Forwarded from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
Are You Prelims Ready for 2026?
Your Real preparation begins with a Real test!
🎯 UPSC FREE Prelims Mock Test 2026 (PRAGATI 2026) is here to help you benchmark your preparation at an All India level.
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Karol Bagh, Prayagraj, Patna, Lucknow, Indore
🗓 22nd March 2026
⏰ 9:30 AM – GS Foundation
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This is not just a mock — it’s your reality check before Prelims 2026.
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✅ Available in English & Hindi
Seats are filling fast. Don’t Miss Your Rank! 🚀
Your Real preparation begins with a Real test!
🎯 UPSC FREE Prelims Mock Test 2026 (PRAGATI 2026) is here to help you benchmark your preparation at an All India level.
🔥AVAILABLE IN BOTH ONLINE AND OFFLINE
Karol Bagh, Prayagraj, Patna, Lucknow, Indore
🗓 22nd March 2026
⏰ 9:30 AM – GS Foundation
⏰ 2:30 PM – CSAT
This is not just a mock — it’s your reality check before Prelims 2026.
👉 Take the test. Know your standing. Improve strategically.
🔗 Enroll Now: https://www.studyiq.net/lp/SIQPMT-2026.html
✨ Why You Shouldn’t Miss This:
✅ Get Your All India Rank
✅ Based on Latest UPSC Pattern
✅ Detailed Post-Test Analysis by Experts
✅ Available in English & Hindi
Seats are filling fast. Don’t Miss Your Rank! 🚀
Forwarded from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
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Hcs 2026 CUTOFF nikalne ki last days strategy,
most important topics full Study plan By GYAN SIR
most important topics full Study plan By GYAN SIR
Forwarded from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
Are You Prelims Ready for 2026?
Your Real preparation begins with a Real test!
🎯 UPSC FREE Prelims Mock Test 2026 (PRAGATI 2026) is here to help you benchmark your preparation at an All India level.
🔥AVAILABLE IN BOTH ONLINE AND OFFLINE
Karol Bagh, Prayagraj, Patna, Lucknow, Indore
🗓 22nd March 2026
⏰ 9:30 AM – GS Foundation
⏰ 2:30 PM – CSAT
This is not just a mock — it’s your reality check before Prelims 2026.
👉 Take the test. Know your standing. Improve strategically.
🔗 Enroll Now: https://www.studyiq.net/lp/SIQPMT-2026.html
✨ Why You Shouldn’t Miss This:
✅ Get Your All India Rank
✅ Based on Latest UPSC Pattern
✅ Detailed Post-Test Analysis by Experts
✅ Available in English & Hindi
Seats are filling fast. Don’t Miss Your Rank! 🚀
Your Real preparation begins with a Real test!
🎯 UPSC FREE Prelims Mock Test 2026 (PRAGATI 2026) is here to help you benchmark your preparation at an All India level.
🔥AVAILABLE IN BOTH ONLINE AND OFFLINE
Karol Bagh, Prayagraj, Patna, Lucknow, Indore
🗓 22nd March 2026
⏰ 9:30 AM – GS Foundation
⏰ 2:30 PM – CSAT
This is not just a mock — it’s your reality check before Prelims 2026.
👉 Take the test. Know your standing. Improve strategically.
🔗 Enroll Now: https://www.studyiq.net/lp/SIQPMT-2026.html
✨ Why You Shouldn’t Miss This:
✅ Get Your All India Rank
✅ Based on Latest UPSC Pattern
✅ Detailed Post-Test Analysis by Experts
✅ Available in English & Hindi
Seats are filling fast. Don’t Miss Your Rank! 🚀
Forwarded from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
Forwarded from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
🏆 Topper Talks on Telegram Live! 2-Time AIR Holder 🎯
Amar Baghel (AIR 592 & 583)
📄 Sociology Optional Score: 278 & 277
✅ Learn strategy.
✅ Ask questions.
✅ Get real insights.
🗓 22 March 2026 (Sunday) |
⏰ 11:00 AM
👉 Join Live https://t.me/+fLfI5NIusnIxOWM1
Amar Baghel (AIR 592 & 583)
📄 Sociology Optional Score: 278 & 277
✅ Learn strategy.
✅ Ask questions.
✅ Get real insights.
