a = [
    (1, 2, 3),
    (1, 2),
    (1),
    (),
]

[type(x) for x in a]
# Результат: [tuple, tuple, int, tuple]

from abc import ABC, abstractmethod

# 1. Жестко определяем интерфейс
class SenderABC(ABC):
    @abstractmethod
    def send(self, msg: str) -> None: pass

# 2. Обязаны наследоваться!
class EmailService(SenderABC):
    def send(self, msg: str) -> None:
        print(f"Email: {msg}")

def alert(sender: SenderABC):
    sender.send("Alert!")

from typing import Protocol

# 1. Описываем, "что мы ждем от объекта"
class SenderProto(Protocol):
    def send(self, msg: str) -> None: ...

# 2. Реализация НИЧЕГО не знает про Protocol
# Никаких импортов и наследования!
class SmsService:
    def send(self, msg: str) -> None:
        print(f"SMS: {msg}")

# Mypy счастлив: SmsService имеет нужную структуру (метод send)
def alert(sender: SenderProto):
    sender.send("Alert!")

alert(SmsService()) 

import math
from multiprocessing import Pool

inputs = [i ** 2 for i in range(100, 130)]

def f(x):
    return len(str(math.factorial(x)))

# Однопоточное выполнение
%timeit [f(x) for x in inputs]
# 1.44 s ± 19.2 ms per loop (...)

# Параллельное выполнение с 4 процессами
p = Pool(4)
%timeit p.map(f, inputs)
# 451 ms ± 34 ms per loop (...)

import numpy as np
import time

def sum_of_squares(n):
    result = 0
    for i in range(n):
        result += i ** 2
    return result

n = 10**7
start = time.time()
sum_of_squares(n)
print("Обычный Python:", time.time() - start)

from numba import jit

@jit(nopython=True)
def sum_of_squares_numba(n):
    result = 0
    for i in range(n):
        result += i ** 2
    return result

start = time.time()
sum_of_squares_numba(n)
print("С Numba:", time.time() - start)

numbers = [1, 3, 5, 7]

for num in numbers:
    if num % 2 == 0:
        print("Есть чётное число!")
        break
else:
    print("Чётных чисел нет.")

a, b, c = 1, 2, 3
print(a, b, c)  # 1 2 3

x, y = 5, 10
x, y = y, x
print(x, y)  # 10 5

big_number = 1_000_000_000
print(big_number)  # 1000000000

user_data = {"name": "Alice"}

age = user_data.get("age", 18)  # Если ключа "age" нет, вернётся 18
print(age)  # 18

def greet(name, age):
    print(f"Привет, {name}! Тебе {age} лет.")

user_info = ["Иван", 25]
greet(*user_info)  # Привет, Иван! Тебе 25 лет.

user_dict = {"name": "Ольга", "age": 30}
greet(**user_dict)

class A:
    def __init__(self, x):
        self.x = x
        
    def __hash__(self):
        return random.randrange(10000)
    
    def __eq__(self, other):
        return self.x == other.x

d = {}
d[A(2)] = 2
d.get(A(2), 0)
# Вывод: 0

a = b = c = 42

a = (b = (c = 42))

  2           0 LOAD_CONST       1 (42)
              2 DUP_TOP
              4 STORE_FAST       0 (a)
              6 DUP_TOP
              8 STORE_FAST       1 (b)
             10 STORE_FAST       2 (c)

import pdb; pdb.set_trace()

def calc(a, b):
    import pdb; pdb.set_trace()
    result = a + b
    return result

calc(2, 3)

pip install py-spy

curl -sSL https://install.python-poetry.org | python3 -

py-spy top --pid 12345

py-spy record -o profile.svg --pid 12345

py-spy top -- python my_script.py

import asyncio

async def error():
    await asyncio.sleep(1)
    raise ValueError()

async def waiter(task):
    try:
        await task
    except ValueError:
        print('error')
    else:
        print('OK')

async def main():
    task = asyncio.get_event_loop().create_task(error())

    for _ in range(5):
        asyncio.get_event_loop().create_task(waiter(task))

    await asyncio.sleep(2)

loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
loop.run_until_complete(main())

import asyncio

async def error(i):
    await asyncio.sleep(1)
    raise ValueError(i)

async def main():
    try:
        await asyncio.gather(
            error(1),
            error(2),
            error(3),
        )
    except ValueError as e:
        print(e)

loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
loop.run_until_complete(main())

import asyncio

async def error(i):
    await asyncio.sleep(1)
    if i > 1:
        raise ValueError(i)
    return 42

async def main():
    results = await asyncio.gather(
        error(1),
        error(2),
        error(3),
        return_exceptions=True,
    )

    print(results)

loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
loop.run_until_complete(main())

def x():
    ...

class Query:
    def __init__(self, host, port):
        self._connection = Connection(host, port)

class Query:
    def __init__(self, connection):
        self._connection = connection
        
    @classmethod
    def create(cls, host, port):
        return cls(Connection(host, port))