*🛡️Important Conferences Related to Environment*

♟️Ramsar Convention - 1971
♟️Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora - 1973
♟️Montreal Protocol - 1987
♟️Vienna Convention - 1988
♟️Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) - 1992
♟️United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) - 1992
♟️Basel Convention - 1989
♟️Rio Summit - 1992
♟️Stockholm Convention - 2001
Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety - 2000
♟️UN-REDD - 2008
♟️Nagoya Protocol - 2010
♟️Minamata Convention - 2013
♟️United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) - 1994
♟️Kyoto Protocol - 1997
♟️Rotterdam Convention - 1998

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*🛡️Tropical Mansoon Climate*

*💎Distribution*

♟️Some parts of world experience seasonal winds like land and sea breezes but on larger scale.

♟️These are Tropical monsoon lands with on-shore wet monsoons in summer and off-shore dry monsoons in winter.

♟️Best developed in Burma,Thailand, Laos,Cambodia,parts of vietnam and south china.

*💎Climatic Conditions*

♟️In summer sun is overhead at the tropic of cancer, the land masses of northern hemisphere heated.

♟️A low pressure is set up in Central asia.

♟️At the same time Southern hemisphere experiences a winter and a region of high pressure created.

♟️Winds blows outwards as the south - east monsoon and after crossing the equator are drawn towards continental low pressure area reaching Indian sub-continent.

*💎Seasons Of Tropical Mansoon Climate*

♟️Cool, dry season. ( oct to Feb )

♟️Hot dry season. ( March to mid june )

♟️Rainy season ( mid - june to September)

*🛡️ August Offer Vs. Cripps Mission*

*💎Time Period*
*♟️August Offer* August 1940
*♟️Cripps Mission* March 1942

*💎Viceroy at the Time*
*♟️August Offer* Lord Linlithgow
*♟️Cripps Mission* Lord Linlithgow

*💎Context/Reasons for Proposal*
*♟️August Offer* Britain’s precarious situation in WWII and the need for Indian support.
*♟️Cripps Mission* Japanese advances in Southeast Asia heightened the need for Indian cooperation in the war effort.

*💎Main Proposals*
*♟️August Offer* Dominion status as the long-term goal; expansion of Viceroy’s Executive Council; promise of a post-war constituent assembly.
*♟️Cripps Mission* Dominion status with the right to secede from the Commonwealth; a constituent assembly after the war to decide the constitution; provision for any province to opt out of the Indian Union.

*💎Shortcomings Highlighted by Indians*
*♟️August Offer* Vague promises; no immediate transfer of power; retention of British control over defense; no clear path to full independence.
*♟️Cripps Mission* Dominion status instead of full independence; allowed provinces to secede, potentially leading to partition; no immediate transfer of power; British control over defense continued.

*💎Reaction of Indian Political Parties*
*♟️August Offer* Rejected by the Congress; welcomed by some other groups for its promise of eventual self-rule.
*♟️Cripps Mission* Rejected by Congress and Muslim League; Congress criticized the lack of immediate power transfer and the provision for dominion status; Muslim League was dissatisfied with the lack of a clear commitment to Pakistan.

*💎Outcome/Result*
*♟️August Offer* Rejected by Indian National Congress; led to increased demand for complete independence.
*♟️Cripps Mission* Failure; led to the Congress launching the Quit India Movement in August 1942.

*💎Impact on Indian National Movement*
*♟️August Offer* Strengthened Indian resolve for complete independence; highlighted the limitations of British promises.
*♟️Cripps Mission* Intensified Indian demand for complete independence; demonstrated the unyielding nature of British policy; precipitated the Quit India Movement.

*President*

🔸 The President must be a citizen of India, not less than 35 years of age and qualified for
election as a member of the Lok Sabha.

🔸 His term of office is five years and he is eligible for re-election.

🔸His removal from office is to be in
accordance with procedure prescribed in Article 61 of the Constitution.

🔸 The executive power of the Union is vested in the President and is exercised by him either directly
or through officers’ subordinate to him in accordance with the Constitution.

🔸The President summons, prorogues, addresses, sends messages to Parliament and dissolves
the Lok Sabha; promulgates Ordinances at any time, except when both Houses of Parliament are
in session.