🗓 22 March 2026 (Sunday) |
⏰ 11:00 AM
👉 Join Live https://t.me/+fLfI5NIusnIxOWM1
Forwarded from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
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uppcs 2023 DSP Topper ( Scs Gyan sir student ) Rank 42 Roll number 185483 Arun Parashar
( up pcs topper finally selected from PCS KING 🔥GYAN SIR study for civil services )
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UPPCS 2026 शुरुआत से पूरी तैयारी = https://t.me/studyforcivilservices/52271?single
( up pcs topper finally selected from PCS KING 🔥GYAN SIR study for civil services )
#uppcs #uppsc
UPPCS 2026 शुरुआत से पूरी तैयारी = https://t.me/studyforcivilservices/52271?single
Forwarded from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
*Supporting Balanced Fertilization:*
*Nutrient-Based Subsidy Rates for Rabi 2025–26*
_Ensuring affordability and productivity in Indian agriculture_
Key Highlights
🌾 The Government *approved the Nutrient-Based Subsidy (NBS) rates for Rabi 2025–26* , effective from 1 October 2025 to 31 March 2026, covering Phosphatic and Potassic (P&K) fertilizers, including DAP and NPKS grades.
💰 The *tentative budgetary requirement for Rabi 2025–26* is approximately *₹37,952 crore ,about ₹736 crore higher* than the budgetary requirement for the Kharif 2025 season.
📊 Over *₹2.04 lakh crore allocated* between 2022–23 and 2024–25 towards *NBS subsidies* , ensuring affordable access to fertilizers.
🏭 NBS has driven *significant growth in domestic fertilizer production* , with P&K fertilizers (DAP and NPKS) output *increasing from 112.19 LMT in 2014 to 168.55 LMT in 2025* (as on 30.12.2025), reflecting over *50% growth* during the period.
*Nutrient-Based Subsidy Rates for Rabi 2025–26*
_Ensuring affordability and productivity in Indian agriculture_
Key Highlights
🌾 The Government *approved the Nutrient-Based Subsidy (NBS) rates for Rabi 2025–26* , effective from 1 October 2025 to 31 March 2026, covering Phosphatic and Potassic (P&K) fertilizers, including DAP and NPKS grades.
💰 The *tentative budgetary requirement for Rabi 2025–26* is approximately *₹37,952 crore ,about ₹736 crore higher* than the budgetary requirement for the Kharif 2025 season.
📊 Over *₹2.04 lakh crore allocated* between 2022–23 and 2024–25 towards *NBS subsidies* , ensuring affordable access to fertilizers.
🏭 NBS has driven *significant growth in domestic fertilizer production* , with P&K fertilizers (DAP and NPKS) output *increasing from 112.19 LMT in 2014 to 168.55 LMT in 2025* (as on 30.12.2025), reflecting over *50% growth* during the period.
❤1
Forwarded from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
*🛡️FIRST ANGLO-MYSORE WAR*
♟️The First Anglo-Mysore War (1767–1769) was the first of four military conflicts fought between the Kingdom of Mysore and the British East India Company, along with its allies. It marked the beginning of a series of struggles for control in South India.
*💎Background*
♟️The war took place in South India.
♟️Hyder Ali, the de facto ruler of Mysore, had risen to power and posed a serious threat to British interests in the region.
♟️The British East India Company sought to check Hyder Ali’s growing influence.
♟️Mysore had strategic alliances with the French, while the British were allied with the Marathas and the Nizam of Hyderabad—at least initially.
*💎Causes of the War*
♟️Expansionist ambitions of both the British and Hyder Ali.
♟️Breakdown of trust between the East India Company and Indian rulers.
♟️Strategic interests in the Carnatic region and control over South India.
♟️Mysore’s alliance with the French, which threatened British influence.
*💎Key Events*
♟️Hyder Ali surprised the British with his swift military tactics and alliance with the Nizam of Hyderabad (though the Nizam later switched sides).
♟️Hyder Ali launched an invasion of the Carnatic, reaching as close as Madras (now Chennai).
♟️The British forces were unprepared and suffered several defeats.
♟️Eventually, both sides agreed to negotiate due to military exhaustion and lack of support.
*💎Outcome*
♟️The war ended with the Treaty of Madras in 1769.
♟️The treaty promised mutual restitution of conquered territories and mutual defense.
It did not resolve underlying tensions, leading to future conflicts.
*💎Significance*
♟️The war exposed weaknesses in the British military position in South India.
♟️It elevated Hyder Ali’s reputation as a skilled military leader.
♟️The British failure to honor the Treaty of Madras later contributed to the Second Anglo-Mysore War.
♟️The First Anglo-Mysore War (1767–1769) was the first of four military conflicts fought between the Kingdom of Mysore and the British East India Company, along with its allies. It marked the beginning of a series of struggles for control in South India.
