Specimen Requirements for calcium Measurement:
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1๏ธโฃ Serum or heparinized plasma.
โ๏ธ Citrate, oxalate, and EDTA anticoagulants should not be used because they interfere by forming complexes with calcium.
โ๏ธ Heparinized plasma may be used but Co-precipitation of calcium with fibrin in heparinized plasma or lipids has been reported with storage or freezing.
โ๏ธ Heparin lowers free calcium at the concentrations > 30 U/mL.
โ๏ธ The use of liquid heparin should be avoided.
2๏ธโฃ Tourniquet use causes an increase in total ( 0.5 - 1.0 mg/dl ), but not in free, calcium associated with tourniquet use and venous occlusion during sampling because of the increase in protein-bound calcium caused by the efflux of water from the vascular compartment during stasis.
โ๏ธ If a tourniquet is required, it should be applied just before sampling and released within 1 minute.
3๏ธโฃ Standing decreases intravascular water and increases the total calcium concentration by 0.2 to 0.8 mg/dl.
4๏ธโฃ Hemodilution caused by recumbency (along with hypoalbuminemia) contributes to the increased prevalence of hypocalcemia (total, but not free calcium) often observed in hospital patients.
5๏ธโฃ Fist clenching or other forearm exercise should be avoided before phlebotomy because forearm exercise causes a decrease in pH (lactic acid production) and an increase in free calcium.
6๏ธโฃ Specimens for free calcium must be collected anaerobically (syringes and evacuated tubes should be filled completely and sealed ) to minimize alterations in pH due to the loss of CO2 (increase in pH), and specimens should also be handled (maintained on ice ) to prevent the production of lactic acid (decrease in pH) by erythrocytes or white blood cells during anaerobic metabolism or glycolysis. Free calcium changes by about 5% for each 0.1-unit change in pH.
ุชุงุจุน ุงูุดุฑุญ ูู ุงูู ูุดูุฑ ุงูุชุงูู ูู ุนุฑูุฉ ููู ูุบููุฑ ุงูุงุถุทุฑุงุจ ูู ุงูุฃุณ ุงูููุฏุฑูุฌููู ุนูู ู ุณุชูู ุชุฑููุฒ ุงููุงูุณููู ุงูุญุฑุ ุงู ุงุถุบุท ู ุจุงุดุฑุฉ ุนูู ูุฐุง ุงูุฑุงุจุท โฌ๏ธ
https://t.me/Biochem_Lab/587
7๏ธโฃ Free calcium is reported to be stable in whole blood specimens for 1 hour at room temperature and for 4 hours at 4C. If analysis is not completed within 1 hour, serum collected in evacuated gel tubes may be the optimal specimen. The tubes should be filled completely. Once centrifuged, specimens are stable for hours
at 25C and for days at 4C, provided the tube remains sealed.
ูู ุญุงู ุนุฏู ุชุญููู ุนููุฉ ุงูุฏู ู ุจุงุดุฑุฉุ ูุชู ุงุฑุณุงููุง ุงู ุญูุธูุง ุฏูู ูุตููุง ูู ุธุฑูู ุจุงุฑุฏุฉ ูุชุซุจูุท ุนู ููุฉ ุชุญูู ุงูุณูุฑ ูุจุงูุชุงูู ุชุฌููุจ ุชูููู ุงููุงูุชู ุงุณูุฏุ ูุฅู ูุฐุง ุฌูุฏ ููุญูุงุธ ุนูู ุงูุงุณ ุงูููุฏุฑูุฌููู ููุนููุฉ ู ุจุงูุชุงูู ุงูุญูุงุธ ุนูู ุงูุชุฑููุฒ ุงููุนูู ูููุงูุณููู ุ ููู ูุฌุจ ู ูุงุญุธุฉ ุงู ูุฐู ุงูุนููุฉ ุบูุฑ ุตุงูุญุฉ ููุญุต ุชุฑููุฒ ุงูุจูุชุงุณููู ุงุฐุง ู ุง ุงุฑุฏูุง ุงูุฌุงุฏ ุชุฑููุฒู ุงูู ุฌุงูุจ ุงููุงูุณููู ุ ูุฃู ุชุฑููุฒู ูู ูุฐู ุงูุนููุฉ ุณูููู ู ุฑุชูุนุงู ุจุดูู ุฎุงุทุฆ ุจุณุจุจ ุชุซุจูุท ู ุถุฎุฉ ุงูุตูุฏููู - ุจูุชุงุณููู
Na-K ATPase
ูุงูุชู โ ุงูู ุถุฎุฉ โ ุชุญุงูุธ ุนูู ูุงุฑู ุงูุชุฑููุฒ ุงูุนุงูู ููุจูุชุงุณููู ุฏุงุฎู ุงูุฎูุงูุง ุนูู ูู ุฎุงุฑุฌูุงุ ููู ุญุงูุฉ ุชุซุจูุท ุนู ููุงุ ุจุณุจุจ ุงูุจุฑูุฏุฉุ ุณูุฎุฑุฌ ุงูุจูุชุงุณููู ู ู ุงูุฎูุงูุง ุงูู ุงูุจูุงุฒู ุง ููุฑุชูุน ุชุฑููุฒู.
8๏ธโฃ Urine specimens should be in 20-30 mL of 6 mol/L HCI per 24-hour specimen (1 to 2 mL for a random specimen) to prevent calcium salt precipitation. Addition of acid after the collection may not completely dissolve precipitated calcium salts.
ุงู ุดุงุก ุงููู ุณูู ูุฎุตุต ุฏุฑุณ ุฎุงุต ูุดุฑุญ ููู ููู ูู ูููุง ุงูุญุตูู ุนูู ุงูุชุฎููู ุงูู ุทููุจ ู ู ุงูุงุญู ุงุถ ( ุงูุงู ูุงู ููุนูุง ) ูุญูุธ ุนููุงุช ุงูุจูู ( ูุฃู ูุญุต ูุงู ). ููู ูุฐุง ุงูู ุซุงู - ูููุงูุณููู - ูุทูุจ ุญุฌู ู ุนูู ( 20-30 ู ู ) ู ู ุญู ุถ ุงูููุฏุฑููููุฑูู ุจุชุฑููุฒ 6 ู ููุงุฑูุฉุ ูุชุญุถูุฑู ูุฏ ูููู ุณููุงู ุนูุฏ ุงูุงุบูุจูุฉ ุงุฐุง ู ุง ุนูุฑููู ุชุฑููุฒู ุจุงูู ููุงุฑูุฉ ูุฃู ูููู ู ูุชูุจุงู ุนูู ูุงุฑูุฑุฉ ุงูุญู ุถ -ู ุซูุงู- ุงู ุชุฑููุฒู 10 ู ููุงุฑูุฉุ ููู ูู ูููู ุชุฑููุฒู โ ุจุงูู ููุงุฑูุฉ - ุงุฐุง ูุงู ุงูุชุฑููุฒ ุงูู ูุชูุจ ุนูู ุงููุงุฑูุฑุฉ ูู 35% ู ุซูุงูุ ููู ูุญุถูุฑ ุญุฌู 25 ู ู ุจุชุฑููุฒ 6 ู ููุงุฑ ู ู ู ุญููู ุชุฑููุฒู 35% ุุ ุณูุฎุตุต ุฏุฑุณ ููุฐุง ุงูู ูุถูุน ุจุนุฏ ุงูุงูุชูุงุก ู ู ุฏุฑุณ ุงููุงูุณููู ุงู ุดุงุก ุงููู..
โโโ @Biochem_Lab โโโโข
https://telegram.me/joinchat/AAAAAECuqoTkgQkHpiHlGA
====================================
1๏ธโฃ Serum or heparinized plasma.
โ๏ธ Citrate, oxalate, and EDTA anticoagulants should not be used because they interfere by forming complexes with calcium.
โ๏ธ Heparinized plasma may be used but Co-precipitation of calcium with fibrin in heparinized plasma or lipids has been reported with storage or freezing.
โ๏ธ Heparin lowers free calcium at the concentrations > 30 U/mL.
โ๏ธ The use of liquid heparin should be avoided.
2๏ธโฃ Tourniquet use causes an increase in total ( 0.5 - 1.0 mg/dl ), but not in free, calcium associated with tourniquet use and venous occlusion during sampling because of the increase in protein-bound calcium caused by the efflux of water from the vascular compartment during stasis.
โ๏ธ If a tourniquet is required, it should be applied just before sampling and released within 1 minute.
3๏ธโฃ Standing decreases intravascular water and increases the total calcium concentration by 0.2 to 0.8 mg/dl.
4๏ธโฃ Hemodilution caused by recumbency (along with hypoalbuminemia) contributes to the increased prevalence of hypocalcemia (total, but not free calcium) often observed in hospital patients.
5๏ธโฃ Fist clenching or other forearm exercise should be avoided before phlebotomy because forearm exercise causes a decrease in pH (lactic acid production) and an increase in free calcium.
6๏ธโฃ Specimens for free calcium must be collected anaerobically (syringes and evacuated tubes should be filled completely and sealed ) to minimize alterations in pH due to the loss of CO2 (increase in pH), and specimens should also be handled (maintained on ice ) to prevent the production of lactic acid (decrease in pH) by erythrocytes or white blood cells during anaerobic metabolism or glycolysis. Free calcium changes by about 5% for each 0.1-unit change in pH.
ุชุงุจุน ุงูุดุฑุญ ูู ุงูู ูุดูุฑ ุงูุชุงูู ูู ุนุฑูุฉ ููู ูุบููุฑ ุงูุงุถุทุฑุงุจ ูู ุงูุฃุณ ุงูููุฏุฑูุฌููู ุนูู ู ุณุชูู ุชุฑููุฒ ุงููุงูุณููู ุงูุญุฑุ ุงู ุงุถุบุท ู ุจุงุดุฑุฉ ุนูู ูุฐุง ุงูุฑุงุจุท โฌ๏ธ
https://t.me/Biochem_Lab/587
7๏ธโฃ Free calcium is reported to be stable in whole blood specimens for 1 hour at room temperature and for 4 hours at 4C. If analysis is not completed within 1 hour, serum collected in evacuated gel tubes may be the optimal specimen. The tubes should be filled completely. Once centrifuged, specimens are stable for hours
at 25C and for days at 4C, provided the tube remains sealed.
ูู ุญุงู ุนุฏู ุชุญููู ุนููุฉ ุงูุฏู ู ุจุงุดุฑุฉุ ูุชู ุงุฑุณุงููุง ุงู ุญูุธูุง ุฏูู ูุตููุง ูู ุธุฑูู ุจุงุฑุฏุฉ ูุชุซุจูุท ุนู ููุฉ ุชุญูู ุงูุณูุฑ ูุจุงูุชุงูู ุชุฌููุจ ุชูููู ุงููุงูุชู ุงุณูุฏุ ูุฅู ูุฐุง ุฌูุฏ ููุญูุงุธ ุนูู ุงูุงุณ ุงูููุฏุฑูุฌููู ููุนููุฉ ู ุจุงูุชุงูู ุงูุญูุงุธ ุนูู ุงูุชุฑููุฒ ุงููุนูู ูููุงูุณููู ุ ููู ูุฌุจ ู ูุงุญุธุฉ ุงู ูุฐู ุงูุนููุฉ ุบูุฑ ุตุงูุญุฉ ููุญุต ุชุฑููุฒ ุงูุจูุชุงุณููู ุงุฐุง ู ุง ุงุฑุฏูุง ุงูุฌุงุฏ ุชุฑููุฒู ุงูู ุฌุงูุจ ุงููุงูุณููู ุ ูุฃู ุชุฑููุฒู ูู ูุฐู ุงูุนููุฉ ุณูููู ู ุฑุชูุนุงู ุจุดูู ุฎุงุทุฆ ุจุณุจุจ ุชุซุจูุท ู ุถุฎุฉ ุงูุตูุฏููู - ุจูุชุงุณููู
Na-K ATPase
ูุงูุชู โ ุงูู ุถุฎุฉ โ ุชุญุงูุธ ุนูู ูุงุฑู ุงูุชุฑููุฒ ุงูุนุงูู ููุจูุชุงุณููู ุฏุงุฎู ุงูุฎูุงูุง ุนูู ูู ุฎุงุฑุฌูุงุ ููู ุญุงูุฉ ุชุซุจูุท ุนู ููุงุ ุจุณุจุจ ุงูุจุฑูุฏุฉุ ุณูุฎุฑุฌ ุงูุจูุชุงุณููู ู ู ุงูุฎูุงูุง ุงูู ุงูุจูุงุฒู ุง ููุฑุชูุน ุชุฑููุฒู.
8๏ธโฃ Urine specimens should be in 20-30 mL of 6 mol/L HCI per 24-hour specimen (1 to 2 mL for a random specimen) to prevent calcium salt precipitation. Addition of acid after the collection may not completely dissolve precipitated calcium salts.
