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*🛡️Important Conferences Related to Environment*

♟️Ramsar Convention - 1971
♟️Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora - 1973
♟️Montreal Protocol - 1987
♟️Vienna Convention - 1988
♟️Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) - 1992
♟️United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) - 1992
♟️Basel Convention - 1989
♟️Rio Summit - 1992
♟️Stockholm Convention - 2001
Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety - 2000
♟️UN-REDD - 2008
♟️Nagoya Protocol - 2010
♟️Minamata Convention - 2013
♟️United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) - 1994
♟️Kyoto Protocol - 1997
♟️Rotterdam Convention - 1998

🛡️ *Indian Literature*

♟️ *Rig Veda-* Prayers of God
♟️ *Sam Veda-* Songs, 1st book of music,
♟️ *Yajur Veda-* Ritual processes
♟️ *Atharva Veda-* not written by Aryans; book on magic
♟️ *Brahmans-* Explanations of Vedas
♟️ *Aranyaks-* Forest books,
♟️ *Upanishads-* Metaphysical;
♟️ *Puranas-* Stories of kings
♟️ *Epics-* Ramayana, Mahabharata
♟️ *Plays-* by Kalidas etc.

💎 *Forgien Literature*

♟️Magasthenes(G): Indica
Valuable information on Admin and socio-economic conditions of Mauryas.

♟️Ptolemy(G): Geography of India
Geographical treatise on India in 2nd Century AD

♟️Pliny(G): Naturakus Historia
Accounts trade relations between Rome and India in 1st Century AD

♟️Anonymous(G) :Periplus of the Erythrean Sea
Records personal voyage of Indian coasts in 80 A.D.

♟️Fa-Hien(C): Record of the Buddhist Countries
Records the Gupta Empire in the 5th Century AD

♟️Hiuen Tsang(C): Buddhist Records of the Western World
Describes the social, economic and religious conditions of India in the 5th and 7th Century AD. (Harshvardhan)

♟️I-tsing(C) : A record of the Buddhists religion as practiced in India and Malay Archipelago.
Studies the Gupta period under Sri Gupta in the 7th Century AD.

♟️Hwuili(C): Life of Hiuen Tsang
Accounts Hiuen Tsang's travel in India.

💎 *Other*

♟️Visakha Datta: Mudra Rakshas; Gupta period, Chanakya-Chandragupta story
♟️Dipavamsa n Mahavamsa: Buddhist books written in Sri Lanka, Ashoka spread
♟️Divyavadan: Tibetan Buddhist book, Ashoka spread.

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*Supporting Balanced Fertilization:*
*Nutrient-Based Subsidy Rates for Rabi 2025–26*

_Ensuring affordability and productivity in Indian agriculture_

Key Highlights

🌾 The Government *approved the Nutrient-Based Subsidy (NBS) rates for Rabi 2025–26* , effective from 1 October 2025 to 31 March 2026, covering Phosphatic and Potassic (P&K) fertilizers, including DAP and NPKS grades.

💰 The *tentative budgetary requirement for Rabi 2025–26* is approximately *₹37,952 crore ,about ₹736 crore higher* than the budgetary requirement for the Kharif 2025 season.

📊 Over *₹2.04 lakh crore allocated* between 2022–23 and 2024–25 towards *NBS subsidies* , ensuring affordable access to fertilizers.

🏭 NBS has driven *significant growth in domestic fertilizer production* , with P&K fertilizers (DAP and NPKS) output *increasing from 112.19 LMT in 2014 to 168.55 LMT in 2025* (as on 30.12.2025), reflecting over *50% growth* during the period.

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*🛡️Dead Sea*

♟️The Dead Sea, also known as the Salt Sea, is a saline lake in southwestern Asialocated between Jordan and Israel.
♟️It lies to the east of the Mediterranean Sea and south of the Sea of Galilee.
♟️It lies in the Jordan Rift Valley, and its main tributary is the Jordan River.
♟️It is deepest Hypersaline Lake in the world.
♟️To the west of the Dead Sea, the Judaean Mountains rise less steeply and are much lower than the mountains to the East.
♟️It is located at an elevation of 5 meters below sea level, making it the Earth’s lowest land-based feature.
♟️ *Salinity* The Dead Sea is one of the Earth’s saltiest water bodies, almost ten times saltier than ordinary seawaters. It has a salinity of 34.2%.
♟️It is the fourth saltiest body of water in the world, ranking behind Antarctica’s Don Juan Pond and Lake Vanda, and Djibouti’s Lake Assal.
♟️The Dead Sea has one main inlet (the Jordan River) but does not have an outlet and so loses its water mainly through evaporation.
♟️The high saline level and the harsh climate make the lake devoid of life, except for algae and other microorganisms.
♟️It has a density of 1.240 kg/L, which makes swimming in its waters similar to floating.

*🛡️Mineral and Energy Resources – Key Points*

*♟️Mineral resources*- Metallic & Non-metallic
*♟️Metallic*- Ferrous (iron ore) & Non-ferrous (copper)
*♟️Non-metallic*- Organic (coal, petroleum) & Inorganic (mica, limestone)
*♟️Exploration by*- GSI, IBM, & State Departments

*💎Mineral Belts in India*

*♟️1. North-Eastern*- iron ore, coal, bauxite
*♟️2. South-Western*- ferrous metals, bauxite
*♟️3. North-Western*- copper, building stones

*♟️Odisha*- largest iron ore & bauxite producer
*♟️Madhya Pradesh & Odisha*- major manganese producers
*♟️Andhra Pradesh*- largest mica producer
*♟️Jharkhand*- highest coal reserves
*♟️Chhattisgarh*- top coal producer
*♟️Rajasthan*- top petroleum producer

*♟️Uranium & Thorium*- vital for nuclear energy

*♟️Renewables*- solar, wind, tidal, geothermal, biogas

*🛡️Dibru-Saikhowa National Park*

♟️DSNP is a national park in Assam located in Dibrugarh and Tinsukia districts.

♟️It was designated a Biosphere Reserve in July 1997 with an area of 765 sq. km.

♟️The park is bounded by the Brahmaputra and Lohit Rivers in the north and the Dibru river in the south.

♟️It mainly consists of moist mixed semi-evergreen forests, moist mixed deciduous forests, canebrakes, and grasslands.

♟️It is the largest Salix swamp forest in north-eastern India, with a tropical monsoon climate with a hot and wet summer and cool and usually dry winter.