*💎Background*
♟️The war took place in South India.
♟️Hyder Ali, the de facto ruler of Mysore, had risen to power and posed a serious threat to British interests in the region.
♟️The British East India Company sought to check Hyder Ali’s growing influence.
♟️Mysore had strategic alliances with the French, while the British were allied with the Marathas and the Nizam of Hyderabad—at least initially.
*💎Causes of the War*
♟️Expansionist ambitions of both the British and Hyder Ali.
♟️Breakdown of trust between the East India Company and Indian rulers.
♟️Strategic interests in the Carnatic region and control over South India.
♟️Mysore’s alliance with the French, which threatened British influence.
*💎Key Events*
♟️Hyder Ali surprised the British with his swift military tactics and alliance with the Nizam of Hyderabad (though the Nizam later switched sides).
♟️Hyder Ali launched an invasion of the Carnatic, reaching as close as Madras (now Chennai).
♟️The British forces were unprepared and suffered several defeats.
♟️Eventually, both sides agreed to negotiate due to military exhaustion and lack of support.
*💎Outcome*
♟️The war ended with the Treaty of Madras in 1769.
♟️The treaty promised mutual restitution of conquered territories and mutual defense.
It did not resolve underlying tensions, leading to future conflicts.
*💎Significance*
♟️The war exposed weaknesses in the British military position in South India.
♟️It elevated Hyder Ali’s reputation as a skilled military leader.
♟️The British failure to honor the Treaty of Madras later contributed to the Second Anglo-Mysore War.
🤔1
Forwarded from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
*🛡️Smog-Eating Technology*
♟️A photocatalytic technology based primarily on Titanium Dioxide (TiO₂).
♟️Works through coatings applied on roads, pavements, buildings, etc. to neutralize air pollutants.
*💎How it Works?*
♟️TiO₂ acts as a photocatalyst when exposed to sunlight/UV light.
♟️Converts harmful gases like Nitrogen Dioxide (NO₂) & VOCs → into nitrates, CO₂ & water.
♟️Creates a “self-cleaning” effect, breaking down pollutants on contact.
*💎Benefits*
♟️Reduces harmful pollutants (NO₂, hydrocarbons).
♟️Improves public health by lowering toxic air exposure.
♟️Low-maintenance, works passively under sunlight.
♟️Can be integrated with existing urban infrastructure without major disruption.
*💎Challenges*
♟️Needs scientific validation under Indian/local conditions.
♟️Cost-effectiveness of large-scale application still debated.
♟️Concerns about long-term durability of coatings & safe disposal of residues.
♟️A photocatalytic technology based primarily on Titanium Dioxide (TiO₂).
♟️Works through coatings applied on roads, pavements, buildings, etc. to neutralize air pollutants.
*💎How it Works?*
♟️TiO₂ acts as a photocatalyst when exposed to sunlight/UV light.
♟️Converts harmful gases like Nitrogen Dioxide (NO₂) & VOCs → into nitrates, CO₂ & water.
♟️Creates a “self-cleaning” effect, breaking down pollutants on contact.
*💎Benefits*
♟️Reduces harmful pollutants (NO₂, hydrocarbons).
♟️Improves public health by lowering toxic air exposure.
♟️Low-maintenance, works passively under sunlight.
♟️Can be integrated with existing urban infrastructure without major disruption.
*💎Challenges*
♟️Needs scientific validation under Indian/local conditions.
♟️Cost-effectiveness of large-scale application still debated.
♟️Concerns about long-term durability of coatings & safe disposal of residues.
