🧩 Medical Mnemonics


Hypokalemia causes


Eid Mubarak 🌺🌙 🎆🕋

⚡Enteric losses ( diarrhea)
⚡Insulin excess, Increase of Glucocorticoid (Cushing's, exogenous steroids, ectopic ACTH), Increased sweat losses
⚡Dialysis, Decrease of body temperature (hypothermia)

⚡Magnesium depletion
⚡Urinary losses(Diuretics)
⚡β-adrenergic activity, Bartter's or Gitelman's syndrome
⚡Alkalosis, Amphotericin B
⚡RTA types I and II
⚡Aldosteronism
⚡Ketoacidosis

#nephrology
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🧩 Medical Mnemonics

Differential diagnosis of elevated serum aminotransferases


🌠 ‌🇦‌‌🇧‌‌🇨‌‌🇩‌‌🇪‌‌🇫‌‌🇬‌‌🇭‌‌🇮‌


🪶 𝗔utoimmune hepatitis, 𝗔drenal insufficiency, 𝗔norexia nervosa
🪶 Hepatitis 𝗕
🪶 Hepatitis 𝗖, 𝗖eliac disease
🪶 𝗗rugs or toxins
🪶 𝗘thanol
🪶 𝗙atty liver
🪶 𝗚enetic disorders (Wilson disease, Hemochromatosis, Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency)
🪶 𝗛emodynamic disorders (CHF and MI)
🪶 𝗜nfiltration of the liver by malignancy, 𝗜njury to muscle (strenuous exercise, myopathy)

#gastroenterology
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©Medical Mnemonics

On MCU RESEARCH COLLABORATION, we provide you:

- Language revision
- Scientific Editing
- Journal Selection
- Submitting the manuscript
- Guide to dealing with Journals

👌 And Much More!

🪩 Feel Free to contact admin 👉 @Mohamm_ADs

🧩 Medical Mnemonics

Learn 🫧 SOAP BUBBLE appearance in Giant cell tumor of bone by #visual_mnemonics.

💻 Join us in the official Instagram page: Online Medical School

#radiology 
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©Medical Mnemonics

⚠ 🔔 𝐒𝐀𝐕𝐄 𝐓𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐋𝐈𝐒𝐓 𝐅𝐎𝐑 𝐀 𝐑𝐀𝐈𝐍𝐘 𝐃𝐀𝐘 ! ⤵


1. 🧩 𝗠𝗘𝗗𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗠𝗡𝗘𝗠𝗢𝗡𝗜𝗖𝗦 (𝗟𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗡 𝗘𝗔𝗦𝗜𝗟𝗬)

2. 𝗖𝗔𝗦𝗘 - 𝗕𝗔𝗦𝗘𝗗 𝗠𝗖𝗤𝗦 💯

3. 🇨🇦 𝗠𝗖𝗖𝗤𝗘 𝗣𝗥𝗘𝗣𝗔𝗥𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡

4. 🩺 𝗘𝗗𝗟 𝗠𝗘𝗗𝗜𝗖𝗢𝗦 (𝗠𝗘𝗗𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗕𝗢𝗢𝗞𝗦 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗟𝗜𝗡𝗞𝗦)

