–26 to 2030–31)
*β™ŸοΈAim:-* Future-proof India’s textiles & apparel (T&A) sector through research, innovation & competitiveness

*πŸ’ŽKey Components*
*β™ŸοΈResearch & Innovation:-* Smart textiles, sustainability, advanced materials
*β™ŸοΈData, Analytics & Diagnostics:-* Employment studies, supply-chain mapping, risk assessments
*β™ŸοΈIntegrated Textiles Statistical System (ITSS):-* Real-time monitoring + strategic planning
*β™ŸοΈCapacity Development:-* Strengthening state-level planning & best-practice dissemination
*β™ŸοΈStart-up & Innovation Support:-* Incubators, hackathons, academia-industry collaboration.
πŸ“ŒProminent Ashokan Pillars (Mauryan Art & Administration)

⭐️Delhi–Topra Ashokan Pillar

πŸͺ„Originally erected at Topra (Haryana) during Ashoka’s reign
πŸͺ„Shifted to Delhi by Firoz Shah Tughlaq (14th century)
πŸͺ„Inscriptions promote Dhamma
πŸͺ„Unique references to:
πŸͺ„Taxation policies
πŸͺ„Administrative measures
πŸͺ„Welfare activities (tree planting, public good)
πŸͺ„Mentions Jains, showing religious tolerance

⭐️Prayagraj (Allahabad) Ashokan Pillar

πŸͺ„Located at Ganga–Yamuna confluence
πŸͺ„Contains edicts on governance and Dhamma
πŸͺ„Mentions Ashoka’s queen Karuvaki
πŸͺ„ Highlights her charitable and Dhamma-related contributions
πŸ›‘οΈIndia's installed renewable energy rank in the world

β™ŸοΈTotal renewable energy- 4th

β™ŸοΈSolar power- 3rd

β™ŸοΈWind power- 4th

β™ŸοΈHydro power- 5th

β™ŸοΈGeothermal power- 15th.
*πŸ›‘οΈLord Curzon*

β™ŸοΈThe Bardhaman municipality, West Bengal has decided to erect a statue of an erstwhile maharaja in front of the landmark Curzon Gate in the city.

*πŸ’ŽAbout Curzon*

β™ŸοΈHe served as Under-Secretary of State for India (1891-1892), and for Foreign Affairs (1895-1898), before being appointed Viceroy of India in 1899.

β™ŸοΈOf all the Viceroys of India, Curzon is possibly the most criticised β€” he is the man who partitioned Bengal in 1905, and triggered a wave of Bengali nationalism that contributed to the wider Indian national movement. He was also one of the more openly imperialist of viceroys, and a man who saw Britain’s rule over India as critical to the survival of the empire.

β™ŸοΈIn 1900, Curzon famously stated, β€œWe could lose all our [white settlement] dominions and still survive, but if we lost India, our sun would sink to its setting.”

*πŸ’ŽReforms by Lord Curzon*

*β™ŸοΈEducational* Curzon brought in the Indian Universities Act of 1904,which brought all the universities in India under the control of the government.

*β™ŸοΈScientific*  The Agriculture Research Institute in Pusa (Bihar – Bengal Presidency) was established.

*β™ŸοΈAdministrative* He instituted a Police Commission in 1902 under the chairmanship of Sir Andrew Frazer.

β™ŸοΈDuring the Curzon regime, the Northwest Frontier Province (NWFP) was established which covered roughly the areas of the upper course of the River Indus.

*β™ŸοΈMilitary*  Imperial cadet corpswas set up which became an instrument for the Indianisation of the army later.
*πŸ›‘οΈStages of Artificial Intelligence*

*πŸ’ŽThree Stages of AI*
β™ŸοΈANI (Artificial Narrow Intelligence)
βšœοΈβ€œWeak AI”
⚜️Performs single, narrow tasks
⚜️No ability to generalise
⚜️Example: Siri, Alexa

*β™ŸοΈAGI (Artificial General Intelligence)*
βšœοΈβ€œStrong AI”
⚜️Human-like intelligence β†’ can learn/understand any intellectual task
⚜️Can generalise knowledge
⚜️Does not yet exist

*β™ŸοΈASI (Artificial Superintelligence)*
⚜️Theoretical level
⚜️Surpasses human intelligence
⚜️Can solve problems beyond human capability.
*Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms and Government of India Act, 1919*

β€’ The British government, not prepared to part with or even share its power with the Indians, once again resorted to the policy of β€˜carrot and stick’. The carrot was represented by the insubstantial Montagu- Chelmsford Reforms, while measures such as the Rowlatt Act represented the stick.