Forwarded from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
⭐️GI TAGGED HANDLOOM PRODUCTS (State-wise)
📍 Andhra Pradesh
✅ Uppada Jamdani Sarees
✅ Venkatagiri Sarees
✅ Mangalagiri Sarees & Fabrics
✅ Dharmavaram Handloom Pattu Sarees & Paavadas
📍 Gujarat
✅ Tangaliya Shawl
✅ Kachchh Shawls
✅ Patan Patola
✅ Rajkot Patola
📍 Himachal Pradesh
✅ Kullu Shawl
✅ Kinnauri Shawl
📍 Jammu & Kashmir
✅ Kashmir Pashmina
✅ Kani Shawl
📍 Karnataka
✅ Navalgund Durries
✅ Ilkal Sarees
✅ Molakalmuru Sarees
✅ Udupi Sarees
✅ Mysore Silk
✅ Guledgudd Khana
📍 Kerala
✅ Cannanore Home Furnishings
✅ Balaramapuram Sarees
✅ Kasaragod Sarees
✅ Kuthampully Sarees
✅ Chendamangalam Dhoties & Set
✅ Mundu–Kuthampully Dhoties & Set Mundu
📍 Madhya Pradesh
✅ Chanderi Sarees
✅ Maheshwar Sarees
📍 Maharashtra
✅ Solapur Chaddar
✅ Paithani Sarees
✅ Solapur Terry Towel
✅ Karvath Kati Tussar Sarees
📍 Manipur
✅ Shaphee Lanphee
✅ Wangkhei Phee
✅ Moirang Phee
📍 Odisha
✅ Kotpad Handloom
✅ Orissa Ikat
✅ Khandua Saree
✅ Gopalpur Tussar
✅ Dhalapathar Parda
✅ Sambalpuri Bandha Saree
✅ Bomkai Saree
✅ Habaspuri Saree
✅ Berhampur Patta (Phoda Kumbha) Saree
📍 Tamil Nadu
✅ Kancheepuram Silk
✅ Bhavani Jamakkalam
✅ Madurai Sungudi
✅ Arani Silk
✅ Kovai Kora Cotton Sarees
✅ Salem Silk (Salem Venpattu)
📍 Telangana
✅ Pochampally Ikat
✅ Gadwal Sarees
✅ Siddipet Gollabama
✅ Narayanpet Handloom Sarees
📍 Uttar Pradesh
✅ Banaras Brocades & Saree
✅ Mirzapur Handmade Dari
📍 West Bengal
✅ Santipore Saree
✅ Baluchari Saree
✅ Dhaniakhali Saree
🔸 Other GI Tags
✅ Muga Silk – Assam
✅ Bhagalpur Silk – Bihar
✅ Champa Silk Saree – Chhattisgarh
✅ Kota Doria – Rajasthan
✅ Chakheshang Shawls – Nagaland
📍 Andhra Pradesh
✅ Uppada Jamdani Sarees
✅ Venkatagiri Sarees
✅ Mangalagiri Sarees & Fabrics
✅ Dharmavaram Handloom Pattu Sarees & Paavadas
📍 Gujarat
✅ Tangaliya Shawl
✅ Kachchh Shawls
✅ Patan Patola
✅ Rajkot Patola
📍 Himachal Pradesh
✅ Kullu Shawl
✅ Kinnauri Shawl
📍 Jammu & Kashmir
✅ Kashmir Pashmina
✅ Kani Shawl
📍 Karnataka
✅ Navalgund Durries
✅ Ilkal Sarees
✅ Molakalmuru Sarees
✅ Udupi Sarees
✅ Mysore Silk
✅ Guledgudd Khana
📍 Kerala
✅ Cannanore Home Furnishings
✅ Balaramapuram Sarees
✅ Kasaragod Sarees
✅ Kuthampully Sarees
✅ Chendamangalam Dhoties & Set
✅ Mundu–Kuthampully Dhoties & Set Mundu
📍 Madhya Pradesh
✅ Chanderi Sarees
✅ Maheshwar Sarees
📍 Maharashtra
✅ Solapur Chaddar
✅ Paithani Sarees
✅ Solapur Terry Towel
✅ Karvath Kati Tussar Sarees
📍 Manipur
✅ Shaphee Lanphee
✅ Wangkhei Phee
✅ Moirang Phee
📍 Odisha
✅ Kotpad Handloom
✅ Orissa Ikat
✅ Khandua Saree
✅ Gopalpur Tussar
✅ Dhalapathar Parda
✅ Sambalpuri Bandha Saree
✅ Bomkai Saree
✅ Habaspuri Saree
✅ Berhampur Patta (Phoda Kumbha) Saree
📍 Tamil Nadu
✅ Kancheepuram Silk
✅ Bhavani Jamakkalam
✅ Madurai Sungudi
✅ Arani Silk
✅ Kovai Kora Cotton Sarees
✅ Salem Silk (Salem Venpattu)
📍 Telangana
✅ Pochampally Ikat
✅ Gadwal Sarees
✅ Siddipet Gollabama
✅ Narayanpet Handloom Sarees
📍 Uttar Pradesh
✅ Banaras Brocades & Saree
✅ Mirzapur Handmade Dari
📍 West Bengal
✅ Santipore Saree
✅ Baluchari Saree
✅ Dhaniakhali Saree
🔸 Other GI Tags
✅ Muga Silk – Assam
✅ Bhagalpur Silk – Bihar
✅ Champa Silk Saree – Chhattisgarh
✅ Kota Doria – Rajasthan
✅ Chakheshang Shawls – Nagaland
Forwarded from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
🛡️ *Saraswati River*
♟️The river is mentioned over 80 times in the Rigveda and is believed to have dried up more than 5,000 years ago due to climatic and tectonic shifts.
