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الحل حل طالب مش كلية👆🔥
من بوت القناة مشكورة ❤️
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من بوت القناة مشكورة ❤️
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شيت عبد الباري ف الريقيوليشن🌸
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clinical enzymology abd albari .pdf
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Regulation of Gene Expression.ppt
1 MB
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تجميعة_أسئلة_بايو_للمنهج_كله_مع.pdf
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ملاحظات د. عبد الله بشين في المحاضرة الأولى * Regulation of Gene Ex. *
- Each cell expresses particular genes; therefore, each cell has its own morphological and functional characteristics.
- Insulin gene: found in all cells but only expressed in Beta cells of pancreas.
- Constitutive genes are expressed in all types of cells.
e.g. enzymes for glycolysis
- DNA is not converted to RNA, it is only photocopied. *used as a template to synthesize RNA*
- Proteins, RNA, carbs can't act as a template.
Except in reverse transcriptase of retroviruses which uses an RNA as a template to transcribe a DNA segment in a process called reverse transcription.
Telomerases can use RNAs to synthesize nucleotide sequences in the DNA as well.
- Types of DNA:
cDNA "Complementary DNA"
Genomic DNA (found in nucleus)
Mitochondrial DNA
- Unicellular organisms are affected faster by the external environment than multicellular organisms.
- At temperatures: 25-37 degrees Celsius, yeast will produce heat-shock proteins to adapt to the new environment.
- Operons are found in prokaryotes.
Polycistronic mRNA is found in prokaryotes.
- Monocistronic mRNA found in both.
- LacI is a constitutive gene which is continuously expressed at low* rates. (Has a weak promoter: sequence for attachment of factors is far from the consensus seq.)
- The area between the start and stop codons in the mRNA *the translated area* is known as: Open-reading frame.
- Prokaryotes don't have a nucleus, so both transcription and translation happen in the cytosol. Translation can start before transcription ends.
- In eukaryotes transcription and translation are separated both in time and location. So gene expression is a lot slower in eukaryotes.
- Post-transcriptional modification *adding CAP and Poly-A tail* happens only in eykaryotes and is another reason why Gene Ex. is slower in eukaryotes.
- Haematopoietic stem cells divide rapidly, so they express genes responsible for the cell cycle at very high rates. "Proto-oncogenes"
- Proto-oncogenes: genes expressed in haem. cells to speed up cellular proliferation.
- The mature** cell will not express these genes.
- Tumor suppressor genes: stop cellular proliferation.
- Leukemia: cells don't achieve maturity *they replicate non-stop*.
- Each cell expresses particular genes; therefore, each cell has its own morphological and functional characteristics.
- Insulin gene: found in all cells but only expressed in Beta cells of pancreas.
- Constitutive genes are expressed in all types of cells.
e.g. enzymes for glycolysis
- DNA is not converted to RNA, it is only photocopied. *used as a template to synthesize RNA*
- Proteins, RNA, carbs can't act as a template.
Except in reverse transcriptase of retroviruses which uses an RNA as a template to transcribe a DNA segment in a process called reverse transcription.
Telomerases can use RNAs to synthesize nucleotide sequences in the DNA as well.
- Types of DNA:
cDNA "Complementary DNA"
Genomic DNA (found in nucleus)
Mitochondrial DNA
- Unicellular organisms are affected faster by the external environment than multicellular organisms.
- At temperatures: 25-37 degrees Celsius, yeast will produce heat-shock proteins to adapt to the new environment.
- Operons are found in prokaryotes.
Polycistronic mRNA is found in prokaryotes.
- Monocistronic mRNA found in both.
- LacI is a constitutive gene which is continuously expressed at low* rates. (Has a weak promoter: sequence for attachment of factors is far from the consensus seq.)
- The area between the start and stop codons in the mRNA *the translated area* is known as: Open-reading frame.
- Prokaryotes don't have a nucleus, so both transcription and translation happen in the cytosol. Translation can start before transcription ends.
- In eukaryotes transcription and translation are separated both in time and location. So gene expression is a lot slower in eukaryotes.
- Post-transcriptional modification *adding CAP and Poly-A tail* happens only in eykaryotes and is another reason why Gene Ex. is slower in eukaryotes.
- Haematopoietic stem cells divide rapidly, so they express genes responsible for the cell cycle at very high rates. "Proto-oncogenes"
- Proto-oncogenes: genes expressed in haem. cells to speed up cellular proliferation.
- The mature** cell will not express these genes.
- Tumor suppressor genes: stop cellular proliferation.
- Leukemia: cells don't achieve maturity *they replicate non-stop*.