Main Features

β€’ Provincial Government

β€’ Introduction of Dyarchy.

β€’ Provincial legislative councils were further expanded and 70 percent of the members were to be elected.

β€’ The system of communal and class electorates was further consolidated.

β€’ Central Government

β€’ No responsible government was envisaged in the Act for the government at the all-India level.

β€’ A bicameral arrangement was introduced.

β€’ The governor-general was to be the chief executive authority.

β€’ The Act clarified that there would be a gradual development of self-governing institution in India and not self-determination of the people of India.
*πŸ›‘οΈTrans - Himalayas*

β™ŸοΈLies immediately north of Great himalayan ranges.

β™ŸοΈAlso known as Tibetan Himalaya because lies in Tibet.

β™ŸοΈAverage elevation - 3000m.

β™ŸοΈAverage width - 40km in extremities and about 225km in Central part.

β™ŸοΈDistance of about 1000km in east - west direction.

β™ŸοΈThis contain Tethys sediments. Rocks of this region contain fossil marine sediments but underlain by Tetitiary granite.

β™ŸοΈThe Zaskar, Ladakh, Kailash and Karakoram are main ranges.

β™ŸοΈK2 lies here.
*A.K. Gopalan v. State of Madras (1950)* – Personal liberty under Article 21.

*Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973)* – Basic Structure Doctrine.

*I.C. Golaknath v. State of Punjab (1967)* – Amendability of Fundamental Rights.

*Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India (1978)* – Expanded the scope of Article 21.

*S.R. Bommai v. Union of India (1994)* – Federalism and misuse of Article 356.

*Indira Sawhney v. Union of India (1992)* – Reservations and the Mandal Commission.

*K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India (2017)* – Right to Privacy.

*Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India (2018)* – Decriminalization of homosexuality.

*Shayara Bano v. Union of India (2017)* – Triple Talaq invalid.

*Minerva Mills v. Union of India (1980)* – Reaffirmed the Basic Structure Doctrine..
*πŸ›‘οΈAshoka Rock Edicts Features Inscribed in Edicts*

*β™ŸοΈMajor Rock Edict I :-* Prohibits animal slaughter Bans festive gatherings
*β™ŸοΈMajor Rock Edict II :-* Mentions the South Indian kingdoms such as Cholas, Pandya, Satyaputas and Keralaputras.
Deals with social welfare measures
*β™ŸοΈMajor Rock Edict III :-*
Liberty to Brahmanas Every five years Yukatas, Pradesikas along with Rajukas visit all the areas of the kingdom to spread Dhamma.
*β™ŸοΈMajor Rock Edict IV :-*
Preference of Dhammaghosa (Sound of peace) over Berighosa (Sound of wandrums).
Impact of Dhamma on society
*β™ŸοΈMajor Rock Edict V :-* Humane treatment of slaves by their masters Mentions about the appointment of Dhamma Mahamatras.
*β™ŸοΈMajor Rock Edict VI :-* Deals with the welfare measures King’s wish to know about the condition of the people
*β™ŸοΈMajor Rock Edict VII :-* Tolerance towards all religions and sects
*β™ŸοΈMajor Rock Edict VIII :-*
Mentions about Ashoka’s visit to Bodh Gaya and Bodhi tree Maintaining contact with rural people via Dharmayatras.
*β™ŸοΈMajor Rock Edict IX :-* Stresses on the moral conduct of people.
Avoiding expensive ceremonies
*β™ŸοΈMajor Rock Edict X :-* Condemns the desire for fame and glory
*β™ŸοΈMajor Rock Edict XI :-* Elaborate explanation of Dhamma
*β™ŸοΈMajor Rock Edict XII :-* Appeal for developing tolerance towards all religious sects.
*β™ŸοΈMajor Rock Edict XIII :-* Explains about Kalinga war and conquest through dhamma
*β™ŸοΈMajor Rock Edict XIV :-* Deals with the purpose of engraving inscriptions in various parts of the country.
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🌏Gulf of Eilat