♟️It originated in the Himalayas and flowed through Haryana, Rajasthan, North Gujarat, and Pakistan before reaching the Gulf at the Western Sea, spanning approximately 4,000 km.
♟️The river had two branches—western and eastern—that joined at Shatrana, 25 km south of Patiala.
♟️The western branch, represented by the ancient Satluj, flowed through the channels of the present-day Ghaggar-Patialiwali rivulets.
♟️The eastern branch, supported by the Markanda and Sarsuti rivers, is now known as the Tons-Yamuna rivers.
♟️The river is mentioned over 80 times in the Rigveda and is believed to have dried up more than 5,000 years ago due to climatic and tectonic shifts.
♟️It originated in the Himalayas and flowed through Haryana, Rajasthan, North Gujarat, and Pakistan before reaching the Gulf at the Western Sea, spanning approximately 4,000 km.
♟️The river had two branches—western and eastern—that joined at Shatrana, 25 km south of Patiala.
♟️The western branch, represented by the ancient Satluj, flowed through the channels of the present-day Ghaggar-Patialiwali rivulets.
♟️The eastern branch, supported by the Markanda and Sarsuti rivers, is now known as the Tons-Yamuna rivers.
Forwarded from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
*🛡️Nehru Report: Key Highlights (1928)*
♟️Dominion Status within the British Empire with a parliamentary system
♟️Bicameral legislature: A Senate and a House of Representatives
♟️Governor-General to act solely on the advice of the Executive Council
♟️Federal structure, with residuary powers resting with the Centre
♟️No separate electorates for minorities to curb communal divisions
♟️No communal weightage system to be applied in any province
♟️No reserved seats for Muslims in Punjab and Bengal; only in select provinces if necessary
♟️Judiciary to remain independent of Executive interference
♟️Muslim representation at the Centre to be fixed at 25%
♟️Sindh to be separated from Bombay Presidency, if financially viable
♟️Political reforms to extend to the North-West Frontier Province (NWFP)
♟️Dominion Status within the British Empire with a parliamentary system
♟️Bicameral legislature: A Senate and a House of Representatives
♟️Governor-General to act solely on the advice of the Executive Council
♟️Federal structure, with residuary powers resting with the Centre
♟️No separate electorates for minorities to curb communal divisions
♟️No communal weightage system to be applied in any province
♟️No reserved seats for Muslims in Punjab and Bengal; only in select provinces if necessary
♟️Judiciary to remain independent of Executive interference
♟️Muslim representation at the Centre to be fixed at 25%
♟️Sindh to be separated from Bombay Presidency, if financially viable
♟️Political reforms to extend to the North-West Frontier Province (NWFP)
Forwarded from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
*🛡️Tex-RAMPS Scheme*
*💎Basics*
*♟️Full Form:-* Textiles Focused Research, Assessment, Monitoring, Planning & Start-up
*♟️Ministry:-* Ministry of Textiles
*♟️Funding:-* ₹305 crore (2025–26 to 2030–31)
*♟️Aim:-* Future-proof India’s textiles & apparel (T&A) sector through research, innovation & competitiveness
*💎Key Components*
*♟️Research & Innovation:-* Smart textiles, sustainability, advanced materials
*♟️Data, Analytics & Diagnostics:-* Employment studies, supply-chain mapping, risk assessments
*♟️Integrated Textiles Statistical System (ITSS):-* Real-time monitoring + strategic planning
*♟️Capacity Development:-* Strengthening state-level planning & best-practice dissemination
*♟️Start-up & Innovation Support:-* Incubators, hackathons, academia-industry collaboration.
*💎Basics*
*♟️Full Form:-* Textiles Focused Research, Assessment, Monitoring, Planning & Start-up
*♟️Ministry:-* Ministry of Textiles
*♟️Funding:-* ₹305 crore (2025–26 to 2030–31)
*♟️Aim:-* Future-proof India’s textiles & apparel (T&A) sector through research, innovation & competitiveness
*💎Key Components*
*♟️Research & Innovation:-* Smart textiles, sustainability, advanced materials
*♟️Data, Analytics & Diagnostics:-* Employment studies, supply-chain mapping, risk assessments
*♟️Integrated Textiles Statistical System (ITSS):-* Real-time monitoring + strategic planning
*♟️Capacity Development:-* Strengthening state-level planning & best-practice dissemination
*♟️Start-up & Innovation Support:-* Incubators, hackathons, academia-industry collaboration.