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*🛡️Major Wildlife Institutes*

♟️Indian Zoological Survey Centre – Kolkata
♟️Centre for Ecological Sciences – Bengaluru
♟️Indian Institute of Forest Management – Bhopal
♟️Govind Ballabh Pant Institute – Almora (Uttarakhand)
♟️Indian Forest College – Dehradun (Uttarakhand)
♟️Indian Forest Survey Centre – Dehradun (Uttarakhand)
♟️Indian Institute of Ecology and Environment – New Delhi
♟️Indian Forest Ranger College – Dehradun
♟️Indian Wildlife Research Institute – Dehradun
♟️Indian Zoological Survey Centre Kolkata
♟️Indian Wildlife Research Institute – Dehradun
♟️Indian Botanical Garden – Kolkata
♟️Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History (SACON) – Coimbatore (Tamil Nadu)
♟️National Environmental Research Institute – Nagpur
♟️Rainforest Research Institute – Jorhat
♟️Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding Institute - Coimbatore
♟️Forest Productivity Centre – Ranchi
♟️Central Avian Research Institute - Izzatnagar, Bareilly.


*🛡️Pacific Ocean*

*💎Warm Currents:-*
♟️1. Kuroshio Current (Japan Current)
♟️2. North Equatorial Current
♟️3. South Equatorial Current
♟️4. East Australian Current
♟️5. Equatorial Counter Current
♟️6. Alaskan Current

*💎Cold Currents:-*
♟️1. Oyashio Current
♟️2. California Current
♟️3. Peru Current (Humboldt Current)
♟️4. West Wind Drift (part of Antarctic Circumpolar Current).

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*🛡️Important Conferences Related to Environment*

♟️Ramsar Convention - 1971
♟️Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora - 1973
♟️Montreal Protocol - 1987
♟️Vienna Convention - 1988
♟️Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) - 1992
♟️United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) - 1992
♟️Basel Convention - 1989
♟️Rio Summit - 1992
♟️Stockholm Convention - 2001
Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety - 2000
♟️UN-REDD - 2008
♟️Nagoya Protocol - 2010
♟️Minamata Convention - 2013
♟️United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) - 1994
♟️Kyoto Protocol - 1997
♟️Rotterdam Convention - 1998

🛡️ *Indian Literature*

♟️ *Rig Veda-* Prayers of God
♟️ *Sam Veda-* Songs, 1st book of music,
♟️ *Yajur Veda-* Ritual processes
♟️ *Atharva Veda-* not written by Aryans; book on magic
♟️ *Brahmans-* Explanations of Vedas
♟️ *Aranyaks-* Forest books,
♟️ *Upanishads-* Metaphysical;
♟️ *Puranas-* Stories of kings
♟️ *Epics-* Ramayana, Mahabharata
♟️ *Plays-* by Kalidas etc.

💎 *Forgien Literature*

♟️Magasthenes(G): Indica
Valuable information on Admin and socio-economic conditions of Mauryas.

♟️Ptolemy(G): Geography of India
Geographical treatise on India in 2nd Century AD

♟️Pliny(G): Naturakus Historia
Accounts trade relations between Rome and India in 1st Century AD

♟️Anonymous(G) :Periplus of the Erythrean Sea
Records personal voyage of Indian coasts in 80 A.D.

♟️Fa-Hien(C): Record of the Buddhist Countries
Records the Gupta Empire in the 5th Century AD

♟️Hiuen Tsang(C): Buddhist Records of the Western World
Describes the social, economic and religious conditions of India in the 5th and 7th Century AD. (Harshvardhan)

♟️I-tsing(C) : A record of the Buddhists religion as practiced in India and Malay Archipelago.
Studies the Gupta period under Sri Gupta in the 7th Century AD.

♟️Hwuili(C): Life of Hiuen Tsang
Accounts Hiuen Tsang's travel in India.

💎 *Other*

♟️Visakha Datta: Mudra Rakshas; Gupta period, Chanakya-Chandragupta story
♟️Dipavamsa n Mahavamsa: Buddhist books written in Sri Lanka, Ashoka spread
♟️Divyavadan: Tibetan Buddhist book, Ashoka spread.

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*Supporting Balanced Fertilization:*
*Nutrient-Based Subsidy Rates for Rabi 2025–26*

_Ensuring affordability and productivity in Indian agriculture_

Key Highlights

🌾 The Government *approved the Nutrient-Based Subsidy (NBS) rates for Rabi 2025–26* , effective from 1 October 2025 to 31 March 2026, covering Phosphatic and Potassic (P&K) fertilizers, including DAP and NPKS grades.

💰 The *tentative budgetary requirement for Rabi 2025–26* is approximately *₹37,952 crore ,about ₹736 crore higher* than the budgetary requirement for the Kharif 2025 season.

📊 Over *₹2.04 lakh crore allocated* between 2022–23 and 2024–25 towards *NBS subsidies* , ensuring affordable access to fertilizers.

🏭 NBS has driven *significant growth in domestic fertilizer production* , with P&K fertilizers (DAP and NPKS) output *increasing from 112.19 LMT in 2014 to 168.55 LMT in 2025* (as on 30.12.2025), reflecting over *50% growth* during the period.

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