5. 📚 𝗘𝗗𝗟 𝗣𝗛𝗔𝗥𝗠

6. 🏛 𝗢𝗡𝗟𝗜𝗡𝗘 𝗠𝗘𝗗𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗦𝗖𝗛𝗢𝗢𝗟

7. 𝗥𝗘𝗦𝗜𝗗𝗘𝗡𝗖𝗬 𝗜𝗡 𝗚𝗘𝗥𝗠𝗔𝗡𝗬 🇩🇪

8. 𝗣𝗥𝗔𝗖𝗧𝗜𝗖𝗘 𝗜𝗡 𝗔𝗨𝗦𝗧𝗥𝗔𝗟𝗜𝗔 🇦🇺

9. 𝗠𝗕𝗕𝗦 & 𝗥𝗘𝗦𝗜𝗗𝗘𝗡𝗖𝗬 𝗜𝗡 𝗜𝗧𝗔𝗟𝗬 🇮🇹

10. 𝗥𝗘𝗦𝗜𝗗𝗘𝗡𝗖𝗬 𝗜𝗡 𝗨𝗞 🇬🇧

11. 𝗥𝗘𝗦𝗜𝗗𝗘𝗡𝗖𝗬 𝗜𝗡 𝗨𝗦 🇺🇸

12. 𝗥𝗘𝗦𝗜𝗗𝗘𝗡𝗖𝗬 𝗜𝗡 𝗖𝗔𝗡𝗔𝗗𝗔 🇨🇦

13. 𝗙𝗥𝗘𝗡𝗖𝗛 𝗠𝗘𝗗𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗕𝗢𝗢𝗞𝗦 🇫🇷

14. 𝗚𝗘𝗥𝗠𝗔𝗡 𝗠𝗘𝗗𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗕𝗢𝗢𝗞𝗦 🇩🇪

15. 𝗠𝗘𝗗𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗥𝗘𝗦𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗖𝗛 🎓

16. 📸 𝗗𝗘𝗥𝗠𝗔𝗧𝗢𝗟𝗢𝗚𝗬 𝗔𝗧𝗟𝗔𝗦

17. 𝗢𝗘𝗧 𝗣𝗥𝗘𝗣𝗔𝗥𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡 🔡

18. 𝗠𝗘𝗗𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗔𝗠𝗔𝗭𝗢𝗡 🌐

19. 𝗠𝗘𝗗𝗜𝗖𝗖𝗢𝗨𝗡𝗧 - 𝗠𝗘𝗗𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗔𝗖𝗖𝗢𝗨𝗡𝗧 🌀

20. 📝 𝗨𝗪𝗢𝗥𝗟𝗗 𝗘𝗗𝗨𝗖𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡𝗔𝗟 𝗢𝗕𝗝𝗘𝗖𝗧𝗜𝗩𝗘𝗦

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🧩 Medical Mnemonics


The 4 ‌🇦‌‌'s of Guillain-Barré
syndrome 📝

✖ 𝗔cute inflammatory demyelinating
polyradiculopathy
✖ 𝗔scending paralysis
✖ 𝗔utonomic neuropathy
✖ 𝗔lbuminocytologic dissociation (increased albumin in CSF)


#neurology
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©Medical Mnemonics

🧩 Medical Mnemonics

Crigler-Najjar and Gilbert have problems with CoNjuGation of bilirubin while Dubin-Johnson and Rotor have a defective DooR for secretion of bilirubin.

#in_a_tweet
#pediatrics
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©Medical Mnemonics

Today, Medical Channels Union (MCU) launches a new group for cardiology enthusiasts;

🤓 Cardiology Cases is considering helping medical staff to become highly skilled in cardiology, particularly ECG interpretation.

🔗 https://t.me/Cardiology_Cases

🤝 We also welcome cardiologists from around the world to help us as group administrators.

Invite your Friends 🙋‍♂ 🦋

A 40-year-old man is evaluated for palpitations in the emergency department. He has had these symptoms several times over the past year but this episode is worse. He denies any associated chest pain, lightheadedness, or syncope. He denies any history of medical problems and takes no medications. Examination reveals an adult male in no significant distress. Cardiac examination is significant for regular tachycardia with no jugular venous pressure elevation. Lungs are clear without crackles or wheezing. There is no lower extremity edema. ECG shown below. What is the best intervention at this point?


A. Valsalva maneuver
B. Adenosine
C. Metoprolol
D. Digoxin
E. Cardioversion

The correct answer is A.

Supraventricular tachycardias (SVT) include paroxysmal, reentry, or preexcitation tachycardias. Reentry SVTs include AV nodal reentry (AVNRT), atrioventricular reentry, or atrial reentry. Reentry circuits require the presence of at least two different conduction pathways with differential refractory times. It is characterized by an abrupt onset and termination of tachycardia, that distinguishes it from sinus tachycardia, which has gradual changes in rate. It is precipitated by a premature atrial or ventricular contraction or hyperadrenergic state. Other triggers include hyperthyroidism and stimulants, including caffeine, drugs, and alcohol. This patient has supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) likely related to atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) and he has no concerning symptoms.

The ECG shows a regular, fast rhythm with absent P waves and a narrow QRS complex. Unstable patients require immediate synchronized cardioversion. Stable patients, such as the patient above, should first undergo vagal maneuvers. Some common vagal maneuvers include holding your breath and bearing down (Valsalva maneuver), coughing, gagging, and immersing your face in ice-cold water. If vagal maneuvers are unsuccessful, adenosine is used both diagnostically and therapeutically. Adenosine transiently blocks the AV-node and allows the circuit to “reset.”