ุงู ุดุงุก ุงููู ุณูู ูุฎุตุต ุฏุฑุณ ุฎุงุต ูุดุฑุญ ููู ููู ูู ูููุง ุงูุญุตูู ุนูู ุงูุชุฎููู ุงูู ุทููุจ ู ู ุงูุงุญู ุงุถ ( ุงูุงู ูุงู ููุนูุง ) ูุญูุธ ุนููุงุช ุงูุจูู ( ูุฃู ูุญุต ูุงู ). ููู ูุฐุง ุงูู ุซุงู - ูููุงูุณููู - ูุทูุจ ุญุฌู ู ุนูู ( 20-30 ู ู ) ู ู ุญู ุถ ุงูููุฏุฑููููุฑูู ุจุชุฑููุฒ 6 ู ููุงุฑูุฉุ ูุชุญุถูุฑู ูุฏ ูููู ุณููุงู ุนูุฏ ุงูุงุบูุจูุฉ ุงุฐุง ู ุง ุนูุฑููู ุชุฑููุฒู ุจุงูู ููุงุฑูุฉ ูุฃู ูููู ู ูุชูุจุงู ุนูู ูุงุฑูุฑุฉ ุงูุญู ุถ -ู ุซูุงู- ุงู ุชุฑููุฒู 10 ู ููุงุฑูุฉุ ููู ูู ูููู ุชุฑููุฒู โ ุจุงูู ููุงุฑูุฉ - ุงุฐุง ูุงู ุงูุชุฑููุฒ ุงูู ูุชูุจ ุนูู ุงููุงุฑูุฑุฉ ูู 35% ู ุซูุงูุ ููู ูุญุถูุฑ ุญุฌู 25 ู ู ุจุชุฑููุฒ 6 ู ููุงุฑ ู ู ู ุญููู ุชุฑููุฒู 35% ุุ ุณูุฎุตุต ุฏุฑุณ ููุฐุง ุงูู ูุถูุน ุจุนุฏ ุงูุงูุชูุงุก ู ู ุฏุฑุณ ุงููุงูุณููู ุงู ุดุงุก ุงููู..
โโโ @Biochem_Lab โโโโข
https://telegram.me/joinchat/AAAAAECuqoTkgQkHpiHlGA
Hypercalcemia:
============
๐ พ Hypercalcemia results when blood calcium levels in a subject are above the expected normal range of a healthy population.
๐ พ Causes:
1โฃ Two of the more common causes of hypercalcemia are:
๐ป Hyperparathyroidism (A common cause of chronic hypercalcemia): an increase in parathyroid gland function caused by a benign tumor of the parathyroid gland. This form of hypercalcemia is usually mild and can be present for many years before being noticed.
๐ป Cancer (The most common cause of acute hypercalcemia ): can cause hypercalcemia when it spreads to the bones.Cancer can produces a hormone similar to PTH ( parathyroid hormone related peptide,PTHrp ), which has an activity similar to that of PTH in that it can increase the concentration of plasma calcium. However, unlike PTH, the release of PTHrp is not controlled by the concentration of ionized calcium.. Furthermore, cytokines and prostaglandins produced by tumours that metastasize to bones may increase bone resorption, which, in turn, releases calcium and contributes towards the raised plasma concentrations.
โโโ @Biochem_Lab โโโโข
2โฃ Some other causes of hypercalcemia include:
๐ป Sarcoidosis and tuberculosis: graulomatous diseases contain macrophages in which there is increased conversion of 25(OH) vitamin D (inactive) to 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D (active).
๐ป Prolonged immobilization for example as in Pagetโs disease:* there is decreased bone formation but continual resorption of bone and release of calcium that is lost in the urine.
๐ป Excess vitamin D intake
๐ป Thiazide diuretics: diuretics can reduce renal calcium excretion
๐ป Othersโฆ.
============
๐ พ Hypercalcemia results when blood calcium levels in a subject are above the expected normal range of a healthy population.
๐ พ Causes:
1โฃ Two of the more common causes of hypercalcemia are:
๐ป Hyperparathyroidism (A common cause of chronic hypercalcemia): an increase in parathyroid gland function caused by a benign tumor of the parathyroid gland. This form of hypercalcemia is usually mild and can be present for many years before being noticed.
๐ป Cancer (The most common cause of acute hypercalcemia ): can cause hypercalcemia when it spreads to the bones.Cancer can produces a hormone similar to PTH ( parathyroid hormone related peptide,PTHrp ), which has an activity similar to that of PTH in that it can increase the concentration of plasma calcium. However, unlike PTH, the release of PTHrp is not controlled by the concentration of ionized calcium.. Furthermore, cytokines and prostaglandins produced by tumours that metastasize to bones may increase bone resorption, which, in turn, releases calcium and contributes towards the raised plasma concentrations.
โโโ @Biochem_Lab โโโโข
2โฃ Some other causes of hypercalcemia include:
๐ป Sarcoidosis and tuberculosis: graulomatous diseases contain macrophages in which there is increased conversion of 25(OH) vitamin D (inactive) to 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D (active).
๐ป Prolonged immobilization for example as in Pagetโs disease:* there is decreased bone formation but continual resorption of bone and release of calcium that is lost in the urine.
๐ป Excess vitamin D intake
๐ป Thiazide diuretics: diuretics can reduce renal calcium excretion
๐ป Othersโฆ.
Hypocalcemia:
============
Causes:
โโโโโ
1๏ธโฃ The most common cause of low total calcium is:
Low blood protein levels, especially a low level of albumin, which can result from liver disease or malnutrition, both of which may result from alcoholism or other illnesses. With low albumin, only the bound calcium is low while ionized calcium remains normal, and calcium metabolism is being regulated appropriately.
2๏ธโฃ Some other causes of hypocalcemia include:
๐ป Underactive parathyroid gland (hypoparathyroidism)
๐ป Inherited resistance to the effects of parathyroid hormone
๐ป Extreme deficiency in dietary calcium
๐ป Decreased levels of vitamin D
๐ป Magnesium deficiency
๐ป Increased levels of phosphorus
๐ป Acute inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis)
๐ป Renal failure.
============
Causes:
โโโโโ
1๏ธโฃ The most common cause of low total calcium is:
Low blood protein levels, especially a low level of albumin, which can result from liver disease or malnutrition, both of which may result from alcoholism or other illnesses. With low albumin, only the bound calcium is low while ionized calcium remains normal, and calcium metabolism is being regulated appropriately.
2๏ธโฃ Some other causes of hypocalcemia include:
๐ป Underactive parathyroid gland (hypoparathyroidism)
๐ป Inherited resistance to the effects of parathyroid hormone
๐ป Extreme deficiency in dietary calcium
๐ป Decreased levels of vitamin D
๐ป Magnesium deficiency
๐ป Increased levels of phosphorus
๐ป Acute inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis)
๐ป Renal failure.
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Clinical ๐
ฑiochemistry
โจ๐๐๐บ๐๐๐บ๐๐๐บ
๐๐๐บ๐๐๐บ
๐๐บ๐
๐บ
๐ Calcium Studies
โSerum Ca2+
โงCauses of โ
>10.2 mg/dL
โ Vit. D or Ca2+ intake. โ PTH. โ Bone breakdown. Hereditary disorders: e.g., Familial hypocalciuria. Metabolic: e.g., โโ Thyroid, acromegaly, Addison's. Drugs: e.g.โฆ
๐๐๐บ๐๐๐บ
๐๐บ๐
๐บ
๐ Calcium Studies
โSerum Ca2+
โงCauses of โ
>10.2 mg/dL
โ Vit. D or Ca2+ intake. โ PTH. โ Bone breakdown. Hereditary disorders: e.g., Familial hypocalciuria. Metabolic: e.g., โโ Thyroid, acromegaly, Addison's. Drugs: e.g.โฆ
โจ๐๐๐บ๐๐๐บ๐๐๐บ
Adjusted or Corrected Total Calcium for albumin concentration:
โจ๐๐๐บ๐๐๐บ๐๐๐บ
==================================
๐ พ Changes in the concentration of albumin in plasma affect the total Ca concentration but not the free Ca content.โ A low plasma albumin concentration produces a low total plasma Ca concentration and, conversely, a high plasma albumin concentration gives rise to a high total plasma Ca concentration.
๐ พ (1 g/dl of albumin binds approximately 0.8 mg/dl of calcium).
๐ The effect of these changes can be overcome by measuring free Ca.
๐ พ Equations:
=========
๐ ฐ When [albumin] is less than 4.0 g/dl then:
Corrected Calcium (mg/dl) =
measured total Ca + 0.8 (4 โ Albumin [g/dl] ).
๐ ฑ When [albumin] is more than 4.5 g/dl then:
Corrected Calcium (mg/dl) =
measured total Ca โ 0.8 (albumin โ 4.5 [g/dl])
Because ionized calcium best correlates with the biological activity of calcium, as well as with symptoms of hypercalcemia or hypocalcemia, the direct measurement of it may often be more valuable clinically.
๐ พ Since the free Ca2+ concentration is unaffected by variations in the concentration of albumin, clinical symptoms are not manifested. However, free Ca2+ competes with H+ for negatively charged binding sites on albumin and changes in the concentration of free Ca2+ may occur in acute acidโbase disorders, with clinical consequences. These do not, however, affect the total plasma Ca2+ concentration. In alkalosis, more H+ dissociates from albumin allowing increased amounts of free Ca2+ to bind to it. This has the effect of increasing the protein bound Ca2+ fraction but at the expense of decreasing the free plasma Ca2+ leading to hypocalcemia. In acidosis, increasing amounts of H+ bind to albumin as Ca2+ dissociates from it, decreasing the protein bound Ca2+ and increasing free plasma Ca2+ producing hypercalcemia.
๐ พ ุงููุงูุณููู ุงูุญุฑ ู ุดุญูู ุจุดุญูุฉ ู ูุฌุจุฉ ูุงูุถุง ุงูููุฏุฑูุฌูู ู ุดุญูู ุจุดุญูุฉ ู ูุฌุจุฉ. ูุญุฏุซ ุชูุงูุณ ุจูู ุงููุงูุณููู ูุงูููุฏุฑูุฌูู ููุฅุฑุชุจุงุท ุงูู ุงูุดุญูุฉ ุงูุณุงูุจุฉ ููุจุฑูุชููุ ูุงุฑุชุจุงุท ูู ู ููู ุง - ูู ุงูุญุงูุฉ ุงูุทุจูุนูุฉ - ูููู ูู ุญุงูุฉ ุชูุงุฒู. ูู ุญุงู ููุต ุฐุฑุงุช ุงูููุฏุฑูุฌูู ูู ุงูุฏู ( โ PH ุ ูุณุท ูุงุนุฏู ) ุชููุตู ุฐุฑุงุช ู ู ุงูููุฏุฑูุฌูู ุงูู ุฑุชุจุทุฉ ู ุน ุงูุจุฑูุชูู ูุชุนููุถ ุงูููุต ูู ููุฏุฑูุฌูู ุงูุฏู ุ ุชุงุฑูุฉู ู ูุงูุน ุญุฑูุฉ ุนูู ุงูุจุฑูุชูู ุชุฑุชุจุท ุงูููุง ุงูููุงุช ุงููุงูุณููู ููุฒูุฏ ุงููุงูุณููู ุงูู ุฑุชุจุท ุนูู ุญุณุงุจ ุงููุงูุณููู ุงูุญุฑ ุงู ุงูู ุงููุงูุณููู ุงูุญุฑ ูููุ ูุงูุนูุณ ูุญุฏุซ ุนูุฏู ุง ุชุฒูุฏ ุงูููุงุช ุงูููุฏุฑูุฌูู ( โ PH ุ ูุณุท ุญุงู ุถู ) ูุฅู ูุฐู ุงูุฐุฑุงุช ุชูุงูุณ ุงููุงูุณููู ุงูุซุฑ ููุฅุฑุชุจุงุท ุนูู ุงูุจุฑูุชูู ูููู ุงุฑุชุจุงุท ุงููุงูุณููู ุงูู ุงูุจุฑูุชูู ููุจูู ุญุฑุงู ูุชุฒูุฏ ุจุฐูู ุงูููุงุช ุงููุงูุณููู ุงูุญุฑุฉ.
ูุฐูู ูููุถูู ูุญุต ุงููPH ููู ุนููุฉ ู ุทููุจุงู ููุง ูุญุต ุงููุงูุณููู ุงูุญุฑุ ุฎุงุตุฉ ุชูู ุงูุชู ุชุฃุชู ู ู ุฎุงุฑุฌ ุงูู ุฎุชุจุฑุ ูู ุนุฑูุฉ ูู ุชู ุณุญุจ ููุตู ูุงุฑุณุงู ุงูุนููุฉ ุจุงูุดูู ุงูุตุญูุญ ุงู ูุงุ ููุฏ ููุฒู ูุง ุนูุฏูุง ุชุตุญูุญ ูุชูุฌุฉ ุงููุงูุณููู ุงูุญุฑ ุงุฐุง ูุงู ุงููPH ููุนููุฉ ุงูุจุฑ ุงู ุงูู ู ู 7.4 ุญุณุจ ู ุนุงุฏูุฉ ุฎุงุตุฉ ( ุงูู ุนุงุฏูุฉ ู ูุดูุฑุฉ ุนูู ูุฐู ุงูููุงุฉ ู ุณุจูุง ููู ูู ุงูุฑุฌูุน ุงูููุง )ุ ุบูุฑ ุงููููุ ุญุชู ููู ุญุงูุฉ ูุงูุช ูุชูุฌุฉ ุงูุงุณ ุงูููุฏุฑูุฌููู ู ุชุบููุฑุฉ ุณูุงุก ูุงุนุฏูุฉ ุงู ุญุงู ุถูุฉุ ููุฏ ูููู ุงูุชุตุญูุญ ููู ุงูู ุนุงุฏูุฉ ุฎุงุทุฆุงู ุงุฐุง ูุงู ุงูู ุฑูุถ ุงุตูุงู ูุนุงูู ู ู ุงูู acidosis or alkalosis.
๐ ู ูุงุญุธุฉ ู ูู ุฉ : ุงูู ูู ุญุงู ููุต ุงูุงูุจููู ูู ููู ุงูุชูุชุงู ุจููู ุง ูุง ูุชุบูุฑ ุงูุญุฑุ ููู ุญุงูุฉ ุงูุชุบูุฑ ูู ุงูุงุณ ุงูููุฏุฑูุฌููู ูุชุบูุฑ ุงูุญุฑ โุฒูุงุฏุฉ ุงู ููุตุงู - ุจููู ุง ูุง ูุชุบูุฑ ุงูุชูุชุงู ูุงู ุงูุนู ููุฉ ุนูุณูุฉ: ุฒูุงุฏุฉ ุงู ููุตุงู ุงุญุฏูู ุง ูููู ุนูู ุญุณุงุจ ุงูุขุฎุฑุ ูุงูุชูุชุงู ูุจูู ุซุงุจุชุงู.
