Clinical ๐Ÿ…ฑiochemistry
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ู‚ู†ุงุฉ ุชู‡ุชู… ุจู†ุดุฑ ูƒู„ ู…ุงู„ู‡ ุนู„ุงู‚ุฉ ุจุง #ุงู„ูƒูŠู…ูŠุงุก_ุงู„ุณุฑูŠุฑูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ุชุญุงู„ูŠู„ ุงู„ูƒูŠู…ูŠุงุฆูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุชุนู„ู‚ุฉ ุจู‡ุง .
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๐Ÿ“Œู‚ู†ูˆุงุชู†ุง ุงู„ุงุฎุฑู‰
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๐ŸŒบ Standard or standard materials :
Standard: is a substance of known purity which is used as the basis for a comparison of measurements in the determination of this substance in a specimen.

๐Ÿ”ดู…ู† ุฅุญุฏู‰ ุงู„ู…ุชุทู„ุจุงุช ุงู„ุงุณุงุณูŠุฉุŒ ู„ุฅุนุทุงุก ู†ุชุงุฆุฌ ุตุญูŠุญุฉ ูˆู…ุถุจูˆุทุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฎุชุจุฑุงุช ุงู„ุนู„ู…ูŠุฉ ุจุดูƒู„ ุนุงู… ูˆุงู„ุทุจูŠุฉ ุงู„ุณุฑูŠุฑูŠุฉ ุจุดูƒู„ ุฎุงุตุŒ ู‡ูŠ ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ู…ุญุงู„ูŠู„ ุนูŠุงุฑูŠุฉ ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุฉ ุงู„ุชุฑุงูƒูŠุฒุŒ ุฐุงุช ุฎุตุงุฆุต ู…ู†ุงุณุจุฉ ู…ู† ุญูŠุซ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุงูˆุฉ ูˆุงู„ุงุณุชู‚ุฑุงุฑูŠุฉุŒ ูˆุบูŠุฑู‡ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ุฎุตุงุฆุต ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุดุชุฑุทู‡ุง ุฌู‡ุงุช ู…ุชุฎุตุตุฉุŒ ู„ู‚ุจูˆู„ู‡ ูƒู…ุญู„ูˆู„ ุนูŠุงุฑูŠ ุงูˆ ู…ุง ู†ุนุฑูู‡ ุจุงู„ู€: ุงุณุชุงู†ุฏุงุฑุฏ.
โ—Žโ—โ” @Biochem_Lab โ”โ—โ—Žโ€ข

๐Ÿ”ดูŠุนุฑู ุงู„ุงุณุชุงู†ุฏุงุฑุฏ ุจุงู†ู‡ ู…ุงุฏุฉ ู†ู‚ูŠุฉ ุฌุฏุงุŒ ู„ุง ุชุญุชูˆูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃูŠ ู…ูˆุงุฏ ุงุฎุฑู‰ ู…ู‡ู…ุง ูƒุงู†ุช ุชุฑุงูƒูŠุฒู‡ุง ุถุฆูŠู„ุฉ.. ู„ุง ู…ูˆุงุฏ ุญุงูุธุฉ.. ูˆู„ุง ู…ุงุก.. ูˆู„ุง ุงูŠ ู…ูˆุงุฏ ุงุฎุฑู‰ุŒ ูˆุงู† ู„ุฒู… ุงู„ุงู…ุฑ ู„ู„ุงุถุงูุฉุŒ ูƒู…ุง ููŠ ุจุนุถ ุงู†ูˆุงุน ุงู„ุงุณุชู†ุฏุฑุงุช(ุณู†ุฐูƒุฑู‡ุง ู‡ู†ุง ู„ุงุญู‚ุง)ุ› ูู„ุงุจุฏ ุงู† ุชูƒูˆู† ุจุงู„ูƒู…ูŠุงุช ุงู„ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุฉ ุงู„ุถุฑูˆุฑูŠุฉ ูู‚ุท ุงู„ุชูŠ ู„ุง ุชุบูŠู‘ุฑ ู…ู† ุฎุตุงุฆุต ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ุจุนุฏ ุงู„ุงุถุงูุฉ ุŒ ูˆุฅู„ุง ูู„ุง ูŠุนุชุจุฑ ู…ุงุฏุฉ ุนูŠุงุฑูŠุฉ ุงูˆ ู‚ูŠุงุณูŠุฉ.
ูˆูŠุญุชูˆูŠ ุงู„ุงุณุชุงู†ุฏุงุฑุฏ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุงุฏุฉ ุจุนูŠู†ู‡ุง ุชูƒูˆู† ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุฉ ุงู„ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒ ุชูุณุชุฎุฏู… ู„ุงูŠุฌุงุฏ ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒ ู…ุงุฏุฉ ุงุฎุฑู‰ ู…ุฌู‡ูˆู„ุฉ ุงู„ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒ ุจุงู„ู…ู‚ุงุฑู†ุฉ ูˆุจุฅุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู† ู…ุนุฑูˆูุฉุŒ ูƒู‚ุงู†ูˆู† ุจูŠุฑ ู„ุงู…ุจุฑุช ุงูˆ ุบูŠุฑู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู† ุฐุงุช ุงู„ุตู„ุฉ.

