Q.507) Consider the following about the "Khalsa" order in Sikhism.

1. This tradition was started by Guru Nanak in the 15th century, which provided the political & religious vision for the Sikh community

2. This tradition has predominantly been a male institution in Sikh history.

3. In contemporary times, it is open to women but it's authority remains with sikh men

PRELIMS FACT BOOSTER - 22

Topic: Environment (Current Affairs)

Ecosystems Service Improvement Project :

* Objective - to enhance forest ecosystem services and improve the livelihood of forest dependent communities in Central Indian Highlands

* Implemented by MoEFCC, through ICFRE (Indian Council of Forestry Research & Education) under National Green India Mission , in Chattisgarh & Madhya Pradesh

* Finances by World Bank ,out of its GEF Trust Fund

* There is no rehabilitation package in this scheme

* Mitigation measures include
a) using only approved and safe bio-control agents
b) promoting use of bio-fertilizers & bio-pesticides
c) ensuring legitimate users are not denied access to resources

Q.508) Consider the following statements about the Charter Act of 1833.

1. The Charter Act of 1833 was the outcome of Industrial revolution in England , which envisaged that India had to function as a market for English mass production on the basis of "lasseiz faire"

2. This act was the first concrete step by the British (Macaulay's Minute) towards modern education in the country.

Q.510) Consider the following statements.

1. The effect of exotic species is maximum on islands.

2. Some of the alien species become invasive when they are introduced deliberately or unintentionally outside their natural habitats.

3. Many alien species support our farming and forestry systems in a big way.

Q.511) Consider the following statements about Sustainable Land & Ecosystem Management (SLEM) Initiative.

1. It is an initiative of MoEFCC & GEF(Global Environment Facility) to promote sustainable land management and use of biodiversity.

2. The Desertification Cell, MoEFCC is the national executing agency for SLEM program.

3. ICFRE (Indian Council of Forestry Research & Education) has been designated as the technical facilitation organisation for the SLEM program.

Q.512) Consider the following statements.

1. The Constitution does not empower the President to exercise any function "in his discretion".

2. The Constitution authorises the Governor to exercise some functions "on his discretion".

3. the principle of cabinet responsibility in the states is the same as in the union in all aspects.

PRELIMS FACT BOOSTER - 23

Topic : Polity

Tests of Reasonableness of a Restriction :

* The expression "reasonable restriction" seeks to strike a balance between the freedoms guaranteed by any of the sub-clauses of Article 19(1) and the social control permitted by any of the exceptions in clauses (2) to (6).

* The Supreme Court has said that a restriction is reasonable only when there is a proper balance between the rights of the individual and those of the society.

For eg - where the lands were given to landless persons as a social welfare measure to improve the conditions of poor landless persons , the conditions imposed against the transfer for the particular period of such granted land cannot be be said to constitute any unreasonable restriction.

* The Supreme Court has held that in examining the reasonableness of a statutory provision , whether it violated the fundamental right guaranteed under Article 19, one has to keep in mind -----

1. The Directive Principles of state policy
2. The restrictions must not be Arbitrary or of an excessive nature
3. No abstract or general pattern or a mixed principle to judge the reasonableness of the restrictions can be laid down
4. A just balance had to be struck between the restrictions imposed and social control envisaged by Article 19(6)
5. Prevailing social values and social needs needs to be satisfied by the restrictions
6. There must be a direct or reasonable connection between the restrictions imposed and the object sought to be achieved by the act.

* Therefore , the question of Reasonableness should be determined from both the substantive and procedural standpoints.

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Q.514) Consider the following statements about Preventive Detention

1. Parliament has the power to prescribe, by law, the maximum period for which a person may be detained under a law of preventive detention.

2. The provision of Preventive detention was a new idea introduced by the makers of our Constitution for the first time.

Q.515) Consider the following statements.

1. The legislative power to enact law of preventive detention is divided by the Constitution between the Union and States.

2. The provisions of Preventive detention under Article 22 can subsist only so long as the legislature permits, and are not self-executory.

Explanation 👇

* Some states have enacted state laws , authorising preventive detention which recall the old Preventive Detention Act of 1950.

* The Union has exclusive power to make law on preventive detention only when such law is required for reasons connected with Defence , Foreign Affairs or Security of India.

* A state has power concurrently with the Union , to provide for Preventive detention for reasons connected with Security of the State, maintenance of public order , or the maintenance of supplies and services essential to the community. A state has therefore a say in the matter of abolishing preventive Detention on these grounds because it is the responsibility of the State to maintain public order , production , supply and distribution of goods.

* So long as the concurrent power of the states to legislate for Preventive Detention with respect to the aforesaid grounds remains and any of them feels the need for retaining or making state laws for preventive Detention, it is practically difficult for the Union govt to impose it's will on such States.