โฆ๏ธ ู ู ุง ุณุจู ูููู ุงูู ูู ุญุงู ูุงู ุงูุชุบููุฑ ูู:
โ๏ธ ุงูุงูุจููู ูู ูููู ุงูุชุตุญูุญ ููุชูุฌุฉ ุงููุงูุณููู ุงูููู ( ุงูุชูุชุงู ) ููุทูุ ุงู ุง ุงููุงูุณููู ุงูุญุฑ ููุง ูุชุฃุซุฑ.
โผ๏ธ ููู ุญุงู ูุงู ุงูุชุบููุฑ ูู ุงูุงุณ ุงูููุฏุฑูุฌููู ููุง ุชุชุบููุฑ ูุชูุฌุฉ ุงููุงูุณููู ุงููููุ ููููู ุงูุชุตุญูุญ ููุชูุฌุฉ ุงููุงูุณููู ุงูุญุฑ ููุท ุจุดุฑุท ุงู ูููู ุงูุชุบูุฑ ูู ูุฐุง ุงูุงุณ ูุงุชุฌ ุจุณุจุจ ุณูุก ุณุญุจ ุงู ููู ุงู ูุตู ุนููุฉ ุงูุฏู ุ ู ุงูู ุงูู ุฑูุถ ูุง ูุนุงูู ูู ุงุตูุงู ู ู ุงุถุทุฑุงุจ ูู ุงูุณูู ุงูููุฏุฑูุฌููู.
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Adjusted or Corrected Total Calcium for albumin concentration:
โจ๐๐๐บ๐๐๐บ๐๐๐บ
==================================
๐ พ Changes in the concentration of albumin in plasma affect the total Ca concentration but not the free Ca content.โ A low plasma albumin concentration produces a low total plasma Ca concentration and, conversely, a high plasma albumin concentration gives rise to a high total plasma Ca concentration.
๐ พ (1 g/dl of albumin binds approximately 0.8 mg/dl of calcium).
๐ The effect of these changes can be overcome by measuring free Ca.
๐ พ Equations:
=========
๐ ฐ When [albumin] is less than 4.0 g/dl then:
Corrected Calcium (mg/dl) =
measured total Ca + 0.8 (4 โ Albumin [g/dl] ).
๐ ฑ When [albumin] is more than 4.5 g/dl then:
Corrected Calcium (mg/dl) =
measured total Ca โ 0.8 (albumin โ 4.5 [g/dl])
Because ionized calcium best correlates with the biological activity of calcium, as well as with symptoms of hypercalcemia or hypocalcemia, the direct measurement of it may often be more valuable clinically.
๐ พ Since the free Ca2+ concentration is unaffected by variations in the concentration of albumin, clinical symptoms are not manifested. However, free Ca2+ competes with H+ for negatively charged binding sites on albumin and changes in the concentration of free Ca2+ may occur in acute acidโbase disorders, with clinical consequences. These do not, however, affect the total plasma Ca2+ concentration. In alkalosis, more H+ dissociates from albumin allowing increased amounts of free Ca2+ to bind to it. This has the effect of increasing the protein bound Ca2+ fraction but at the expense of decreasing the free plasma Ca2+ leading to hypocalcemia. In acidosis, increasing amounts of H+ bind to albumin as Ca2+ dissociates from it, decreasing the protein bound Ca2+ and increasing free plasma Ca2+ producing hypercalcemia.
๐ พ ุงููุงูุณููู ุงูุญุฑ ู ุดุญูู ุจุดุญูุฉ ู ูุฌุจุฉ ูุงูุถุง ุงูููุฏุฑูุฌูู ู ุดุญูู ุจุดุญูุฉ ู ูุฌุจุฉ. ูุญุฏุซ ุชูุงูุณ ุจูู ุงููุงูุณููู ูุงูููุฏุฑูุฌูู ููุฅุฑุชุจุงุท ุงูู ุงูุดุญูุฉ ุงูุณุงูุจุฉ ููุจุฑูุชููุ ูุงุฑุชุจุงุท ูู ู ููู ุง - ูู ุงูุญุงูุฉ ุงูุทุจูุนูุฉ - ูููู ูู ุญุงูุฉ ุชูุงุฒู. ูู ุญุงู ููุต ุฐุฑุงุช ุงูููุฏุฑูุฌูู ูู ุงูุฏู ( โ PH ุ ูุณุท ูุงุนุฏู ) ุชููุตู ุฐุฑุงุช ู ู ุงูููุฏุฑูุฌูู ุงูู ุฑุชุจุทุฉ ู ุน ุงูุจุฑูุชูู ูุชุนููุถ ุงูููุต ูู ููุฏุฑูุฌูู ุงูุฏู ุ ุชุงุฑูุฉู ู ูุงูุน ุญุฑูุฉ ุนูู ุงูุจุฑูุชูู ุชุฑุชุจุท ุงูููุง ุงูููุงุช ุงููุงูุณููู ููุฒูุฏ ุงููุงูุณููู ุงูู ุฑุชุจุท ุนูู ุญุณุงุจ ุงููุงูุณููู ุงูุญุฑ ุงู ุงูู ุงููุงูุณููู ุงูุญุฑ ูููุ ูุงูุนูุณ ูุญุฏุซ ุนูุฏู ุง ุชุฒูุฏ ุงูููุงุช ุงูููุฏุฑูุฌูู ( โ PH ุ ูุณุท ุญุงู ุถู ) ูุฅู ูุฐู ุงูุฐุฑุงุช ุชูุงูุณ ุงููุงูุณููู ุงูุซุฑ ููุฅุฑุชุจุงุท ุนูู ุงูุจุฑูุชูู ูููู ุงุฑุชุจุงุท ุงููุงูุณููู ุงูู ุงูุจุฑูุชูู ููุจูู ุญุฑุงู ูุชุฒูุฏ ุจุฐูู ุงูููุงุช ุงููุงูุณููู ุงูุญุฑุฉ.
ูุฐูู ูููุถูู ูุญุต ุงููPH ููู ุนููุฉ ู ุทููุจุงู ููุง ูุญุต ุงููุงูุณููู ุงูุญุฑุ ุฎุงุตุฉ ุชูู ุงูุชู ุชุฃุชู ู ู ุฎุงุฑุฌ ุงูู ุฎุชุจุฑุ ูู ุนุฑูุฉ ูู ุชู ุณุญุจ ููุตู ูุงุฑุณุงู ุงูุนููุฉ ุจุงูุดูู ุงูุตุญูุญ ุงู ูุงุ ููุฏ ููุฒู ูุง ุนูุฏูุง ุชุตุญูุญ ูุชูุฌุฉ ุงููุงูุณููู ุงูุญุฑ ุงุฐุง ูุงู ุงููPH ููุนููุฉ ุงูุจุฑ ุงู ุงูู ู ู 7.4 ุญุณุจ ู ุนุงุฏูุฉ ุฎุงุตุฉ ( ุงูู ุนุงุฏูุฉ ู ูุดูุฑุฉ ุนูู ูุฐู ุงูููุงุฉ ู ุณุจูุง ููู ูู ุงูุฑุฌูุน ุงูููุง )ุ ุบูุฑ ุงููููุ ุญุชู ููู ุญุงูุฉ ูุงูุช ูุชูุฌุฉ ุงูุงุณ ุงูููุฏุฑูุฌููู ู ุชุบููุฑุฉ ุณูุงุก ูุงุนุฏูุฉ ุงู ุญุงู ุถูุฉุ ููุฏ ูููู ุงูุชุตุญูุญ ููู ุงูู ุนุงุฏูุฉ ุฎุงุทุฆุงู ุงุฐุง ูุงู ุงูู ุฑูุถ ุงุตูุงู ูุนุงูู ู ู ุงูู acidosis or alkalosis.
๐ ู ูุงุญุธุฉ ู ูู ุฉ : ุงูู ูู ุญุงู ููุต ุงูุงูุจููู ูู ููู ุงูุชูุชุงู ุจููู ุง ูุง ูุชุบูุฑ ุงูุญุฑุ ููู ุญุงูุฉ ุงูุชุบูุฑ ูู ุงูุงุณ ุงูููุฏุฑูุฌููู ูุชุบูุฑ ุงูุญุฑ โุฒูุงุฏุฉ ุงู ููุตุงู - ุจููู ุง ูุง ูุชุบูุฑ ุงูุชูุชุงู ูุงู ุงูุนู ููุฉ ุนูุณูุฉ: ุฒูุงุฏุฉ ุงู ููุตุงู ุงุญุฏูู ุง ูููู ุนูู ุญุณุงุจ ุงูุขุฎุฑุ ูุงูุชูุชุงู ูุจูู ุซุงุจุชุงู.
โฆ๏ธ ู ู ุง ุณุจู ูููู ุงูู ูู ุญุงู ูุงู ุงูุชุบููุฑ ูู:
โ๏ธ ุงูุงูุจููู ูู ูููู ุงูุชุตุญูุญ ููุชูุฌุฉ ุงููุงูุณููู ุงูููู ( ุงูุชูุชุงู ) ููุทูุ ุงู ุง ุงููุงูุณููู ุงูุญุฑ ููุง ูุชุฃุซุฑ.
โผ๏ธ ููู ุญุงู ูุงู ุงูุชุบููุฑ ูู ุงูุงุณ ุงูููุฏุฑูุฌููู ููุง ุชุชุบููุฑ ูุชูุฌุฉ ุงููุงูุณููู ุงููููุ ููููู ุงูุชุตุญูุญ ููุชูุฌุฉ ุงููุงูุณููู ุงูุญุฑ ููุท ุจุดุฑุท ุงู ูููู ุงูุชุบูุฑ ูู ูุฐุง ุงูุงุณ ูุงุชุฌ ุจุณุจุจ ุณูุก ุณุญุจ ุงู ููู ุงู ูุตู ุนููุฉ ุงูุฏู ุ ู ุงูู ุงูู ุฑูุถ ูุง ูุนุงูู ูู ุงุตูุงู ู ู ุงุถุทุฑุงุจ ูู ุงูุณูู ุงูููุฏุฑูุฌููู.
https://telegram.me/joinchat/AAAAAECuqoTkgQkHpiHlGA
โจ๐๐๐บ๐๐๐บ๐๐๐บ
PTH, Parathyroid hormone, parathormone or parathyrin:
โจ๐๐๐บ๐๐๐บ๐๐๐บ
==================
โฆ๏ธ Parathyroid hormone (PTH), also called parathormone or parathyrin, is the most important endocrine regulator of calcium and phosphorus concentration in extracellular fluid. This hormone is secreted from cells of the parathyroid glands and finds its major target cells in bone and kidney.
โฆ๏ธ High PTH levels stimulate the conversion of 25ยฌ(OH)D (inactive) to 1,25ยฌ(OH)2D (active), while low PTH levels allows 25ยฌ(OH)D to be metabolized to 24,25ยฌ(OH)2D (inactive) instead of 1,25ยฌ(OH)2D.
Addition information on how parathyroid hormone and vitamin D control calcium balance can be found in this channel, please check the link below
https://t.me/Biochem_Lab/580
โฆ๏ธPrimary hyperparathyroidism:
Primary hyperparathyroidism results from parathyroid adenoma.
Most commonly results from a benign tumor affecting one of the four parathyroid glands. Occasionally, all four glands are enlarged. Excessive secretion of PTH results in increased bone resorption, increased renal reabsorption of calcium, and increased production of 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D (and thus increased intestinal calcium absorption). These combined actions result in hypercalcemia and, over time, bone loss due to hyperresorption. A similar syndrome occurs in patients with malignant (nonparathyroid) tumors that secrete large amounts of PTHrP.
โฆ๏ธ Secondary hyperparathyroidism:
Secondary hyperparathyroidism is a result of hypocalcemia secondary to renal insufficiency or intestinal malabsorption.
can occur as a result of conditions that produce chronic hypocalcemia such as chronic renal failure. Hypocalcemia has both a direct stimulatory effect on PTH secretion and an indirect effect by promoting the increased proliferation of parathyroid cells. Over time, chronic hypocalcemia produces a massive increase in the size of the parathyroid glands due to hyperplasia. This results in very high circulating levels of PTH and excessive bone resorption, often resulting in bone pain and fragility.
โฆ๏ธ Tertiary hyperparathyroidism
Tertiary hyperparathyroidism is a state of excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) after a long period of secondary hyperparathyroidism and resulting in a high blood calcium level.
โฆ๏ธ Pseudohypoparathyroidism is a condition where excessive secretion of PTH occurs because the target tissues fail to respond to this hormone (resistance) and hypocalcaemia persists.
Action of PTH โคต๏ธโคต๏ธ
https://t.me/Biochem_Lab/580
https://telegram.me/joinchat/AAAAAECuqoTkgQkHpiHlGA
PTH, Parathyroid hormone, parathormone or parathyrin:
โจ๐๐๐บ๐๐๐บ๐๐๐บ
==================
โฆ๏ธ Parathyroid hormone (PTH), also called parathormone or parathyrin, is the most important endocrine regulator of calcium and phosphorus concentration in extracellular fluid. This hormone is secreted from cells of the parathyroid glands and finds its major target cells in bone and kidney.
โฆ๏ธ High PTH levels stimulate the conversion of 25ยฌ(OH)D (inactive) to 1,25ยฌ(OH)2D (active), while low PTH levels allows 25ยฌ(OH)D to be metabolized to 24,25ยฌ(OH)2D (inactive) instead of 1,25ยฌ(OH)2D.