๐Ÿ”ดTypes Of Standards :
IUPAC classification for high-purity standard materials :
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๐Ÿ”ปGrade A: Atomic-weight standard.

๐Ÿ”ปGrade B: Ultimate standard:
a substance which can be purified to virtually atomic-weight standard.

๐Ÿ”ปGrade C: Primary standard:
a commercially available substance of purity 100 ยฑ 0.02%.

๐Ÿ”ปGrade D: Working standard:
a commercially available substance of purity 100 ยฑ 0.05%

๐Ÿ”ปGrade E: Secondary standard:
a substance of lower purity, which can be standardized against primary (Grade C) material.

IUPAC International Union of Purity and Applied Chemistry.

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๐ŸŒบTypes of Standards continueโ€ฆ..
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ุชูู‚ุณู‘ู… ุงู„ุงุณุชู†ุฏุงุฑุงุชุŒ ุจุญุณุจ ุชุตู†ูŠู ุงู„ุงุชุญุงุฏ ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ูŠ ู„ู„ูƒูŠู…ูŠุงุก ุงู„ุจุญุชุฉ ูˆุงู„ุชุทุจูŠู‚ูŠุฉ IUPACุŒ ูˆุงุนุชู…ุงุฏุง ุนู„ู‰ ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ู†ู‚ุงูˆุชู‡ุง ุงู„ู‰ 5 ุฏุฑุฌุงุช:
Grades: A,B,C,D and E


1- Atomic-weight Standard (Grade A)
2- Ultimate Standard (Grade B)
Mass can be determined exactly by weighing the pure substance.
โ™ฆ๏ธุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู† ุงุณุชู†ุฏุงุฑุงุช ุฐุงุช ู†ู‚ุงูˆุฉ ุนุงู„ูŠุฉ ุฌุฏุงุŒ ุชุตู„ ู†ุณุจุฉ ุงู„ุฎุทุฃ ููŠ ู†ู‚ุงูˆุชู‡ุง ุงู„ู‰ 0.0% ( ุตูุฑ% )ุŒ ุŒ ูู‡ูŠ ุงุณุชู†ุฏุฑุงุช ุนู„ู‰ ุงุนู„ู‰ ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ู‚ุงูˆุฉ ู„ุง ุชุดูˆุจู‡ุง ุดุงุฆุจุฉุŒ ูู„ุง ุชุญุชูˆูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃูŠ ู…ูˆุงุฏ ุฌุงู†ุจูŠุฉ ุงุถุงููŠุฉ ุงุฎุฑู‰ ุงู„ุจุชู‘ุฉ... ุชุฑุงูƒูŠุฒู‡ุง ู…ุนุฑูˆูุฉ ูˆู…ูˆุฒูˆู†ุฉ ุจุฏู‚ุฉ ู…ุชู†ุงู‡ูŠุฉุŒ ู„ุง ู†ู‚ูˆู„ ุจุงู„ู€ ู…ู„ ุฌุฑุงู… ุงูˆ ุงู„ู…ูŠูƒุฑูˆ ุงูˆ ุงู„ู†ุงู†ูˆ ุฌุฑุงู… ูˆู„ุง ุญุชู‰ ุจุงู„ุจูŠูƒูˆ ุงูˆ ุงู„ููŠู…ุชูˆ ูˆูˆูˆุงู„ุฎุŒ ูˆุงู†ู…ุง ุจูˆุญุฏุงุช ูˆุฒู†ูŠุฉ ุงุตุบุฑ ู…ู† ุฐู„ูƒ ุจูƒุซูŠุฑ ุชุนุฑู ุจุงู„ู€ "ูŠูˆูƒุชูˆ ุฌุฑุงู…" (10ยฏยฒโด) ุงูˆู…ุง ูŠุนุฑูู‡ ุงู„ุบุงู„ุจูŠุฉ "ุจุงู„ุฏุงู„ุชูˆู†"ุŒ ูˆุชูƒูˆู† ุนู„ู‰ ุดูƒู„ ุจูˆุฏุฑุฉ ู…ุฌููุฉ. ูŠู…ูƒู† ุงู†ุชุงุฌ ู…ุซู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุงุณุชู†ุฏุฑุงุช ู…ุน ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุฏ ุงู„ุบูŠุฑ ุนุถูˆูŠุฉ ููŠ ุจุนุถ ูุฑูˆุน ุงู„ูƒูŠู…ูŠุงุก ูƒุงู„ูƒูŠู…ูŠุงุก ุงู„ุชุญู„ูŠู„ูŠุฉ ุŒ ูˆูŠุตุนุจ ุงู†ุชุงุฌ ู…ุซูŠู„ุงู‹ ู„ู†ู‚ุงูˆุชู‡ุง ููŠ ูุฑูˆุน ุงุฎุฑู‰ ูƒุงู„ูƒูŠู…ูŠุงุก ุงู„ุณุฑูŠุฑูŠุฉุŒ ู„ุงุณุจุงุจ ุณู†ุนุฑูู‡ุง ุงุซู†ุงุก ุชู‚ุฏู…ู†ุง ุจุงู„ุดุฑุญ ุงูƒุซุฑ..
โ—Žโ—โ” @Biochem_Lab โ”โ—โ—Žโ€ข

