🔆 Education Stats

📍 Literacy Rates
✅ Overall: 77%, Male: 84%, Female: 70%, Urban: 88%, Rural: 74% (NSO)

📍 Government Spending
✅ Education: 3.5% of GDP (Ministry of Education)

📍 Enrolment Ratios
✅ Primary: 98%, Secondary: 80%, Senior Secondary: 58% (ASER report)

📍 Government Schools
✅ Enrolment: 73% in 2022 (up from 65% in 2018) (ASER report)

📍 Reading Ability
✅ Class 2 Text: 42% of children could read (down from 50% in 2018) (ASER report)

📍 School Infrastructure
✅ 88.65% of schools have electricity & drinking water
✅ 47.50% schools have computers (SDG India Index 2024)

📍 Higher Education
✅ Gross Enrolment: 28% (51% male, 49% female) (AISHE, Ministry of Education)
✅ Public vs Private: 60% public, 40% private universities (AISHE)

📍 Engineering Students
✅ 39 lakh students (29% women) in 2021-22 (AISHE)

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🔆 India’s Gender Parity, Transport, Trade & Governance – Key Updates (2025)

📍 1. Gender Parity in India: Mixed Progress
✅ India ranked 131/148 in Global Gender Gap Report 2025 (Score: 64.1%).
✅ Education: High parity at 97.1%.
✅ Political Empowerment dropped:
 • Women in Parliament: 14.7% → 13.8%
 • Ministerial roles: 6.5% → 5.6%
✅ Global concern: Despite 41.2% workforce share, women hold only 28.8% top leadership roles.

📍 2. Gender Gaps in South Asia
✅ South Asia’s Political Empowerment Score: 26.8%
✅ Only Bangladesh achieved head-of-state parity.
✅ Economic participation improving, but estimated income parity fell by 7.8%.

📍 3. Central Schemes Under ‘Effectiveness’ Lens
✅ All centrally funded schemes to show positive outcomes to continue beyond 2026.
✅ Sunset clause and 3rd-party evaluations introduced.
✅ MGNREGS: Outlay now tied to beneficiary count; upward revisions need Finance Dept. nod.

📍 4. Urban Transport & Mobility Shift
✅ PM E-Bus Sewa, PM e-Drive launched; target: 10,000+ e-buses.
✅ Trams offer 45% profitability over 7 decades; e-buses show 82% net loss.
✅ Budget promotes metro networks, but India still lacks mass transit coverage (only 37% urban access).

📍 5. U.S.–India Trade Relations & Tariffs
✅ India has a $35–40B surplus, yet U.S. cites $44B trade deficit using selective data.
✅ India insists on WTO-based, mutually agreed solutions.
✅ Any deal must protect digital services, remittances, and Indian exporters.

📍 6. Sustainability in Transit Planning
✅ India urged to invest in cost-effective, long-term tram systems.
✅ Move seen as a smart & timely shift towards climate-aligned, financially viable urban mobility.


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🔆 Pollution Dome

📍 Definition
✅ Formed when unfavorable atmospheric conditions trap pollutants in urban areas, causing smog buildup.

📍 Contributing Factors
✅ Stagnant Air: Calm winds trap pollutants.
✅ Temperature Inversions: Warm air traps cooler air, preventing vertical dispersion.
✅ Geographic Bottlenecks: Mountains/valleys restrict air movement, trapping pollutants.

📍 Additional Factors
✅ Industrial Activity: Emissions from factories, power plants, and vehicles worsen pollution in stagnant air.
✅ Unfavorable Weather Patterns: Systems like anticyclones limit atmospheric mixing, trapping pollutants closer to the ground.

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#environment

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⏳69 days left CSM25 [ 22-08-25]
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11 Years of Central Government.pdf

🔆 Key Terms & Their Meanings

📍 Moral Muteness
✅ Occurs when people witness unethical behavior but choose not to speak out, or communicate in ways that obscure moral beliefs.

📍 Moral Myopia
✅ Inability to see ethical issues clearly, leading to distorted moral vision (moral blindness).

📍 Cognitive Bias
✅ People make errors in thinking, affecting decisions across various areas, including ethics.

📍 Bounded Ethicality
✅ Ethical choices limited by internal/external pressures, such as conformity or self-serving bias.

📍 Conformity Bias
✅ People imitate others’ actions instead of making personal judgments.

📍 Ethical Fading
✅ Ethical aspects disappear when focus shifts to other decision factors, like profit.

📍 Moral Cognition
✅ Study of the brain’s role in moral judgment and decision-making.

📍 Role Morality
✅ People act unethically when they see themselves in roles that excuse unethical behavior.

📍 Moral Absolutism
✅ Universal moral principles by which actions can be judged, a form of deontology.

RAS Mains 2024 Admit Card

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All the Best :)