Addition information on how parathyroid hormone and vitamin D control calcium balance can be found in this channel, please check the link below
https://t.me/Biochem_Lab/580
โฆ๏ธPrimary hyperparathyroidism:
Primary hyperparathyroidism results from parathyroid adenoma.
Most commonly results from a benign tumor affecting one of the four parathyroid glands. Occasionally, all four glands are enlarged. Excessive secretion of PTH results in increased bone resorption, increased renal reabsorption of calcium, and increased production of 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D (and thus increased intestinal calcium absorption). These combined actions result in hypercalcemia and, over time, bone loss due to hyperresorption. A similar syndrome occurs in patients with malignant (nonparathyroid) tumors that secrete large amounts of PTHrP.
โฆ๏ธ Secondary hyperparathyroidism:
Secondary hyperparathyroidism is a result of hypocalcemia secondary to renal insufficiency or intestinal malabsorption.
can occur as a result of conditions that produce chronic hypocalcemia such as chronic renal failure. Hypocalcemia has both a direct stimulatory effect on PTH secretion and an indirect effect by promoting the increased proliferation of parathyroid cells. Over time, chronic hypocalcemia produces a massive increase in the size of the parathyroid glands due to hyperplasia. This results in very high circulating levels of PTH and excessive bone resorption, often resulting in bone pain and fragility.
โฆ๏ธ Tertiary hyperparathyroidism
Tertiary hyperparathyroidism is a state of excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) after a long period of secondary hyperparathyroidism and resulting in a high blood calcium level.
โฆ๏ธ Pseudohypoparathyroidism is a condition where excessive secretion of PTH occurs because the target tissues fail to respond to this hormone (resistance) and hypocalcaemia persists.
Action of PTH โคต๏ธโคต๏ธ
https://t.me/Biochem_Lab/580
https://telegram.me/joinchat/AAAAAECuqoTkgQkHpiHlGA
Ca and PTH tests Interpretation, :
1๏ธโฃ Ca โ
PTH โ
then the parathyroid glands are responding appropriately, producing appropriate amounts of PTH. Investigate a low calcium level further by measuring vitamin D, phosphorus, and magnesium levels.
โโโ @Biochem_Lab โโโโข
2๏ธโฃ Ca โ
PTH โ or โ
then PTH is not responding properly ( hypoparathyroidism ). Hypoparathyroidism is a failure of the parathyroid glands to produce sufficient PTH. It may be due to a variety of conditions and may be persistent, progressive, or transient. Causes include an autoimmune disorder, parathyroid damage or removal during surgery, a genetic condition, or a severe illness. Those affected will generally have low PTH levels, low calcium levels, and high phosphorus levels.
๐ ฑยบยฐโยจ([ @Biochem_Lab ])ยจโยฐยบ๐ ฑ
3๏ธโฃ Ca โ
PTH โ
then the parathyroid glands are producing inappropriately high amounts of PTH ( hyperparathyroidism ). Hyperparathyroidism is a group of conditions characterized by an overproduction of PTH by the parathyroid glands that is separated into primary, secondary, and tertiary hyperparathyroidism.
4๏ธโฃ Ca โ
PTH โ
then the parathyroid glands are responding properly.
Perform further investigations to check for non-parathyroid-related reasons for the elevated calcium, such as rare mutations in calcium receptors or tumors that secrete a peptide ( PTH related peptide, PTHrP ) that has PTH-like activity and increases calcium concentration, which in turn decreases PTH.
https://telegram.me/joinchat/AAAAAECuqoTkgQkHpiHlGA
1๏ธโฃ Ca โ
PTH โ
then the parathyroid glands are responding appropriately, producing appropriate amounts of PTH. Investigate a low calcium level further by measuring vitamin D, phosphorus, and magnesium levels.
โโโ @Biochem_Lab โโโโข
2๏ธโฃ Ca โ
PTH โ or โ
then PTH is not responding properly ( hypoparathyroidism ). Hypoparathyroidism is a failure of the parathyroid glands to produce sufficient PTH. It may be due to a variety of conditions and may be persistent, progressive, or transient. Causes include an autoimmune disorder, parathyroid damage or removal during surgery, a genetic condition, or a severe illness. Those affected will generally have low PTH levels, low calcium levels, and high phosphorus levels.
๐ ฑยบยฐโยจ([ @Biochem_Lab ])ยจโยฐยบ๐ ฑ
3๏ธโฃ Ca โ
PTH โ
then the parathyroid glands are producing inappropriately high amounts of PTH ( hyperparathyroidism ). Hyperparathyroidism is a group of conditions characterized by an overproduction of PTH by the parathyroid glands that is separated into primary, secondary, and tertiary hyperparathyroidism.
4๏ธโฃ Ca โ
PTH โ
then the parathyroid glands are responding properly.
Perform further investigations to check for non-parathyroid-related reasons for the elevated calcium, such as rare mutations in calcium receptors or tumors that secrete a peptide ( PTH related peptide, PTHrP ) that has PTH-like activity and increases calcium concentration, which in turn decreases PTH.
https://telegram.me/joinchat/AAAAAECuqoTkgQkHpiHlGA
โจ๐๐๐บ๐๐๐บ๐๐๐บ
๐๐๐บ๐๐๐บ
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ุชุฎููู ุชุฑุงููุฒ ุงูู ุญุงููู:
==========================
ู ู ุงูุงู ูุฑ ุงูู ูู ูุฉ ูุงูุงูููุฉ ูุงูุชู ูุฌุจ ุนูู ูู ู ุฎุจุฑู ู ุนุฑูุชูุง ูู ููููุฉ ุชุฎููู ุงูุชุฑุงููุฒุ ูู ุซู ููุฐุง ู ูุถูุน ููุตุงุฏููุง ูุซูุฑุง ุงุซูุงุก ุนู ููุง ูู ุฎุจุฑููู ุ ูุงูุณุจุจ ูู ุฐูู ูุนูุฏ ุงูู ุงูู ุงูู ูุงุฏ ุชูุฑูุฏ ุงูููุง ุนูู ููุฆุฉ ู ุญุงููู ู ุฑููุฒุฉ ูุชุฎููู ูููุงุช ุงูููู ููุฅุชุงุญุฉ ุงููุฑุตุฉ ูุชุญุถูุฑ ุงูุซุฑ ู ู ุชุฑููุฒ ู ุฎุชูู ู ู ู ุญููู ู ุฑููุฒ ูุงุญุฏ.. ูุจุฏูุงู ู ู ุดุฑุงุก 10 ูุชุฑุงุช ู ู ( ุญู ุถ ุงููุจุฑูุชู ู ุซูุงู ) ุชุฑููุฒู 2 ู ููุงุฑ ูู ูููู ุดุฑุงุก ูุชุฑ ูุงุญุฏ ููุท ู ู ูุฐุง ุงูุญู ุถ ุจุชุฑููุฒ 18 ู ููุงุฑุ ูุงููู ุจุฐูู ูููุช ู ู ูููุฉ ุงูููู ูู ู ุงูู ุณุงุญุฉ ุงูุฒุงุฆุฏุฉ ูุชุฎุฒูู ุงูู ุญูููุ ูู ุง ุงูู ุงุณุชุทูุน ู ูู ุชุญุถูุฑ ุงูุชุฑููุฒ ุงูุฐู ุงุฑูุฏู ุจุฏูุงู ู ู ุดุฑุงุก ุงูุซุฑ ู ู ู ุญููู ุจุชุฑุงููุฒ ู ุฎุชููุฉ.
๐ ฑยบยฐโยจ([ @Biochem_Lab ])ยจโยฐยบ๐ ฑ
ุงูุดุงูุฏ ู ู ูุฐุง ุงูุฏุฑุณ ูู ู ุนุฑูุฉ ููู ูุญุถูุฑ ุงู ูุฎูู "ุงูุงุญู ุงุถ" ู ู ุชุฑููุฒ ู ุนููู ู ุณุจูุงู ุงูู ุงู ุชุฑููุฒ ูุฑูุฏูุ ููู ูู ุชุทุจูู ู ุง ุณูุฏุฑุณู ุงูููู ุนูู ุงู ู ุญุงููู ูุงูุช ุณูุงุก ุงุญู ุงุถ ุงู ุบูุฑูุง ูุงูุชู ุชุญุชุงุฌ ุงูู ุชุฎููู.
ูุนูู ุณุจูู ุงูู ุซุงู ุฌุงุก ู ุฑูุถ ุงูู ุงูู ุฎุชุจุฑ ูู ุนู ูุฑูุฉ ู ูุชูุจ ุนูููุง:
Calcium, 24 Hour Urine
ูุชุทูุจ ูุฐุง ุงููุญุต ุชุฌู ูุน ุนููุฉ ููุฑูู 24 ุณุงุนุฉ ุฏุงุฎู ูุงุฑูุฑุฉ ู ุถุงู ุงูููุง - ู ุณุจูุง - ุญู ุถ ููุฏุฑููููุฑูู ุจุชุฑููุฒ "ู ุนููู" ูู ุงุฏุฉ ุญุงูุธุฉ. ูุฅุฐุง ูุงู ูุฏููุง ู ุญููู ู ู ุงูููุฏุฑููููุฑูู ุงุณูุฏ ุชุฑููุฒู ููุณ ุงูุชุฑููุฒ ุงูู ุทููุจ ูุญูุธ ุงูุนููุฉ ููุง ู ุดููุฉ ููุงุฌููุงุ ูููู ุงูู ุดููุฉ ุชูู ู ููู ุง ุงุฐุง ูุงู ุชุฑููุฒ ุงูุญู ุถ ุงูุฐู ูุฏููุง ูุฎุชูู ุนู ุง ูู ู ุทููุจ ูุญูุธ ุงูุนููุฉ ูุฃู ูููู ุชุฑููุฒู ุงุนูู ุงู ุงูู ู ุซูุงู.
ุงูุจุนุถ ูุฏ ูุง ููุงุฌู ู ุดููุฉ ููุง ุงูุถุงู ูู ุญุงู ุงูุงุฎุชูุงู ูู ุงูุชุฑููุฒูู ( ุงูู ุทููุจ ููุนููุฉ ู ุงูู ุฏููู ุนูู ูุงุฑูุฑุฉ ุงูุญู ุถ ) ุจุฅุณุชุฎุฏุงู ู ููุงููู "ุชุฎููู ุงูุชุฑุงููุฒ" ูุงูุฐู ุณูุนุฑูู ูู ู ุซุงู ุขุชูุ ูููููู ูุฏ ููุงุฌููู ุจุนุถ ุงูุตุนูุจุงุช ููู ุง ูู ูุงู ุชุฑููุฒ ุงูุญู ุถ ุงูุฐู ูุฏููู ู ูุชูุจุงู ุจู "ุงููุณุจุฉ ุงูู ุฆููุฉ "%" ูููุณ ุจุงูู ููุงุฑูุฉ "M ..
ูุจุนุถ ุดุฑูุงุช ุงูุชุตููุน ุชุฏููู ุงูุชุฑููุฒ ุนูู ูุงุฑูุฑุฉ ุงูุญู ุถ ุงูู 11.45 ู ููุงุฑ ู ุซูุงู ( ููุณุชุฎุฏู ูุงููู "ุชุฎููู ุงูุชุฑุงููุฒ" ุจูู ุณูููุฉ ) ุ ูุงูุจุนุถ ุงูุงุฎุฑ ู ููุง ุชุฏูููู ุจู 36 % ุ ( ูููู ูุณุชุฎุฏู ุงููุงููู ููุง ) ุ
๐ูุงุญุธ ุจุนุถ ุงูุงู ุซูุฉ ูุชุฏููู ุชุฑุงููุฒ ุงูุงุญู ุงุถ ุจุงูุตูุฑ ูู ุงูุงุณููุ ู ุน ู ูุงุญุธุฉ ุงู ู ุง ุณูุฃุฎุฐู ู ู ุงู ุซูุฉ ูู ุงูุงุณูู ููุทุจู ุนูู ูู ุงูุงุญู ุงุถ ูู ุง ุญู ุถ ุงูููุฏุฑููููุฑูู ุงูู ุฐููุฑ ูู ุงูุงู ุซูุฉ ุงูุขุชูุฉ ุฅูุง ู ุซุงูุงู ููุชุนุงู ู ู ุน ุงูุงุญู ุงุถ ุงูุงุฎุฑู ูุงูุจูุฑูู ุงุณูุฏ ูุงููุชุฑู ุงุณูุฏ ูุบูุฑูุง..