Forwarded from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
📌Prominent Ashokan Pillars (Mauryan Art & Administration)
⭐️Delhi–Topra Ashokan Pillar
🪄Originally erected at Topra (Haryana) during Ashoka’s reign
🪄Shifted to Delhi by Firoz Shah Tughlaq (14th century)
🪄Inscriptions promote Dhamma
🪄Unique references to:
🪄Taxation policies
🪄Administrative measures
🪄Welfare activities (tree planting, public good)
🪄Mentions Jains, showing religious tolerance
⭐️Prayagraj (Allahabad) Ashokan Pillar
🪄Located at Ganga–Yamuna confluence
🪄Contains edicts on governance and Dhamma
🪄Mentions Ashoka’s queen Karuvaki
🪄 Highlights her charitable and Dhamma-related contributions
⭐️Delhi–Topra Ashokan Pillar
🪄Originally erected at Topra (Haryana) during Ashoka’s reign
🪄Shifted to Delhi by Firoz Shah Tughlaq (14th century)
🪄Inscriptions promote Dhamma
🪄Unique references to:
🪄Taxation policies
🪄Administrative measures
🪄Welfare activities (tree planting, public good)
🪄Mentions Jains, showing religious tolerance
⭐️Prayagraj (Allahabad) Ashokan Pillar
🪄Located at Ganga–Yamuna confluence
🪄Contains edicts on governance and Dhamma
🪄Mentions Ashoka’s queen Karuvaki
🪄 Highlights her charitable and Dhamma-related contributions
Forwarded from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
🛡️India's installed renewable energy rank in the world
♟️Total renewable energy- 4th
♟️Solar power- 3rd
♟️Wind power- 4th
♟️Hydro power- 5th
♟️Geothermal power- 15th.
♟️Total renewable energy- 4th
♟️Solar power- 3rd
♟️Wind power- 4th
♟️Hydro power- 5th
♟️Geothermal power- 15th.
Forwarded from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
*🛡️Lord Curzon*
♟️The Bardhaman municipality, West Bengal has decided to erect a statue of an erstwhile maharaja in front of the landmark Curzon Gate in the city.
*💎About Curzon*
♟️He served as Under-Secretary of State for India (1891-1892), and for Foreign Affairs (1895-1898), before being appointed Viceroy of India in 1899.
♟️Of all the Viceroys of India, Curzon is possibly the most criticised — he is the man who partitioned Bengal in 1905, and triggered a wave of Bengali nationalism that contributed to the wider Indian national movement. He was also one of the more openly imperialist of viceroys, and a man who saw Britain’s rule over India as critical to the survival of the empire.
♟️In 1900, Curzon famously stated, “We could lose all our [white settlement] dominions and still survive, but if we lost India, our sun would sink to its setting.”
*💎Reforms by Lord Curzon*
*♟️Educational* Curzon brought in the Indian Universities Act of 1904,which brought all the universities in India under the control of the government.
*♟️Scientific* The Agriculture Research Institute in Pusa (Bihar – Bengal Presidency) was established.
*♟️Administrative* He instituted a Police Commission in 1902 under the chairmanship of Sir Andrew Frazer.
♟️During the Curzon regime, the Northwest Frontier Province (NWFP) was established which covered roughly the areas of the upper course of the River Indus.
*♟️Military* Imperial cadet corpswas set up which became an instrument for the Indianisation of the army later.
♟️The Bardhaman municipality, West Bengal has decided to erect a statue of an erstwhile maharaja in front of the landmark Curzon Gate in the city.
*💎About Curzon*
♟️He served as Under-Secretary of State for India (1891-1892), and for Foreign Affairs (1895-1898), before being appointed Viceroy of India in 1899.
♟️Of all the Viceroys of India, Curzon is possibly the most criticised — he is the man who partitioned Bengal in 1905, and triggered a wave of Bengali nationalism that contributed to the wider Indian national movement. He was also one of the more openly imperialist of viceroys, and a man who saw Britain’s rule over India as critical to the survival of the empire.
♟️In 1900, Curzon famously stated, “We could lose all our [white settlement] dominions and still survive, but if we lost India, our sun would sink to its setting.”
*💎Reforms by Lord Curzon*
*♟️Educational* Curzon brought in the Indian Universities Act of 1904,which brought all the universities in India under the control of the government.
*♟️Scientific* The Agriculture Research Institute in Pusa (Bihar – Bengal Presidency) was established.
