Civil Services Pdf Notes
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CivilServices Pdf Notes

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*🛡️Important Buddhist Writers*

*1. Ashvaghosha*
♟️Contribution: Authored Buddhacharita in Sanskrit.
♟️Time Period: Contemporary of Kanishka.
♟️Significance: A poet, dramatist, musician, scholar, and debater.

*2. Nagarjuna*
♟️Contribution: Founder of the Madhyamaka School of Mahayana Buddhism.
♟️Time Period: Contemporary of Satavahana King Gautamiputra of Andhra.
♟️Significance: A key proponent of Mahayana Buddhism.

*3. Asanga and Vasubandhu*
♟️Relationship: Brothers from the Punjab region (4th Century CE).
♟️Contributions:
⚜️Asanga: Teacher of Yogachara/Vijnanavada School, founded by his guru Maitreyanatha.
⚜️Vasubandhu: Authored Abhidharmakosha, an encyclopedic work on Buddhism.

*4. Buddhaghosa*
♟️Time Period: 5th Century CE.
♟️Contribution: Pali scholar; authored Visuddhimagga (Path of Purification), a comprehensive guide to Theravada Buddhism.

*5. Dinnaga*
♟️Time Period: 5th Century CE.
♟️Contribution: Known as the founder of Buddhist logic.

*6. Dharmakirti*
♟️Time Period: 7th Century CE.
♟️Contribution: Renowned Buddhist logician and dialectician, as well as a subtle philosophical thinker.
What are the advantages of fertigation in agriculture?
Controlling the alkalinity of irrigation water is possible.
Efficient application of Rock Phosphate and all other phosphatic fertilizers is possible.
Increased availability of nutrients to plants is possible.
Reduction in the leaching of chemical nutrients is possible.
Explanation - A
Explanation- B
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*🛡️Smog-Eating Technology*

♟️A photocatalytic technology based primarily on Titanium Dioxide (TiO₂).
♟️Works through coatings applied on roads, pavements, buildings, etc. to neutralize air pollutants.

*💎How it Works?*
♟️TiO₂ acts as a photocatalyst when exposed to sunlight/UV light.
♟️Converts harmful gases like Nitrogen Dioxide (NO₂) & VOCs → into nitrates, CO₂ & water.
♟️Creates a “self-cleaning” effect, breaking down pollutants on contact.

*💎Benefits*
♟️Reduces harmful pollutants (NO₂, hydrocarbons).
♟️Improves public health by lowering toxic air exposure.
♟️Low-maintenance, works passively under sunlight.
♟️Can be integrated with existing urban infrastructure without major disruption.

*💎Challenges*
♟️Needs scientific validation under Indian/local conditions.
♟️Cost-effectiveness of large-scale application still debated.
♟️Concerns about long-term durability of coatings & safe disposal of residues.
#Question:- With reference to Ocean Mean Temperature (OMT), which of the following statements is/are correct?

1. OMT is measured up to a depth of 26°C isotherm which is 129 meters in the southwestern Indian Ocean during January – March.

2. OMT collected during January – March can be used in assessing whether the amount of rainfall in monsoon will be less or more than a certain long-term mean.
Explanation A
Explanation B
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