https://telegram.me/joinchat/AAAAAECuqoTkgQkHpiHlGA
ุฏุนููุง ูุชุนุฑูู ุนูู ููููุฉ ุงูุชุฎููู ุนูู ู ุฎุชูู ุงูุชุฑุงููุฒ ุงูู ุฏูููุฉ ุณูุงุก ูุงูุช ุจุงูู ููุงุฑูุฉ ุงู ุงููุณุจุฉ ุงูู ุฆููุฉ ูุณูุฐูุฑ ุงูููุฏุฑููููุฑูู ุงุณูุฏ ูู ุซุงู :
ูุญุต ููู ูุงุฆู ( ุงููุงูุณููู ู ุซูุงู ) ูุชุทูุจ ุชุฌู ูุน ุนููุฉ ููุฑูู ูู ุฏุฉ 24 ุณุงุนุฉุ ูู ูุงุฑูุฑุฉ ู ุถุงู ุงูููุง โ ู ุณุจูุง - ููุฏุฑููููุฑูู ุงุณูุฏ ( 20 ู ู ู ู ุงูุญู ุถ ุจุชุฑููุฒ 6 ู ููุงุฑ ) ุ ููุฏููุง ูู ุงูู ุฎุชุจุฑ ุงุฑุจุนุฉ ุงุญู ุงุถ ู ู ุงูููุฏุฑููููุฑูู ุจุชุฑุงููุฒ ู ุฎุชููุฉ ูู:
1๏ธโฃ 4 mol/L
2๏ธโฃ 6 mol/L
3๏ธโฃ 10 mol/L
4๏ธโฃ 36 %
ูููู ุชููู ุงูุงุถุงูุฉ ุงู ุงูุชุฎููู ู ู ูู ุญู ุถ ุงูู ูุงุฑูุฑุฉ ุชุฌู ูุน ุงูููุฑูู ุ
ุงูุฅุฌุงุจุฉ ูู ุงูู ูุดูุฑ ุงูุฐู ููู ูู ุงูุงุณูู ๐๐
๐๐๐บ๐๐๐บ
๐๐บ๐
๐บ
ุชุฎููู ุชุฑุงููุฒ ุงูู ุญุงููู:
==========================
ู ู ุงูุงู ูุฑ ุงูู ูู ูุฉ ูุงูุงูููุฉ ูุงูุชู ูุฌุจ ุนูู ูู ู ุฎุจุฑู ู ุนุฑูุชูุง ูู ููููุฉ ุชุฎููู ุงูุชุฑุงููุฒุ ูู ุซู ููุฐุง ู ูุถูุน ููุตุงุฏููุง ูุซูุฑุง ุงุซูุงุก ุนู ููุง ูู ุฎุจุฑููู ุ ูุงูุณุจุจ ูู ุฐูู ูุนูุฏ ุงูู ุงูู ุงูู ูุงุฏ ุชูุฑูุฏ ุงูููุง ุนูู ููุฆุฉ ู ุญุงููู ู ุฑููุฒุฉ ูุชุฎููู ูููุงุช ุงูููู ููุฅุชุงุญุฉ ุงููุฑุตุฉ ูุชุญุถูุฑ ุงูุซุฑ ู ู ุชุฑููุฒ ู ุฎุชูู ู ู ู ุญููู ู ุฑููุฒ ูุงุญุฏ.. ูุจุฏูุงู ู ู ุดุฑุงุก 10 ูุชุฑุงุช ู ู ( ุญู ุถ ุงููุจุฑูุชู ู ุซูุงู ) ุชุฑููุฒู 2 ู ููุงุฑ ูู ูููู ุดุฑุงุก ูุชุฑ ูุงุญุฏ ููุท ู ู ูุฐุง ุงูุญู ุถ ุจุชุฑููุฒ 18 ู ููุงุฑุ ูุงููู ุจุฐูู ูููุช ู ู ูููุฉ ุงูููู ูู ู ุงูู ุณุงุญุฉ ุงูุฒุงุฆุฏุฉ ูุชุฎุฒูู ุงูู ุญูููุ ูู ุง ุงูู ุงุณุชุทูุน ู ูู ุชุญุถูุฑ ุงูุชุฑููุฒ ุงูุฐู ุงุฑูุฏู ุจุฏูุงู ู ู ุดุฑุงุก ุงูุซุฑ ู ู ู ุญููู ุจุชุฑุงููุฒ ู ุฎุชููุฉ.
๐ ฑยบยฐโยจ([ @Biochem_Lab ])ยจโยฐยบ๐ ฑ
ุงูุดุงูุฏ ู ู ูุฐุง ุงูุฏุฑุณ ูู ู ุนุฑูุฉ ููู ูุญุถูุฑ ุงู ูุฎูู "ุงูุงุญู ุงุถ" ู ู ุชุฑููุฒ ู ุนููู ู ุณุจูุงู ุงูู ุงู ุชุฑููุฒ ูุฑูุฏูุ ููู ูู ุชุทุจูู ู ุง ุณูุฏุฑุณู ุงูููู ุนูู ุงู ู ุญุงููู ูุงูุช ุณูุงุก ุงุญู ุงุถ ุงู ุบูุฑูุง ูุงูุชู ุชุญุชุงุฌ ุงูู ุชุฎููู.
ูุนูู ุณุจูู ุงูู ุซุงู ุฌุงุก ู ุฑูุถ ุงูู ุงูู ุฎุชุจุฑ ูู ุนู ูุฑูุฉ ู ูุชูุจ ุนูููุง:
Calcium, 24 Hour Urine
ูุชุทูุจ ูุฐุง ุงููุญุต ุชุฌู ูุน ุนููุฉ ููุฑูู 24 ุณุงุนุฉ ุฏุงุฎู ูุงุฑูุฑุฉ ู ุถุงู ุงูููุง - ู ุณุจูุง - ุญู ุถ ููุฏุฑููููุฑูู ุจุชุฑููุฒ "ู ุนููู" ูู ุงุฏุฉ ุญุงูุธุฉ. ูุฅุฐุง ูุงู ูุฏููุง ู ุญููู ู ู ุงูููุฏุฑููููุฑูู ุงุณูุฏ ุชุฑููุฒู ููุณ ุงูุชุฑููุฒ ุงูู ุทููุจ ูุญูุธ ุงูุนููุฉ ููุง ู ุดููุฉ ููุงุฌููุงุ ูููู ุงูู ุดููุฉ ุชูู ู ููู ุง ุงุฐุง ูุงู ุชุฑููุฒ ุงูุญู ุถ ุงูุฐู ูุฏููุง ูุฎุชูู ุนู ุง ูู ู ุทููุจ ูุญูุธ ุงูุนููุฉ ูุฃู ูููู ุชุฑููุฒู ุงุนูู ุงู ุงูู ู ุซูุงู.
ุงูุจุนุถ ูุฏ ูุง ููุงุฌู ู ุดููุฉ ููุง ุงูุถุงู ูู ุญุงู ุงูุงุฎุชูุงู ูู ุงูุชุฑููุฒูู ( ุงูู ุทููุจ ููุนููุฉ ู ุงูู ุฏููู ุนูู ูุงุฑูุฑุฉ ุงูุญู ุถ ) ุจุฅุณุชุฎุฏุงู ู ููุงููู "ุชุฎููู ุงูุชุฑุงููุฒ" ูุงูุฐู ุณูุนุฑูู ูู ู ุซุงู ุขุชูุ ูููููู ูุฏ ููุงุฌููู ุจุนุถ ุงูุตุนูุจุงุช ููู ุง ูู ูุงู ุชุฑููุฒ ุงูุญู ุถ ุงูุฐู ูุฏููู ู ูุชูุจุงู ุจู "ุงููุณุจุฉ ุงูู ุฆููุฉ "%" ูููุณ ุจุงูู ููุงุฑูุฉ "M ..
ูุจุนุถ ุดุฑูุงุช ุงูุชุตููุน ุชุฏููู ุงูุชุฑููุฒ ุนูู ูุงุฑูุฑุฉ ุงูุญู ุถ ุงูู 11.45 ู ููุงุฑ ู ุซูุงู ( ููุณุชุฎุฏู ูุงููู "ุชุฎููู ุงูุชุฑุงููุฒ" ุจูู ุณูููุฉ ) ุ ูุงูุจุนุถ ุงูุงุฎุฑ ู ููุง ุชุฏูููู ุจู 36 % ุ ( ูููู ูุณุชุฎุฏู ุงููุงููู ููุง ) ุ
๐ูุงุญุธ ุจุนุถ ุงูุงู ุซูุฉ ูุชุฏููู ุชุฑุงููุฒ ุงูุงุญู ุงุถ ุจุงูุตูุฑ ูู ุงูุงุณููุ ู ุน ู ูุงุญุธุฉ ุงู ู ุง ุณูุฃุฎุฐู ู ู ุงู ุซูุฉ ูู ุงูุงุณูู ููุทุจู ุนูู ูู ุงูุงุญู ุงุถ ูู ุง ุญู ุถ ุงูููุฏุฑููููุฑูู ุงูู ุฐููุฑ ูู ุงูุงู ุซูุฉ ุงูุขุชูุฉ ุฅูุง ู ุซุงูุงู ููุชุนุงู ู ู ุน ุงูุงุญู ุงุถ ุงูุงุฎุฑู ูุงูุจูุฑูู ุงุณูุฏ ูุงููุชุฑู ุงุณูุฏ ูุบูุฑูุง..
https://telegram.me/joinchat/AAAAAECuqoTkgQkHpiHlGA
ุฏุนููุง ูุชุนุฑูู ุนูู ููููุฉ ุงูุชุฎููู ุนูู ู ุฎุชูู ุงูุชุฑุงููุฒ ุงูู ุฏูููุฉ ุณูุงุก ูุงูุช ุจุงูู ููุงุฑูุฉ ุงู ุงููุณุจุฉ ุงูู ุฆููุฉ ูุณูุฐูุฑ ุงูููุฏุฑููููุฑูู ุงุณูุฏ ูู ุซุงู :
ูุญุต ููู ูุงุฆู ( ุงููุงูุณููู ู ุซูุงู ) ูุชุทูุจ ุชุฌู ูุน ุนููุฉ ููุฑูู ูู ุฏุฉ 24 ุณุงุนุฉุ ูู ูุงุฑูุฑุฉ ู ุถุงู ุงูููุง โ ู ุณุจูุง - ููุฏุฑููููุฑูู ุงุณูุฏ ( 20 ู ู ู ู ุงูุญู ุถ ุจุชุฑููุฒ 6 ู ููุงุฑ ) ุ ููุฏููุง ูู ุงูู ุฎุชุจุฑ ุงุฑุจุนุฉ ุงุญู ุงุถ ู ู ุงูููุฏุฑููููุฑูู ุจุชุฑุงููุฒ ู ุฎุชููุฉ ูู:
1๏ธโฃ 4 mol/L
2๏ธโฃ 6 mol/L
3๏ธโฃ 10 mol/L
4๏ธโฃ 36 %
ูููู ุชููู ุงูุงุถุงูุฉ ุงู ุงูุชุฎููู ู ู ูู ุญู ุถ ุงูู ูุงุฑูุฑุฉ ุชุฌู ูุน ุงูููุฑูู ุ
ุงูุฅุฌุงุจุฉ ูู ุงูู ูุดูุฑ ุงูุฐู ููู ูู ุงูุงุณูู ๐๐
ุงูุงุฌุงุจุฉ ูุงูุชุงูู:
1๏ธโฃ Prepare ( 20 ml of 6 mol/L HCL ) from ( 4 mol/L HCL ):
ูุง ูู ูู ุชุญุถูุฑ ุชุฑููุฒ ุงุนูู ู ู ุชุฑููุฒ ุงูู.. ููุง ูู ูู ุชุญุถูุฑ ุชุฑููุฒ 6 ู ููุงุฑ ู ู ุชุฑููุฒ 4 ู ููุงุฑ.
( ูุง ูู ููู ุดุฑุงุก ุณูุนุฉ ู ุง ุจู 80 ุฑูุงูุงู ูู ุงูููุช ุงูุฐู ุชู ุชูู ููู 60 ุฑูุงูุงู ) .
2๏ธโฃ Prepare ( 20 ml of 6 mol/L HCL ) from ( 6 mol/L HCL ):
๐ ฑยบยฐโยจ([ @Biochem_Lab ])ยจโยฐยบ๐ ฑ
ููุง ุงูุชุฑููุฒ ุงูู ุทููุจ ( 6 ู ููุงุฑ ูุชุฑููุฒ ุงูุญู ุถ ุงูุฐู ูุฏููุง 6 ู ููุงุฑ ) ููุง ู ุดููุฉ ู ุน ุงูุชุฑููุฒ ูุฏููุง. ูุถูู 20 ู ู ู ุจุงุดุฑุฉ ููุงุฑูุฑุฉ ุชุฌู ูุน ุนููุฉ ุงูููุฑูู ุฏูู ุงูุญุงุฌุฉ ููุชุฎูููุ ูุฃู ุชุฑููุฒ ุงูุญู ุถ ููุณ ุงูุชุฑููุฒ ุงูู ุทููุจ ูุญูุธ ุงูุนููุฉ.
๐ ฑยบยฐโยจ([ @Biochem_Lab ])ยจโยฐยบ๐ ฑ
3๏ธโฃ Prepare ( 20 ml of 6 mol/L HCL ) from ( 10 mol/L HCL ):
ููุง ูุฎูู ุงูุญู ุถ ุจุฅุณุชุฎุฏุงู ูุงููู "ุชุฎููู ุงูุชุฑุงููุฒ" ููู:
C1 V1 = C2 V2
C1 = ุชุฑููุฒ ุงูู ุญููู ุงูู ุฑุงุฏ ุงูุชุฎููู ู ูู ( 10 ู ููุงุฑ )
V1 = ุญุฌู ุงูู ุญููู ุงูู ุฑุงุฏ ุงูุชุฎููู ู ูู ( ู ุฌููู )
C2 = ุงูุชุฑููุฒ ุงูู ุทููุจ ( 6 ู ููุงุฑ )
V2 = ุงูุญุฌู ุงูู ุทููุจ ( 20 ู ู )
10ร? = 6ร20 โ
? = (6ร20)/10 = 12
ุงุฐุงู: ูุฃุฎุฐ 12 ู ู ู ู ุงูุญู ุถ ููุถูููุง ุงูู 8 ู ู ู ู ุงูู ุงุก ุงูู ูุทุฑ ูุจุฐุง ูููู ุญุตููุง ุนูู ุญุฌู 20 ู ู ู ู ุงูุญู ุถ ุจุชุฑููุฒ 6 ู ููุงุฑ.
