Civil Services Pdf Notes
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CivilServices Pdf Notes

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*🛡️Important Buddhist Writers*

*1. Ashvaghosha*
♟️Contribution: Authored Buddhacharita in Sanskrit.
♟️Time Period: Contemporary of Kanishka.
♟️Significance: A poet, dramatist, musician, scholar, and debater.

*2. Nagarjuna*
♟️Contribution: Founder of the Madhyamaka School of Mahayana Buddhism.
♟️Time Period: Contemporary of Satavahana King Gautamiputra of Andhra.
♟️Significance: A key proponent of Mahayana Buddhism.

*3. Asanga and Vasubandhu*
♟️Relationship: Brothers from the Punjab region (4th Century CE).
♟️Contributions:
⚜️Asanga: Teacher of Yogachara/Vijnanavada School, founded by his guru Maitreyanatha.
⚜️Vasubandhu: Authored Abhidharmakosha, an encyclopedic work on Buddhism.

*4. Buddhaghosa*
♟️Time Period: 5th Century CE.
♟️Contribution: Pali scholar; authored Visuddhimagga (Path of Purification), a comprehensive guide to Theravada Buddhism.

*5. Dinnaga*
♟️Time Period: 5th Century CE.
♟️Contribution: Known as the founder of Buddhist logic.

*6. Dharmakirti*
♟️Time Period: 7th Century CE.
♟️Contribution: Renowned Buddhist logician and dialectician, as well as a subtle philosophical thinker.
What are the advantages of fertigation in agriculture?
Controlling the alkalinity of irrigation water is possible.
Efficient application of Rock Phosphate and all other phosphatic fertilizers is possible.
Increased availability of nutrients to plants is possible.
Reduction in the leaching of chemical nutrients is possible.
Explanation - A
Explanation- B
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27%
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*🛡️Smog-Eating Technology*

♟️A photocatalytic technology based primarily on Titanium Dioxide (TiO₂).
♟️Works through coatings applied on roads, pavements, buildings, etc. to neutralize air pollutants.

*💎How it Works?*
♟️TiO₂ acts as a photocatalyst when exposed to sunlight/UV light.
♟️Converts harmful gases like Nitrogen Dioxide (NO₂) & VOCs → into nitrates, CO₂ & water.
♟️Creates a “self-cleaning” effect, breaking down pollutants on contact.

*💎Benefits*
♟️Reduces harmful pollutants (NO₂, hydrocarbons).
♟️Improves public health by lowering toxic air exposure.
♟️Low-maintenance, works passively under sunlight.
♟️Can be integrated with existing urban infrastructure without major disruption.

*💎Challenges*
♟️Needs scientific validation under Indian/local conditions.
♟️Cost-effectiveness of large-scale application still debated.
♟️Concerns about long-term durability of coatings & safe disposal of residues.
#Question:- With reference to Ocean Mean Temperature (OMT), which of the following statements is/are correct?

1. OMT is measured up to a depth of 26°C isotherm which is 129 meters in the southwestern Indian Ocean during January – March.

2. OMT collected during January – March can be used in assessing whether the amount of rainfall in monsoon will be less or more than a certain long-term mean.
Explanation A
Explanation B
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*🛡️Permanent Settlement*

♟️Zamindari System was introduced by Cornwallis in 1793 through the Permanent Settlement Act.

♟️It was introduced in the provinces of Bengal, Bihar, Orissa and Varanasi.
Also known as Permanent Settlement System.

♟️Zamindars were recognized as the owner of the lands. Zamindars were given the rights to collect the rent from the peasants.

♟️While the zamindars became the owners of the land, the actual farmers became tenants.

♟️The tax was to be paid even at the time of poor yield.
The tax was to be paid in cash. Before introducing this system, the tax could be paid in kind.

♟️The realized amount would be divided into 11 parts. 1/11 of the share belongs to Zamindars and 10/11 of the share belongs to East India Company.
*President*

🔸 The President must be a citizen of India, not less than 35 years of age and qualified for
election as a member of the Lok Sabha.

🔸 His term of office is five years and he is eligible for re-election.

🔸His removal from office is to be in
accordance with procedure prescribed in Article 61 of the Constitution.

🔸 The executive power of the Union is vested in the President and is exercised by him either directly
or through officers’ subordinate to him in accordance with the Constitution.

🔸The President summons, prorogues, addresses, sends messages to Parliament and dissolves
the Lok Sabha; promulgates Ordinances at any time, except when both Houses of Parliament are
in session.