โ™ฆ๏ธูˆู†ุธุฑุงู‹ ู„ู†ู‚ุงูˆุชู‡ุง ุงู„ุนุงู„ูŠุฉุ› ูŠู…ูƒู† ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ุชุฑุงูƒูŠุฒ ู…ุซู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุงู†ูˆุงุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุงุณุชู†ุฏุงุฑุช ุญุชู‰ ู…ู† ุฏูˆู† ุชุญู„ูŠู„ ูƒูŠู…ูŠุงุฆูŠ ูˆ ุญุชู‰ ู…ู† ุฏูˆู† ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ุงุฌู‡ุฒุฉ ู…ู‚ูŠุงุณ ุงู„ุทูŠู:
ูุงุฐุง ู…ุง ุงูุชุฑุถู†ุง ุงู† ูˆุฒู† ู…ุงุฏุฉ ู…ุงุŒ ู…ุนุทุงุฉ ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุฏุงุฎู„ ุงู†ุจูˆู„ุฉุŒ ูƒุงู† 1 ุฌุฑุงู…ุŒ ูˆุงู† ูˆุฒู†ู‡ุง ุงู„ุฌุฒูŠุฆูŠ 25 ุฏุงู„ุชูˆู†.
ูุงู„ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒ ูŠูƒูˆู† (ุนู†ุฏ ุงุฐุงุจุชู‡ ููŠ ู„ุชุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุฐูŠุจ ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุณุจ) ูƒุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ:
25/1 โ† 0.04 ู…ูˆู„/ู„ุชุฑโ†0.1 ุฌุฑุงู…/ุฏู„ โ† 100 ู…ู„ ุฌุฑุงู…/ุฏู„.