( ูู ููู ุฏูุน 80 ุฑูุงูุงู ุซู ูุงู ูุณูุนุฉ ู ุง ุฏูู ุชุฑุฏุฏ ููุง ุญุณุงุจุ ุงุฐุง ูุงู ู ุง ุชู ูู ู ู ู ุงู ูู ููุณ ุงู ุงูุจุฑ ู ู ุงูุซู ู ุงูู ุทููุจ ูุดุฑุงุก ุงูุณูุนุฉ ูู ุง ูู ุงูู ุซุงููู 2 ูู 3 ุนูู ุงูุชูุงูู ) .
4๏ธโฃ Prepare ( 20 ml of 6 mol/L HCL ) from ( %36 HCL ):
ุนูุฏู ุง ูููู ุงูุชุฑููุฒ ุนูู ุงูุญู ุถ ู ูุชูุจุงู ุจุงูู ููุงุฑูุฉ ููุง ุชูุฌุฏ ุฃู ู ุดููุฉุ ูู ู ุง ุนูููุง ููุท ูู ุชุทุจูู ุงููุงููู ูู ุง ูู ุงูู ุซุงู ุฑูู 3ุ ููู ุจุนุถ ุงูุงุญู ุงุถ ูุฃุชู ุงูุชุฑููุฒ ุนูููุง ู ูุชูุจุงู ุจุงููุณุจุฉ ุงูู ุฆููุฉ (%)ุ ููู ูุณุชุทูุน ุชุทุจูู ูุงููู "ุชุฎููู ุงูุชุฑุงููุฒ" ุงู ูุง ุุ
ุงูุฃู ุฑ ูุจูู ุณููููุฉ ูุงูุชุงูู:
ูุงุจุฏ ููุง ุงููุงู: ู ู ุชุญููู ุงูุชุฑููุฒ ุงูู ุฆูู (36%) ุงูู ุชุฑููุฒ ู ููุงุฑู (ู ูู/ูุชุฑ).
ูุซุงููุงู: ุชุทุจูู ูุงููู "ุชุฎููู ุงูุชุฑุงููุฒ" ( ุดุฑูุทุฉ ุงู ูููู ุงูุชุฑููุฒ ุจุนุฏ ุงูุชุญููู ุงูู ุงูู ููุงุฑูุฉ "ุงูุจุฑ" ู ู ุงูุชุฑููุฒ ุงูุฐู ูุฑูุฏู ููู ููุง (6 ู ููุงุฑ) ูุงูุง ููุง ูุณุชุทูุน ุงูุชุฎููู.
Molarity =
(%ร10รdensity) / molecular weight
Molarity = ( 36ร10ร1.16 ) / 36.46
= 11.45 mol/L
ุงูุงู ุจุนุฏ ุงู ุนุฑููุง ุชุฑููุฒ ุงูุญู ุถ ุจุงูู ููุงุฑูุฉ ูุนุฑููุง ุงูู ุงูุจุฑ ู ู ุงูุชุฑููุฒ ุงูู ุทููุจ ูุญูุธ ุงูุนููุฉ ุณูุณุชุฎุฏู - ูุจูู ุจุณุงุทุฉ - ูุงููู ุงูุชุฎููู:
C1 V1 = C2 V2
11.45ร? = 6ร20
? = 120/11.45 โ 10.5
ุงุฐุงู: ูุฃุฎุฐ (10.5 ู ู) ู ู ุงูุญู ุถ ููุถูููุง ุงูู (9.5 ู ู) ู ู ุงูู ุงุก ุงูู ูุทุฑ ูุจุฐุง ูููู ุญุตููุง ุนูู ุญุฌู 20 ู ู ู ู ุงูุญู ุถ ุจุชุฑููุฒ 6 ู ููุงุฑ.
( ุงุฐุง ูุงู ูุฏูู 10 ุฏููุงุฑุงุช ุงู ุฑูููุฉ ูุซู ู ุงูุณูุนุฉ ุงูุชู ุชุฑูุฏูุง ูู 80 ุฑูุงูุงูุ ููู ุชุณุชุทูุน ุฏูุน ุซู ู ุงูุณูุนุฉ ุงู ูุงุ
ูู ุงูุจุฏุงูุฉ ูุฌุจ ุนููู ุชุญููู ู ุงูุฏูู ู ู ุงูุนู ูุฉ ุงูุงุฌูุจูุฉ ุงูู ุงูุนู ูุฉ ุงูู ุญููุฉุ ูุจุงููุธุฑ ุงูู ู ูุฏุงุฑ ู ุง ุชุญููู ู ู ู ุงู ุจุงูุนู ูุฉ ุงูู ุญููุฉ ุณุชุนุฑู ู ุง ุงุฐุง ูุงู ุจุฅุณุชุทุงุนุชู ุฏูุน 80 ุฑูุงูุงู ุซู ูุงู ููุณูุนุฉ ุงู ูุง ).
ู ูุงุญุธุฉ: ุงููุซุงูุฉ ูุฌุฏูุง ู ูุชูุจุฉ ุนูู ูุงุฑูุฑุฉ ุงูุญู ุถ ุถู ู ู ูููุงุช ุงูู ุญููู ุ ูููู ุชุฑููุฒ ูุซุงูุชูุ ููุซุงูุฉ ุญู ุถ ุงูููุฏุฑููููุฑูู ุฐู ุงูุชุฑููุฒ 36% ูู 1.16 ูุงูุชู ุชุฎุชูู ุนู ูุซุงูุฉ ููุณ ุงูุญู ุถ ูู ุงุฎุชููุช ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงูุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ุงู ุงุฎุชูู ุชุฑููุฒู 30% ู ุซูุงู.
https://telegram.me/joinchat/AAAAAECuqoTkgQkHpiHlGA
1๏ธโฃ Prepare ( 20 ml of 6 mol/L HCL ) from ( 4 mol/L HCL ):
ูุง ูู ูู ุชุญุถูุฑ ุชุฑููุฒ ุงุนูู ู ู ุชุฑููุฒ ุงูู.. ููุง ูู ูู ุชุญุถูุฑ ุชุฑููุฒ 6 ู ููุงุฑ ู ู ุชุฑููุฒ 4 ู ููุงุฑ.
( ูุง ูู ููู ุดุฑุงุก ุณูุนุฉ ู ุง ุจู 80 ุฑูุงูุงู ูู ุงูููุช ุงูุฐู ุชู ุชูู ููู 60 ุฑูุงูุงู ) .
2๏ธโฃ Prepare ( 20 ml of 6 mol/L HCL ) from ( 6 mol/L HCL ):
๐ ฑยบยฐโยจ([ @Biochem_Lab ])ยจโยฐยบ๐ ฑ
ููุง ุงูุชุฑููุฒ ุงูู ุทููุจ ( 6 ู ููุงุฑ ูุชุฑููุฒ ุงูุญู ุถ ุงูุฐู ูุฏููุง 6 ู ููุงุฑ ) ููุง ู ุดููุฉ ู ุน ุงูุชุฑููุฒ ูุฏููุง. ูุถูู 20 ู ู ู ุจุงุดุฑุฉ ููุงุฑูุฑุฉ ุชุฌู ูุน ุนููุฉ ุงูููุฑูู ุฏูู ุงูุญุงุฌุฉ ููุชุฎูููุ ูุฃู ุชุฑููุฒ ุงูุญู ุถ ููุณ ุงูุชุฑููุฒ ุงูู ุทููุจ ูุญูุธ ุงูุนููุฉ.
๐ ฑยบยฐโยจ([ @Biochem_Lab ])ยจโยฐยบ๐ ฑ
3๏ธโฃ Prepare ( 20 ml of 6 mol/L HCL ) from ( 10 mol/L HCL ):
ููุง ูุฎูู ุงูุญู ุถ ุจุฅุณุชุฎุฏุงู ูุงููู "ุชุฎููู ุงูุชุฑุงููุฒ" ููู:
C1 V1 = C2 V2
C1 = ุชุฑููุฒ ุงูู ุญููู ุงูู ุฑุงุฏ ุงูุชุฎููู ู ูู ( 10 ู ููุงุฑ )
V1 = ุญุฌู ุงูู ุญููู ุงูู ุฑุงุฏ ุงูุชุฎููู ู ูู ( ู ุฌููู )
C2 = ุงูุชุฑููุฒ ุงูู ุทููุจ ( 6 ู ููุงุฑ )
V2 = ุงูุญุฌู ุงูู ุทููุจ ( 20 ู ู )
10ร? = 6ร20 โ
? = (6ร20)/10 = 12
ุงุฐุงู: ูุฃุฎุฐ 12 ู ู ู ู ุงูุญู ุถ ููุถูููุง ุงูู 8 ู ู ู ู ุงูู ุงุก ุงูู ูุทุฑ ูุจุฐุง ูููู ุญุตููุง ุนูู ุญุฌู 20 ู ู ู ู ุงูุญู ุถ ุจุชุฑููุฒ 6 ู ููุงุฑ.
( ูู ููู ุฏูุน 80 ุฑูุงูุงู ุซู ูุงู ูุณูุนุฉ ู ุง ุฏูู ุชุฑุฏุฏ ููุง ุญุณุงุจุ ุงุฐุง ูุงู ู ุง ุชู ูู ู ู ู ุงู ูู ููุณ ุงู ุงูุจุฑ ู ู ุงูุซู ู ุงูู ุทููุจ ูุดุฑุงุก ุงูุณูุนุฉ ูู ุง ูู ุงูู ุซุงููู 2 ูู 3 ุนูู ุงูุชูุงูู ) .
4๏ธโฃ Prepare ( 20 ml of 6 mol/L HCL ) from ( %36 HCL ):
ุนูุฏู ุง ูููู ุงูุชุฑููุฒ ุนูู ุงูุญู ุถ ู ูุชูุจุงู ุจุงูู ููุงุฑูุฉ ููุง ุชูุฌุฏ ุฃู ู ุดููุฉุ ูู ู ุง ุนูููุง ููุท ูู ุชุทุจูู ุงููุงููู ูู ุง ูู ุงูู ุซุงู ุฑูู 3ุ ููู ุจุนุถ ุงูุงุญู ุงุถ ูุฃุชู ุงูุชุฑููุฒ ุนูููุง ู ูุชูุจุงู ุจุงููุณุจุฉ ุงูู ุฆููุฉ (%)ุ ููู ูุณุชุทูุน ุชุทุจูู ูุงููู "ุชุฎููู ุงูุชุฑุงููุฒ" ุงู ูุง ุุ
ุงูุฃู ุฑ ูุจูู ุณููููุฉ ูุงูุชุงูู:
ูุงุจุฏ ููุง ุงููุงู: ู ู ุชุญููู ุงูุชุฑููุฒ ุงูู ุฆูู (36%) ุงูู ุชุฑููุฒ ู ููุงุฑู (ู ูู/ูุชุฑ).
ูุซุงููุงู: ุชุทุจูู ูุงููู "ุชุฎููู ุงูุชุฑุงููุฒ" ( ุดุฑูุทุฉ ุงู ูููู ุงูุชุฑููุฒ ุจุนุฏ ุงูุชุญููู ุงูู ุงูู ููุงุฑูุฉ "ุงูุจุฑ" ู ู ุงูุชุฑููุฒ ุงูุฐู ูุฑูุฏู ููู ููุง (6 ู ููุงุฑ) ูุงูุง ููุง ูุณุชุทูุน ุงูุชุฎููู.
Molarity =
(%ร10รdensity) / molecular weight
Molarity = ( 36ร10ร1.16 ) / 36.46
= 11.45 mol/L
ุงูุงู ุจุนุฏ ุงู ุนุฑููุง ุชุฑููุฒ ุงูุญู ุถ ุจุงูู ููุงุฑูุฉ ูุนุฑููุง ุงูู ุงูุจุฑ ู ู ุงูุชุฑููุฒ ุงูู ุทููุจ ูุญูุธ ุงูุนููุฉ ุณูุณุชุฎุฏู - ูุจูู ุจุณุงุทุฉ - ูุงููู ุงูุชุฎููู:
C1 V1 = C2 V2
11.45ร? = 6ร20
? = 120/11.45 โ 10.5
ุงุฐุงู: ูุฃุฎุฐ (10.5 ู ู) ู ู ุงูุญู ุถ ููุถูููุง ุงูู (9.5 ู ู) ู ู ุงูู ุงุก ุงูู ูุทุฑ ูุจุฐุง ูููู ุญุตููุง ุนูู ุญุฌู 20 ู ู ู ู ุงูุญู ุถ ุจุชุฑููุฒ 6 ู ููุงุฑ.
( ุงุฐุง ูุงู ูุฏูู 10 ุฏููุงุฑุงุช ุงู ุฑูููุฉ ูุซู ู ุงูุณูุนุฉ ุงูุชู ุชุฑูุฏูุง ูู 80 ุฑูุงูุงูุ ููู ุชุณุชุทูุน ุฏูุน ุซู ู ุงูุณูุนุฉ ุงู ูุงุ
ูู ุงูุจุฏุงูุฉ ูุฌุจ ุนููู ุชุญููู ู ุงูุฏูู ู ู ุงูุนู ูุฉ ุงูุงุฌูุจูุฉ ุงูู ุงูุนู ูุฉ ุงูู ุญููุฉุ ูุจุงููุธุฑ ุงูู ู ูุฏุงุฑ ู ุง ุชุญููู ู ู ู ุงู ุจุงูุนู ูุฉ ุงูู ุญููุฉ ุณุชุนุฑู ู ุง ุงุฐุง ูุงู ุจุฅุณุชุทุงุนุชู ุฏูุน 80 ุฑูุงูุงู ุซู ูุงู ููุณูุนุฉ ุงู ูุง ).