⚠Choice B is not correct:

Adenosine is very short acting and can be used if vagal maneuvers fail to terminate the arrhythmia.

⚠Choice C is not correct:

Metoprolol would also be considered if the above measures failed.

⚠Choice D is not correct:

Digoxin would also inhibit the AV node but has more potential side effects than the other medications and is rarely used for this purpose.

⚠Choice E is not correct:

Cardioversion would be reserved for hemodynamic instability including hypotension, heart failure, or angina.

Summarized Points:

This patient has SVT likely related to AVNRT and he has no concerning symptoms. The initial attempts at termination should use vagal maneuvers such as the Valsalva maneuver.

A 36-year-old life-long asthmatic has repeated episodes of asthma exacerbation accompanied by fever and thick brownish sputum that respond to oral prednisone therapy. His leukocyte count is 8,500/µL with 15% eosinophils. Chest x-ray reveals bronchiectasis on the left side. Which of the following is the best next step in the management of this patient?

A. Bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage
B. Immunoglobulin levels to evaluate for immunodeficiency
C. Induced sputum for Pneumocystis jirovecii
D. Purified protein derivative test
E. Aspergillus skin testing

This patient with known asthma has recurrent exacerbations with fever and expectoration of dark brown mucus, which is suggestive of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA). Patients may experience additional systemic symptoms (e.g., anorexia, malaise, or weight loss) or have hemoptysis. ABPA is caused by hypersensitivity to bronchial colonization by Aspergillus fumigatus. It occurs more commonly in asthmatics and patients with cystic fibrosis. Proteolytic enzymes and mycotoxins induce an intense inflammatory reaction that can eventually cause bronchiectasis and fibrosis. Early diagnosis is important as the onset of bronchiectasis is associated with poor outcomes. Diagnosis is based on clinical and radiographic features and immunologic testing. Immediate cutaneous hypersensitivity to skin prick testing is a characteristic finding. If negative, intradermal reactivity may be tested for confirmation. A negative skin prick test and intradermal reactivity excludes the diagnosis. If positive, immunologic testing is performed. High-resolution CT characteristically shows infiltrates, central bronchiectasis, and mucus-filled bronchi (mucoid impaction). A positive bronchodilator response on pulmonary function tests is only seen in about 50% of patients. Treatment involves a combination of corticosteroids and antifungal agents (e.g., itraconazole).

⚠ Choice A is not correct:

Bronchoalveolar lavage specimens may show Aspergillus species. However, the test is more invasive and is usually not indicated.

⚠ Choice B is not correct:

Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) can present with recurrent pulmonary infections and bronchiectasis, but it does not cause recurrent asthma exacerbations responsive to steroids.

⚠ Choice C is not correct:

Induced sputum for Pneumocystis jirovecii may be helpful to diagnose Pneumocystis pneumonia in an asthmatic taking high-dose chronic oral steroids. However, this patient was only on intermittent steroids.

⚠ Choice D is not correct:

Patients with tuberculosis may also present with chronic cough and constitutional symptoms, but these are progressive (not intermittent) and do not respond to steroids.

Summarized Points:

Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis is a hypersensitivity reaction to Aspergillus that may colonize the airways of patients with asthma and cystic fibrosis. It presents with worsening asthma symptoms, fever, fleeting infiltrates, pleuritic chest pain, and peripheral eosinophilia. The first step in diagnosis is Aspergillus skin testing. If left untreated, the disorder can result in bronchiectasis with a poor prognosis.

A 49-year-old female presents to the emergency department with complaint of severe epigastric and right upper quadrant (RUQ) abdominal pain. Her symptoms started 3 days ago but have progressively worsened over the past 12 hours. Her symptoms are worse with meals. She has had two episodes of vomiting in the past 12 hours and is nauseous currently. Past medical history is significant for diabetes, osteoarthritis, and hypertension. Her blood pressure is 146/80 mmHg, pulse is 110/min, respiratory rate is 16/min, temperature is 39 C (102.3 F). On physical examination, there is severe right upper quadrant pain on deep palpation, most pronounced on palpation after deep inspiration. Bowel sounds are diminished. The patient is lying on her side holding an emesis basin. Which of the following is causing this patient’s disorder?

A. Alcoholic liver disease
B. Gallstone obstruction in the cystic duct
C. Obstruction from carcinoma of the head of the pancreas
D. Gallstone obstruction in the common bile duct
E. Pancreatic inflammation