*♟️Administrative* He instituted a Police Commission in 1902 under the chairmanship of Sir Andrew Frazer.
♟️During the Curzon regime, the Northwest Frontier Province (NWFP) was established which covered roughly the areas of the upper course of the River Indus.
*♟️Military* Imperial cadet corpswas set up which became an instrument for the Indianisation of the army later.
Forwarded from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
*🛡️Stages of Artificial Intelligence*
*💎Three Stages of AI*
♟️ANI (Artificial Narrow Intelligence)
⚜️“Weak AI”
⚜️Performs single, narrow tasks
⚜️No ability to generalise
⚜️Example: Siri, Alexa
*♟️AGI (Artificial General Intelligence)*
⚜️“Strong AI”
⚜️Human-like intelligence → can learn/understand any intellectual task
⚜️Can generalise knowledge
⚜️Does not yet exist
*♟️ASI (Artificial Superintelligence)*
⚜️Theoretical level
⚜️Surpasses human intelligence
⚜️Can solve problems beyond human capability.
*💎Three Stages of AI*
♟️ANI (Artificial Narrow Intelligence)
⚜️“Weak AI”
⚜️Performs single, narrow tasks
⚜️No ability to generalise
⚜️Example: Siri, Alexa
*♟️AGI (Artificial General Intelligence)*
⚜️“Strong AI”
⚜️Human-like intelligence → can learn/understand any intellectual task
⚜️Can generalise knowledge
⚜️Does not yet exist
*♟️ASI (Artificial Superintelligence)*
⚜️Theoretical level
⚜️Surpasses human intelligence
⚜️Can solve problems beyond human capability.
Forwarded from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
*Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms and Government of India Act, 1919*
• The British government, not prepared to part with or even share its power with the Indians, once again resorted to the policy of ‘carrot and stick’. The carrot was represented by the insubstantial Montagu- Chelmsford Reforms, while measures such as the Rowlatt Act represented the stick.
Main Features
• Provincial Government
• Introduction of Dyarchy.
• Provincial legislative councils were further expanded and 70 percent of the members were to be elected.
• The system of communal and class electorates was further consolidated.
• Central Government
• No responsible government was envisaged in the Act for the government at the all-India level.
• A bicameral arrangement was introduced.
• The governor-general was to be the chief executive authority.
• The Act clarified that there would be a gradual development of self-governing institution in India and not self-determination of the people of India.
• The British government, not prepared to part with or even share its power with the Indians, once again resorted to the policy of ‘carrot and stick’. The carrot was represented by the insubstantial Montagu- Chelmsford Reforms, while measures such as the Rowlatt Act represented the stick.
Main Features
• Provincial Government
• Introduction of Dyarchy.
• Provincial legislative councils were further expanded and 70 percent of the members were to be elected.
• The system of communal and class electorates was further consolidated.
• Central Government
• No responsible government was envisaged in the Act for the government at the all-India level.
• A bicameral arrangement was introduced.
• The governor-general was to be the chief executive authority.
• The Act clarified that there would be a gradual development of self-governing institution in India and not self-determination of the people of India.
Forwarded from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
*🛡️Trans - Himalayas*
♟️Lies immediately north of Great himalayan ranges.
♟️Also known as Tibetan Himalaya because lies in Tibet.
♟️Average elevation - 3000m.
♟️Average width - 40km in extremities and about 225km in Central part.
♟️Distance of about 1000km in east - west direction.
♟️This contain Tethys sediments. Rocks of this region contain fossil marine sediments but underlain by Tetitiary granite.
♟️The Zaskar, Ladakh, Kailash and Karakoram are main ranges.
♟️K2 lies here.
♟️Lies immediately north of Great himalayan ranges.
♟️Also known as Tibetan Himalaya because lies in Tibet.
♟️Average elevation - 3000m.
♟️Average width - 40km in extremities and about 225km in Central part.
♟️Distance of about 1000km in east - west direction.
♟️This contain Tethys sediments. Rocks of this region contain fossil marine sediments but underlain by Tetitiary granite.
♟️The Zaskar, Ladakh, Kailash and Karakoram are main ranges.
♟️K2 lies here.
Forwarded from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
*A.K. Gopalan v. State of Madras (1950)* – Personal liberty under Article 21.
*Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973)* – Basic Structure Doctrine.
*I.C. Golaknath v. State of Punjab (1967)* – Amendability of Fundamental Rights.
*Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India (1978)* – Expanded the scope of Article 21.
*S.R. Bommai v. Union of India (1994)* – Federalism and misuse of Article 356.