β™ŸοΈIt is also known as Gulf of Aqaba which is the northeastern extension of the Red Sea.
β™ŸοΈThe northern portion of the Red Sea is divided by the Sinai Peninsula into the Gulf of Aqaba in the east and the Gulf of Suez in the west. 
β™ŸοΈIt is located along the southeastern edge of the Sinai Peninsula and to the west of the Arabian Peninsula. 
β™ŸοΈIt forms an integral part of the East African Rift System and was created by seismic activity along the Afro-Syrian Rift.
β™ŸοΈThe Tiran Strait connects the Gulf of Aqaba with the Red Sea. It also serves as a connecting point between the continents of Asia and Africa.
β™ŸοΈIt supports unique and diverse aquatic ecosystems and serves as a vital habitat for some of the world’s richest coral reefs.
β™ŸοΈIt is bordered by the countries of Israel, Jordan, Egypt and Saudi Arabia.
β™ŸοΈSome of the major cities that are situated on the northern end of the Gulf of Aqaba include Taba (Egypt), Eilat (Israel), and Aqaba (Jordan). 
*πŸ›‘οΈCountries through which Tropic of Capricorn Passes*

*πŸ’ŽTrick:- CAB PNB Se Mumbai Aai.*

β™ŸοΈC : Chile,
β™ŸοΈA : Argentina,
β™ŸοΈB : Brazil,
β™ŸοΈP : Paraguay,
β™ŸοΈN : Namibia,
β™ŸοΈB : Botswana,
β™ŸοΈS : South Africa,
β™ŸοΈM : Mozambique,
β™ŸοΈM : Madagascar,
β™ŸοΈA: Australia.

*Hit πŸ‘β€οΈπŸ‘ŒTo Appreciate our Consistent Efforts.*
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SWAYATT Initiative (Startups, Women and Youth Advantage through e-Transactions)

●Objective:
To increase participation of women-led enterprises and youth in government procurement.

●Features
-
Enables startups, women entrepreneurs, youth, Micro & Small Enterprises (MSEs), Self Help Groups (SHGs), and last-mile sellers to participate directly in government procurement.
-Implemented through the Government e-Marketplace (GeM).
-Based on the principle of social inclusion in public procurement.
-Addresses three major challenges faced by emerging enterprises:Access to markets, Access to finance,Access to value addition

●Government e-Marketplace (GeM)
-
Online platform for government procurement, Known as India’s National Procurement Portal
-Used by ministries, departments and PSUs to buy goods and services

●
Developed by DGS&D (Ministry of Commerce & Industry) with support from National e-Governance Division (MeitY)
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UPSC 2026 - 60 Days Planner.pdf
384.7 KB
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Superconductivity

βœ… Discovered by Dutch physicist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (1911)
βœ… Property of certain materials to conduct direct current (DC) with zero electrical resistance when cooled below a critical temperature (Tc)
βœ… Tc (Critical Temperature): Temperature at which material becomes superconducting

πŸ“ Key Properties
βœ… Zero Electrical Resistance: No energy loss during current flow β†’ extremely efficient power transmission
βœ… Meissner Effect: Complete expulsion of magnetic field from inside the superconductor (perfect diamagnetism)

πŸ“ Applications
βœ… Medical: MRI machines (strong stable magnetic fields)
βœ… Science: Particle accelerators like LHC
βœ… Transport: Maglev trains (magnetic levitation β†’ frictionless movement)
βœ… Energy: High-efficiency power cables & storage
βœ… Technology: Quantum computing & advanced sensors

πŸ“ Significance of New Research
➑️ Moving towards higher-temperature superconductivity reduces cooling cost
➑️ Enhances feasibility of large-scale real-world applications
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🚨 UPSC Prelims 2026- Final Countdown Begins!
⏳ Only 60 Days Left

πŸ”₯ Dhurandhar Batch 2.0 launching on 26th March

This is NOT just another batch - this is your last serious attempt booster.

βœ”οΈ Laser Focus on Last 10 Years PYQs (Pattern decoding + repetition mastery)
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βœ”οΈ Expected Questions + Smart Elimination Techniques
βœ”οΈ Time Management & Attempt Strategy

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