ู ูุงุญุธุฉ: ุงููุซุงูุฉ ูุฌุฏูุง ู ูุชูุจุฉ ุนูู ูุงุฑูุฑุฉ ุงูุญู ุถ ุถู ู ู ูููุงุช ุงูู ุญููู ุ ูููู ุชุฑููุฒ ูุซุงูุชูุ ููุซุงูุฉ ุญู ุถ ุงูููุฏุฑููููุฑูู ุฐู ุงูุชุฑููุฒ 36% ูู 1.16 ูุงูุชู ุชุฎุชูู ุนู ูุซุงูุฉ ููุณ ุงูุญู ุถ ูู ุงุฎุชููุช ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงูุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ุงู ุงุฎุชูู ุชุฑููุฒู 30% ู ุซูุงู.
https://telegram.me/joinchat/AAAAAECuqoTkgQkHpiHlGA
ู
ูุฎุต:
ุงุฐุง ูุงู ุชุฑููุฒ ุงูุญู ุถ ุงูุฐู ูุฑูุฏู (6 ู ููุงุฑ) "ุงูุจุฑ" ู ู ุชุฑููุฒ ุงูุญู ุถ ุงูุฐู ูุฏููุง (4 ู ููุงุฑ) - ูู ุง ูู ุงูู ุซุงู1 - ููุง ูุณุชุทูุน ุงูุชุฎููู.
๐ ฑยบยฐโยจ([ @Biochem_Lab ])ยจโยฐยบ๐ ฑ
ุงุฐุง ูุงู ุชุฑููุฒ ุงูุญู ุถ ุงูุฐู ูุฑูุฏู ู ุชุฑููุฒ ุงูุญู ุถ ุงูุฐู ูุฏููุง ู ุชุณุงูููู (ููู ู ููู ุง 6 ู ููุงุฑ) - ูู ุง ูู ุงูู ุซุงู2 โ ูุถูู ุงููู ูุฉ ุงูู ุทููุจุฉ ู ุจุงุดุฑุฉ ( 20 ู ู ู ุซูุงู ) ุฏูู ุงูุญุงุฌุฉ ููุชุฎููู.
ุงุฐุง ูุงู ุชุฑููุฒ ุงูุญู ุถ ุงูุฐู ูุฑูุฏู (6 ู ููุงุฑ) "ุงูู" ู ู ุชุฑููุฒ ุงูุญู ุถ ุงูุฐู ูุฏููุง (11.45 ู ููุงุฑ) โ ูู ุง ูู ุงูู ุซุงู3 - ูุณุชุฎุฏู ูุงููู "ุชุฎููู ุงูุชุฑุงููุฒ"
C1 V1 = C2 V2
๐ ฑยบยฐโยจ([ @Biochem_Lab ])ยจโยฐยบ๐ ฑ
ุงุฐุง ูุงู ุงูุญู ุถ ุงูุฐู ูุฏููุง ุชุฑููุฒู ุจุงููุณุจุฉ ุงูู ุฆููุฉ "%" โ ูู ุง ูู ุงูู ุซุงู4 - ููุงุจุฏ ููุง ุงููุงู ู ู ุชุญููู ุงูุชุฑููุฒ ู ู "ุงูู ุฆููุฉ" ุงูู "ุงูู ููุงุฑูุฉ" ุ ูู ู ุซู ูุณุชุฎุฏู ูุงููู "ุชุฎููู ุงูุชุฑุงููุฒ" ุจูู ุณูููุฉ ุดุฑูุทุฉ ุงู ูููู ุงูุชุฑููุฒ ุจุนุฏ ุงูุชุญููู ุงูู ุงูู ููุงุฑูุฉ "ุงูุจุฑ" ู ู ุงูุชุฑููุฒ ุงูุฐู ูุฑูุฏู ูุงูุง ููุง ูุณุชุทูุน ุงูุชุฎููู.
ูู ุงูุงู ุซูุฉ ุงูุชู ุงุฎุฐูุงูุง ุนู ุชุฎููู ุงูุงุญู ุงุถ ุชูุทุจู ุนูู ุฃู ุญู ุถ ูููุณุช ุญุตุฑูุฉ ุนูู ุงูููุฏุฑููููุฑูู ุงุณูุฏุ ูุจุนุถ ุงููุญูุตุงุช ุนูู ุนููุงุช ุงูููุฑูู ุชุชุทูุจ ุงุญู ุงุถ ุงุฎุฑู ูุงูุจูุฑูู ุงุณูุฏ ุงู ุงููุชุฑูู ุงุณูุฏ ...ุงูุฎ.
#ููุงุฉ_ุงูููู ูุงุก_ุงูุณุฑูุฑูุฉ
#ุงูุฏูุชูุฑ ุณู ูุญ ุนุจุฏุงูุฑุญู ู
โ ููุงูุถู ุงู ููุง:๐
๐ปโจ๐ปโจ๐ปโจ๐ปโจ๐ป
https://telegram.me/joinchat/AAAAAECuqoTkgQkHpiHlGA
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โจ๐๐๐บ๐๐๐บ๐๐๐บ
ุงุฐุง ูุงู ุชุฑููุฒ ุงูุญู ุถ ุงูุฐู ูุฑูุฏู (6 ู ููุงุฑ) "ุงูุจุฑ" ู ู ุชุฑููุฒ ุงูุญู ุถ ุงูุฐู ูุฏููุง (4 ู ููุงุฑ) - ูู ุง ูู ุงูู ุซุงู1 - ููุง ูุณุชุทูุน ุงูุชุฎููู.
๐ ฑยบยฐโยจ([ @Biochem_Lab ])ยจโยฐยบ๐ ฑ
ุงุฐุง ูุงู ุชุฑููุฒ ุงูุญู ุถ ุงูุฐู ูุฑูุฏู ู ุชุฑููุฒ ุงูุญู ุถ ุงูุฐู ูุฏููุง ู ุชุณุงูููู (ููู ู ููู ุง 6 ู ููุงุฑ) - ูู ุง ูู ุงูู ุซุงู2 โ ูุถูู ุงููู ูุฉ ุงูู ุทููุจุฉ ู ุจุงุดุฑุฉ ( 20 ู ู ู ุซูุงู ) ุฏูู ุงูุญุงุฌุฉ ููุชุฎููู.
ุงุฐุง ูุงู ุชุฑููุฒ ุงูุญู ุถ ุงูุฐู ูุฑูุฏู (6 ู ููุงุฑ) "ุงูู" ู ู ุชุฑููุฒ ุงูุญู ุถ ุงูุฐู ูุฏููุง (11.45 ู ููุงุฑ) โ ูู ุง ูู ุงูู ุซุงู3 - ูุณุชุฎุฏู ูุงููู "ุชุฎููู ุงูุชุฑุงููุฒ"
C1 V1 = C2 V2
๐ ฑยบยฐโยจ([ @Biochem_Lab ])ยจโยฐยบ๐ ฑ
ุงุฐุง ูุงู ุงูุญู ุถ ุงูุฐู ูุฏููุง ุชุฑููุฒู ุจุงููุณุจุฉ ุงูู ุฆููุฉ "%" โ ูู ุง ูู ุงูู ุซุงู4 - ููุงุจุฏ ููุง ุงููุงู ู ู ุชุญููู ุงูุชุฑููุฒ ู ู "ุงูู ุฆููุฉ" ุงูู "ุงูู ููุงุฑูุฉ" ุ ูู ู ุซู ูุณุชุฎุฏู ูุงููู "ุชุฎููู ุงูุชุฑุงููุฒ" ุจูู ุณูููุฉ ุดุฑูุทุฉ ุงู ูููู ุงูุชุฑููุฒ ุจุนุฏ ุงูุชุญููู ุงูู ุงูู ููุงุฑูุฉ "ุงูุจุฑ" ู ู ุงูุชุฑููุฒ ุงูุฐู ูุฑูุฏู ูุงูุง ููุง ูุณุชุทูุน ุงูุชุฎููู.
ูู ุงูุงู ุซูุฉ ุงูุชู ุงุฎุฐูุงูุง ุนู ุชุฎููู ุงูุงุญู ุงุถ ุชูุทุจู ุนูู ุฃู ุญู ุถ ูููุณุช ุญุตุฑูุฉ ุนูู ุงูููุฏุฑููููุฑูู ุงุณูุฏุ ูุจุนุถ ุงููุญูุตุงุช ุนูู ุนููุงุช ุงูููุฑูู ุชุชุทูุจ ุงุญู ุงุถ ุงุฎุฑู ูุงูุจูุฑูู ุงุณูุฏ ุงู ุงููุชุฑูู ุงุณูุฏ ...ุงูุฎ.
#ููุงุฉ_ุงูููู ูุงุก_ุงูุณุฑูุฑูุฉ
#ุงูุฏูุชูุฑ ุณู ูุญ ุนุจุฏุงูุฑุญู ู
โ ููุงูุถู ุงู ููุง:๐
๐ปโจ๐ปโจ๐ปโจ๐ปโจ๐ป
https://telegram.me/joinchat/AAAAAECuqoTkgQkHpiHlGA
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โจ๐๐๐บ๐๐๐บ๐๐๐บ
Clinical Practice Guidelines Update for the Chronic Kidney Disease 2017
โโโโ๐โโโโโ
โ @Biochem_Lab โ
โโโโ๐ฌโโโโโ
โคต๏ธโคต๏ธ
โโโโ๐โโโโโ
โ @Biochem_Lab โ
โโโโ๐ฌโโโโโ
โคต๏ธโคต๏ธ
Some Principles of Measurement:
=========================
๐ดPhotometry:
Photometry relies on measurement of light by a photodetector. The light may be:
1โฃabsorbed by a substance dissolved in solution (absorbance),
2โฃthe light may be scattered or refracted by particles suspended in solution (turbidimetry or nephelometry), or
3โฃthe light may be emitted from a substance that absorbs light at one wavelength and emits light at another wavelength (๏ฌuorescence).
โโโ @Biochem_Lab โโโโข
https://telegram.me/joinchat/AAAAAECuqoTkgQkHpiHlGA
=========================
๐ดPhotometry:
Photometry relies on measurement of light by a photodetector. The light may be:
1โฃabsorbed by a substance dissolved in solution (absorbance),
2โฃthe light may be scattered or refracted by particles suspended in solution (turbidimetry or nephelometry), or
3โฃthe light may be emitted from a substance that absorbs light at one wavelength and emits light at another wavelength (๏ฌuorescence).
โโโ @Biochem_Lab โโโโข
https://telegram.me/joinchat/AAAAAECuqoTkgQkHpiHlGA
๐
ฐ๏ธAbsorbance and ๏ฌuorescence:
========================
1โฃAbsorbance: When an analyte has an intrinsic color (or generates a color upon chemical reaction), visible light is absorbed when it passes through a solution containing the analyte (or reaction products). the detector is placed in a direct line with the incident light
Compounds that have no visible color often absorb light in the ultraviolet region and this absorbance can be used in the same way as absorbance of visible light.
โโโ @Biochem_Lab โโโโข
2โฃFluorescence:
Certain kinds of chemical structures are able to absorb light of one wavelength and emit light of another wavelength. These substances are termed ๏ฌuorescent compounds or ๏ฌuorophores. In each case the incident light is of shorter wavelength and higher energy than the emitted light. So a substance that absorbs blue light (wavelength 400) may emit lower energy
green light (wavelength 500).
The detector is placed at a 90ยฐ angle from the incident light so that it detects only emitted light and not residual incident light which passes directly through the sample.
โฆุงูุงู ุชุตุงุตูุฉูุงูููููููุฑูุฉ:
ุนูุฏู ุง ูู ุฑ ุดุนุงุน ุถูุฆู ุฎูุงู ู ุญูููุ ุณูุชู ุงู ุชุตุงุต ุฌุฒุก ู ูู ูุงูุฌุฒุก ุงูุงุฎุฑ ุณูููุฐุ ูุนูู ุญุณุจ ุงูู ุงุฏุฉ ุงูุชู ุงู ุชุตุช ุงูุถูุก ูุฅูู ุณูุชู ุงูููุงุณ ุฅู ุง ุจู ุง ูุนุฑู ุจุงูุงู ุชุตุงุตูุฉ ูุฅู ุง ูุนุฑู ุจุงููููุฑุฉ.
ูู ุชุต ุงููุชุฑูู ุงูู ุงุฏุฉ ุฌุฒุก ู ู ุทุงูุฉ ุงูุถูุก ุงูู ุงุฑูุฉ ู ู ุฎูุงูู ( ุชูุณู ู ุทุงูุฉ ุงูุฅุซุงุฑุฉ ) ุชุนู ู ุนูู ุฅุซุงุฑุชู ูููุชูู ู ู ู ุณุชูู ุทุงูุฉ ุงุฏูู ุงูู ู ุณุชูู ุทุงูุฉ ุงุนูู. ููุฃูู ุณูููู ุบูุฑ ู ุณุชูุฑู ูู ู ุณุชูุงู ุงูุฌุฏูุฏ ู ู ุงูุทุงูุฉุ ููุง ููุจุซ ุงู ูุนูุฏ ุงูู ู ุณุชูุงู ุงูุณุงุจู ูู ุฌุฒุก ู ู ุขูุงู ุงูุงุฌุฒุงุก ู ู ุงูุซุงููุฉ ูุงูุฏุงู ููุทุงูุฉ ุงูุชู ุงู ุชุตูุง ุนูู ุงุญุฏ ุงูุดูููู:
ุฅู ุงุนูู ุดูู ุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ูู ูุณุท ุงูุชูุงุนูุ ูููุง ูุชู ุงูููุงุณ ุจู ุง ูุนุฑู ุจุงูุงู ุชุตุงุตูุฉ.
ุงู ุนูู ุดูู ุทุงูุฉ ุถูุฆูุฉ ุงุฎุฑู ( ุชูุณู ู ุทุงูุฉ ุงูุฅูุจุนุงุซ ) ุชููู ุงูู ููุฉ ู ู ุงูุชู ุงู ุชุตูุงุ ูููุง ูุชู ุงูููุงุณ ุจู ุง ูุนุฑู ุจุงููููุฑุฉ.