*Indira Sawhney v. Union of India (1992)* – Reservations and the Mandal Commission.
*K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India (2017)* – Right to Privacy.
*Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India (2018)* – Decriminalization of homosexuality.
*Shayara Bano v. Union of India (2017)* – Triple Talaq invalid.
*Minerva Mills v. Union of India (1980)* – Reaffirmed the Basic Structure Doctrine..
*Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973)* – Basic Structure Doctrine.
*I.C. Golaknath v. State of Punjab (1967)* – Amendability of Fundamental Rights.
*Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India (1978)* – Expanded the scope of Article 21.
*S.R. Bommai v. Union of India (1994)* – Federalism and misuse of Article 356.
*Indira Sawhney v. Union of India (1992)* – Reservations and the Mandal Commission.
*K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India (2017)* – Right to Privacy.
*Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India (2018)* – Decriminalization of homosexuality.
*Shayara Bano v. Union of India (2017)* – Triple Talaq invalid.
*Minerva Mills v. Union of India (1980)* – Reaffirmed the Basic Structure Doctrine..
Forwarded from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
*🛡️Ashoka Rock Edicts Features Inscribed in Edicts*
*♟️Major Rock Edict I :-* Prohibits animal slaughter Bans festive gatherings
*♟️Major Rock Edict II :-* Mentions the South Indian kingdoms such as Cholas, Pandya, Satyaputas and Keralaputras.
Deals with social welfare measures
*♟️Major Rock Edict III :-*
Liberty to Brahmanas Every five years Yukatas, Pradesikas along with Rajukas visit all the areas of the kingdom to spread Dhamma.
*♟️Major Rock Edict IV :-*
Preference of Dhammaghosa (Sound of peace) over Berighosa (Sound of wandrums).
Impact of Dhamma on society
*♟️Major Rock Edict V :-* Humane treatment of slaves by their masters Mentions about the appointment of Dhamma Mahamatras.
*♟️Major Rock Edict VI :-* Deals with the welfare measures King’s wish to know about the condition of the people
*♟️Major Rock Edict VII :-* Tolerance towards all religions and sects
*♟️Major Rock Edict VIII :-*
Mentions about Ashoka’s visit to Bodh Gaya and Bodhi tree Maintaining contact with rural people via Dharmayatras.
*♟️Major Rock Edict IX :-* Stresses on the moral conduct of people.
Avoiding expensive ceremonies
*♟️Major Rock Edict X :-* Condemns the desire for fame and glory
*♟️Major Rock Edict XI :-* Elaborate explanation of Dhamma
*♟️Major Rock Edict XII :-* Appeal for developing tolerance towards all religious sects.
*♟️Major Rock Edict XIII :-* Explains about Kalinga war and conquest through dhamma
*♟️Major Rock Edict XIV :-* Deals with the purpose of engraving inscriptions in various parts of the country.
*♟️Major Rock Edict I :-* Prohibits animal slaughter Bans festive gatherings
*♟️Major Rock Edict II :-* Mentions the South Indian kingdoms such as Cholas, Pandya, Satyaputas and Keralaputras.
Deals with social welfare measures
*♟️Major Rock Edict III :-*
Liberty to Brahmanas Every five years Yukatas, Pradesikas along with Rajukas visit all the areas of the kingdom to spread Dhamma.
*♟️Major Rock Edict IV :-*
Preference of Dhammaghosa (Sound of peace) over Berighosa (Sound of wandrums).
Impact of Dhamma on society
*♟️Major Rock Edict V :-* Humane treatment of slaves by their masters Mentions about the appointment of Dhamma Mahamatras.
*♟️Major Rock Edict VI :-* Deals with the welfare measures King’s wish to know about the condition of the people
*♟️Major Rock Edict VII :-* Tolerance towards all religions and sects
*♟️Major Rock Edict VIII :-*
Mentions about Ashoka’s visit to Bodh Gaya and Bodhi tree Maintaining contact with rural people via Dharmayatras.
*♟️Major Rock Edict IX :-* Stresses on the moral conduct of people.
Avoiding expensive ceremonies
*♟️Major Rock Edict X :-* Condemns the desire for fame and glory
*♟️Major Rock Edict XI :-* Elaborate explanation of Dhamma
*♟️Major Rock Edict XII :-* Appeal for developing tolerance towards all religious sects.
*♟️Major Rock Edict XIII :-* Explains about Kalinga war and conquest through dhamma
*♟️Major Rock Edict XIV :-* Deals with the purpose of engraving inscriptions in various parts of the country.
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