ุชููู ุทุงูุฉ ุงูุงูุจุนุงุซ ูุฐู ุงูู ููุฉ ูุฃู ุงูุงููุชุฑูู ุณูููู ูุฏ ููุฏ ุฌุฒุกู ู ููุง ูู ุฑุญูุฉ ุงูุฐูุงุจ ูุงูุงูุงุจุ ููุฃููุง ุงูู ููุฉ ููููู ุทูููุง ุงูู ูุฌู ุงุทูู ูููููุง ู ุฎุชูู ุนู ุงูุชู ุชู ุงู ุชุตุงุตูุง.
*ููู ุง ูุงู ุงูุทูู ุงูู ูุฌู ุงูุจุฑ ููู ุง ูุงูุช ุทุงูุชู ุงูู ูุงูุนูุณ ุตุญูุญ.
โโโ @Biochem_Lab โโโโข
https://telegram.me/joinchat/AAAAAECuqoTkgQkHpiHlGA
========================
1โฃAbsorbance: When an analyte has an intrinsic color (or generates a color upon chemical reaction), visible light is absorbed when it passes through a solution containing the analyte (or reaction products). the detector is placed in a direct line with the incident light
Compounds that have no visible color often absorb light in the ultraviolet region and this absorbance can be used in the same way as absorbance of visible light.
โโโ @Biochem_Lab โโโโข
2โฃFluorescence:
Certain kinds of chemical structures are able to absorb light of one wavelength and emit light of another wavelength. These substances are termed ๏ฌuorescent compounds or ๏ฌuorophores. In each case the incident light is of shorter wavelength and higher energy than the emitted light. So a substance that absorbs blue light (wavelength 400) may emit lower energy
green light (wavelength 500).
The detector is placed at a 90ยฐ angle from the incident light so that it detects only emitted light and not residual incident light which passes directly through the sample.
โฆุงูุงู ุชุตุงุตูุฉูุงูููููููุฑูุฉ:
ุนูุฏู ุง ูู ุฑ ุดุนุงุน ุถูุฆู ุฎูุงู ู ุญูููุ ุณูุชู ุงู ุชุตุงุต ุฌุฒุก ู ูู ูุงูุฌุฒุก ุงูุงุฎุฑ ุณูููุฐุ ูุนูู ุญุณุจ ุงูู ุงุฏุฉ ุงูุชู ุงู ุชุตุช ุงูุถูุก ูุฅูู ุณูุชู ุงูููุงุณ ุฅู ุง ุจู ุง ูุนุฑู ุจุงูุงู ุชุตุงุตูุฉ ูุฅู ุง ูุนุฑู ุจุงููููุฑุฉ.
ูู ุชุต ุงููุชุฑูู ุงูู ุงุฏุฉ ุฌุฒุก ู ู ุทุงูุฉ ุงูุถูุก ุงูู ุงุฑูุฉ ู ู ุฎูุงูู ( ุชูุณู ู ุทุงูุฉ ุงูุฅุซุงุฑุฉ ) ุชุนู ู ุนูู ุฅุซุงุฑุชู ูููุชูู ู ู ู ุณุชูู ุทุงูุฉ ุงุฏูู ุงูู ู ุณุชูู ุทุงูุฉ ุงุนูู. ููุฃูู ุณูููู ุบูุฑ ู ุณุชูุฑู ูู ู ุณุชูุงู ุงูุฌุฏูุฏ ู ู ุงูุทุงูุฉุ ููุง ููุจุซ ุงู ูุนูุฏ ุงูู ู ุณุชูุงู ุงูุณุงุจู ูู ุฌุฒุก ู ู ุขูุงู ุงูุงุฌุฒุงุก ู ู ุงูุซุงููุฉ ูุงูุฏุงู ููุทุงูุฉ ุงูุชู ุงู ุชุตูุง ุนูู ุงุญุฏ ุงูุดูููู:
ุฅู ุงุนูู ุดูู ุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ูู ูุณุท ุงูุชูุงุนูุ ูููุง ูุชู ุงูููุงุณ ุจู ุง ูุนุฑู ุจุงูุงู ุชุตุงุตูุฉ.
ุงู ุนูู ุดูู ุทุงูุฉ ุถูุฆูุฉ ุงุฎุฑู ( ุชูุณู ู ุทุงูุฉ ุงูุฅูุจุนุงุซ ) ุชููู ุงูู ููุฉ ู ู ุงูุชู ุงู ุชุตูุงุ ูููุง ูุชู ุงูููุงุณ ุจู ุง ูุนุฑู ุจุงููููุฑุฉ.
ุชููู ุทุงูุฉ ุงูุงูุจุนุงุซ ูุฐู ุงูู ููุฉ ูุฃู ุงูุงููุชุฑูู ุณูููู ูุฏ ููุฏ ุฌุฒุกู ู ููุง ูู ุฑุญูุฉ ุงูุฐูุงุจ ูุงูุงูุงุจุ ููุฃููุง ุงูู ููุฉ ููููู ุทูููุง ุงูู ูุฌู ุงุทูู ูููููุง ู ุฎุชูู ุนู ุงูุชู ุชู ุงู ุชุตุงุตูุง.
*ููู ุง ูุงู ุงูุทูู ุงูู ูุฌู ุงูุจุฑ ููู ุง ูุงูุช ุทุงูุชู ุงูู ูุงูุนูุณ ุตุญูุญ.
โโโ @Biochem_Lab โโโโข
https://telegram.me/joinchat/AAAAAECuqoTkgQkHpiHlGA
๐
ฑ๏ธTurbidimetry and Nephelometry:
=========================
some tests are based on formation of insoluble particles that interfere with the passage of light through the solution. The analyte reacts with an added reagent to produce insoluble particles that remain suspended in the solution. When light hits these particles some of it is re๏ฌected in different directions.
๐It is possible to measure the loss of light passing straight through the solution (called turbidimetry) or the increase of light re๏ฌected in a different direction (called nephelometry).
๐In turbidimetry the detector is placed in a direct line with the incident light.
๐In nephelometry the detector is placed at an angle to the light path to avoid detection of light passing through the sample.
๐Turbidimetric and nephelometric methods are often chosen to measure proteins such as transferrin or prealbumin. Proteins are relatively large molecules that can be easily cross-linked by selective reagents to produce aggregate particles that are the right size to re๏ฌect light in the visible or ultraviolet range.
ูู ุญุงูุฉ ุงูุชุดุชูุช ููุถูุก ูุฅู ุงูุถูุก ุงูู ุณูููุท ุนูู ุงูู ุญููู ุณูุตุทุฏู ุจุฌุฒูุฆุงุช ุงูู ุงุฏุฉ ููุชุดุชุช ุฌุฒุก ู ูู ูุงูุฌุฒุก ุงูุงุฎุฑ ูููุฐุ ููุชู ููุงุณ ุฅู ุง ุงูุฌุฒุก ุงููุงูุฐ ุงู ุงูู ุชุดุชุช. ูุฅุฐุง ุชู ููุงุณ ุงูุฌุฒุก ุงููุงูุฐ ุชุณู ู ุงูุนู ููุฉ
Turbidimetry
ูุงุฐุง ุชู ููุงุณ ุงูุฌุฒุก ุงูู ุชุดุชุช ุชุณู ู ุงูุนู ููุฉ
nephelometry
https://telegram.me/joinchat/AAAAAECuqoTkgQkHpiHlGA
=========================
some tests are based on formation of insoluble particles that interfere with the passage of light through the solution. The analyte reacts with an added reagent to produce insoluble particles that remain suspended in the solution. When light hits these particles some of it is re๏ฌected in different directions.
๐It is possible to measure the loss of light passing straight through the solution (called turbidimetry) or the increase of light re๏ฌected in a different direction (called nephelometry).
๐In turbidimetry the detector is placed in a direct line with the incident light.
๐In nephelometry the detector is placed at an angle to the light path to avoid detection of light passing through the sample.
๐Turbidimetric and nephelometric methods are often chosen to measure proteins such as transferrin or prealbumin. Proteins are relatively large molecules that can be easily cross-linked by selective reagents to produce aggregate particles that are the right size to re๏ฌect light in the visible or ultraviolet range.
ูู ุญุงูุฉ ุงูุชุดุชูุช ููุถูุก ูุฅู ุงูุถูุก ุงูู ุณูููุท ุนูู ุงูู ุญููู ุณูุตุทุฏู ุจุฌุฒูุฆุงุช ุงูู ุงุฏุฉ ููุชุดุชุช ุฌุฒุก ู ูู ูุงูุฌุฒุก ุงูุงุฎุฑ ูููุฐุ ููุชู ููุงุณ ุฅู ุง ุงูุฌุฒุก ุงููุงูุฐ ุงู ุงูู ุชุดุชุช. ูุฅุฐุง ุชู ููุงุณ ุงูุฌุฒุก ุงููุงูุฐ ุชุณู ู ุงูุนู ููุฉ
Turbidimetry
ูุงุฐุง ุชู ููุงุณ ุงูุฌุฒุก ุงูู ุชุดุชุช ุชุณู ู ุงูุนู ููุฉ
nephelometry
https://telegram.me/joinchat/AAAAAECuqoTkgQkHpiHlGA
Endpoint and Rate (kinetic) Reactions:
==============================
๐ฐWhen an analyte is detected using a chemical reaction, there are two options for measuring its concentration.
โ๏ธOne is to wait until the reaction is complete and the total amount of analyte is converted to product โ called an endpoint reaction.
โ๏ธThe other is to measure the rate of change in product formed over time โ called a rate reaction.
Endpoint Reactions.
๐ฐEndpoint reactions are especially suitable for chemical reactions which are completed in a relatively short time and produce one product molecule or complex for each molecule of analyte.
๐For example, a reaction of albumin with the dye bromocresol purple (BCP) produces a colored complex. If the reaction is allowed to continue until all the albumin present in solution has reacted and the maximum amount of colored product has formed, the color at the end of the reaction re๏ฌects the total amount of albumin as the albumin-dye complex.
๐ฐEndpoint reactions can measure the creation of a product or the loss of reactant.
๐ฐIf the method measures the creation of a product, the absorbance is higher at the endpoint than at the start point (called an end-up reaction).
๐ฐIf the method measures the disappearance of a reactant, the absorbance is lower at the endpoint than at the start point (called an end-
down reaction).
https://telegram.me/joinchat/AAAAAECuqoTkgQkHpiHlGA
==============================
๐ฐWhen an analyte is detected using a chemical reaction, there are two options for measuring its concentration.
โ๏ธOne is to wait until the reaction is complete and the total amount of analyte is converted to product โ called an endpoint reaction.
โ๏ธThe other is to measure the rate of change in product formed over time โ called a rate reaction.
Endpoint Reactions.
๐ฐEndpoint reactions are especially suitable for chemical reactions which are completed in a relatively short time and produce one product molecule or complex for each molecule of analyte.
๐For example, a reaction of albumin with the dye bromocresol purple (BCP) produces a colored complex. If the reaction is allowed to continue until all the albumin present in solution has reacted and the maximum amount of colored product has formed, the color at the end of the reaction re๏ฌects the total amount of albumin as the albumin-dye complex.
๐ฐEndpoint reactions can measure the creation of a product or the loss of reactant.
๐ฐIf the method measures the creation of a product, the absorbance is higher at the endpoint than at the start point (called an end-up reaction).
๐ฐIf the method measures the disappearance of a reactant, the absorbance is lower at the endpoint than at the start point (called an end-
down reaction).
https://telegram.me/joinchat/AAAAAECuqoTkgQkHpiHlGA
Rate (kinetic) Reactions:
===================
If the analyte is an enzyme, a molecule which can catalyze the conversion of unlimited numbers of reagent molecules (termed substrates) to product, the amount of product at the endpoint would not re๏ฌect the amount of enzyme. Instead, the endpoint would re๏ฌect the amount of substrate that was present.
For this reason, enzyme activity is determined by a rate reaction rather than an endpoint reaction. In such cases determination of the enzyme concentration is based on how fast a fxed amount of substrate is converted to
product. The more enzyme present, the faster the conversion.
Examples of enzymes that are often measured in the clinical laboratory include lipase and alanine.
Rate reactions may also be used for measurement of analytes that are not enzymes. For example, if a reaction is very slow to reach an endpoint, a rate method may be more practical in order to obtain a result in a shorter timeframe. Some examples of analytes other than enzymes that are measured using rate reaction include ammonia (a waste product of protein metabolism) and amikacin (a therapeutic drug).
https://telegram.me/joinchat/AAAAAECuqoTkgQkHpiHlGA
===================
If the analyte is an enzyme, a molecule which can catalyze the conversion of unlimited numbers of reagent molecules (termed substrates) to product, the amount of product at the endpoint would not re๏ฌect the amount of enzyme. Instead, the endpoint would re๏ฌect the amount of substrate that was present.
For this reason, enzyme activity is determined by a rate reaction rather than an endpoint reaction. In such cases determination of the enzyme concentration is based on how fast a fxed amount of substrate is converted to
product. The more enzyme present, the faster the conversion.
Examples of enzymes that are often measured in the clinical laboratory include lipase and alanine.
Rate reactions may also be used for measurement of analytes that are not enzymes. For example, if a reaction is very slow to reach an endpoint, a rate method may be more practical in order to obtain a result in a shorter timeframe. Some examples of analytes other than enzymes that are measured using rate reaction include ammonia (a waste product of protein metabolism) and amikacin (a therapeutic drug).
https://telegram.me/joinchat/AAAAAECuqoTkgQkHpiHlGA