โ™ฆ๏ธุงู„ุงุณุชู†ุฏุฑุงุช ุฐุงุช ุงู„ุฏุฑุฌุงุช A,B ุจุงู„ุงุถุงูุฉ ุงู„ู‰ ุฐุงุช ุงู„ุฏุฑุฌุฉ C ) primary Standard ) ู„ุง ุชู†ุชุฌู‡ุง ุงู„ุง ู…ุฎุชุจุฑุงุช ู…ุนุฑูˆูุฉ ู„ุง ูŠุชุนุฏู‰ ุนุฏุฏู‡ุง ุนุฏุฏ ุงุตุงุจุน ุงู„ูŠุฏ ุงู„ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ุงุฌู…ุน ูƒุงู„ู€ IUPAC (ุงู„ู…ุตู†ู‘ู ุงู„ุฑุฆูŠุณ ู„ู„ุงุณุชู†ุฏุฑุงุช ูˆูˆุงุถุน ุดุฑูˆุท ุฏุฑุฌุงุช ุงู„ู†ู‚ุงูˆุฉ). ุจุงู„ุงุถุงูุฉ ุงู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ูƒุชุจ ุงู„ูˆุทู†ูŠ ู„ู„ู…ุนุงูŠูŠุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆู„ุงูŠุงุช ุงู„ู…ุชุญุฏุฉ NBS.
ุจุนุฏ ุงู†ุชุงุฌู‡ุง ูŠุชู… ุชูˆุฒูŠุนู‡ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุดุฑูƒุงุช ุงู†ุชุงุฌ ุงู„ู…ุญุงู„ูŠู„ ุงูˆ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุฎุชุจุฑุงุช ุงู„ู…ุฑุฌุนูŠุฉ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…ูŠุฉุ› ู„ูŠุชู… ุชุญุถูŠุฑ ุงุณุชู†ุฏุฑุงุช ุงุฎุฑู‰ ู…ู†ู‡ุง ุฐุงุช ุฏุฑุฌุงุช ู†ู‚ุงูˆุฉ ุงู‚ู„ ู†ูˆุนุงู‹ ู…ุง ูƒู€ ุงุณุชู†ุฏุฑุงุช ุงู„ุฏุฑุฌุงุช D and E. ูˆู„ุง ู†ูู‚ู„ู„ -ู†ุญู† ู‡ู†ุง- ู…ู† ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ู†ู‚ุงูˆุฉ ู…ุซู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุงุณุชู†ุฏุฑุงุชุŒ ุนู†ุฏ ูˆุตูู†ุง ู„ู‡ุง ุจุฃู†ู‡ุง "ุงู‚ู„ ู†ู‚ุงูˆุฉ"ุŒ ูู‡ูŠ ู„ุง ุชุฒุงู„ ู…ุญุชูุธุฉ ุจุดุฑูˆุท ู†ู‚ุงูˆุฉ ุชุตู†ูŠู ุงู„ู€ IUPAC( ุฑุงุฌุน ู†ุณุจุฉ ุงู„ุฎุทุฃ ููŠ ุงู„ุชุญุถูŠุฑุŒ ุชุฌุฏู‡ุง ุบูŠุฑ ุฐุงุช ุงู‡ู…ูŠุฉ ุฎุงุตุฉ ููŠู…ุง ูŠุฎุต ุงู„ูƒูŠู…ูŠุงุก ุงู„ุณุฑูŠุฑูŠุฉ).. ูู…ุซู„ุง ุงุฐุง ุชู… ุชุญุถูŠุฑุงุณุชุงู†ุฏุงุฑุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฌู„ูƒูˆุฒ ุฐูˆ ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒ 100 ู…ู„ ุฌุฑุงู… ู„ูƒู„ ุฏู„ุŒ ููŠุฌุจ ุงู† ู„ุง ูŠุชุนุฏู‰ ู†ุณุจุฉ ุงู„ุฎุทุฃ ููŠ ุชุญุถูŠุฑู‡ ุนู† 0.05% ( ุฃูŠ ูŠูƒูˆู† 99.95 ู…ู„ ุฌุฑุงู… ู„ูƒู„ ุฏู„). ูู„ุง ูุฑู‚ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ูŠุชุทู„ุจ ู…ู†ูƒ ู…ุฌู‡ูˆุฏุงู‹.. ูˆู„ูˆ ู…ุฌุฑุฏ ุชุญุฑูŠูƒ ุงู„ู†ุธุฑ.. ุงู„ู‰ ู…ุงู‡ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฑู‚ู… ุจุนุฏ ุงู„ูุงุตู„ุฉ ุงู„ุนุดุฑูŠุฉ .. ุจูŠู† ุงู„ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒูŠู† 100 ูˆูŽ 99.95 .
ูƒู„ ู…ุง ูƒุงู†ุช ุงู„ู†ู‚ุงูˆุฉ ุนุงู„ูŠุฉุ› ูƒู„ู…ุง ูƒุงู† ุงู„ุซู…ู† ุงุนู„ู‰.

NBS National Bureau of Standard

https://telegram.me/joinchat/AAAAAECuqoTkgQkHpiHlGA
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Grade D ( working Standard)
Grade E ( Secondary Standard).
Mass can be determined only by chemical analysis.
๐Ÿ”ฐููŠ ูุฑูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ูƒูŠู…ูŠุงุก ุงู„ุนุงู…ุฉุŒ ูƒุงู„ูƒูŠู…ูŠุงุก ุงู„ุบูŠุฑ ุนุถูˆูŠุฉุŒ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุงู†ุชุงุฌ ุงุณุชู†ุฏุฑุงุช ุฐุงุช ู†ู‚ุงูˆุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏุฑุฌุงุช ุงู„ุงูˆู„ู‰( ู†ุณุจุฉ ุงู„ุฎุทุฃ ููŠ ุงู„ุชุญุถูŠุฑ ุชุตู„ ุงู„ู‰ ุตูุฑ%)ุŒ ุจูŠู†ู…ุง ุชูˆุฌุฏ ุตุนูˆุจุฉ ููŠ ูุฑูˆุน ุงุฎุฑู‰ ู…ู† ุงู„ูƒูŠู…ูŠุงุก ูƒุงู„ูƒูŠู…ูŠุงุก ุงู„ุณุฑูŠุฑูŠุฉ ู…ุซู„ุงู‹ุŒ ููŠ ุงู†ุชุงุฌ ุงุณุชู†ุฏุฑุงุช ุฐุงุช ุฏุฑุฌุงุช ู†ู‚ุงูˆุฉ ู…ู…ุงุซู„ุฉุ› ู†ุธุฑุงู‹ ู„ู„ุชุฑูƒูŠุจ ุงู„ู…ุนู‚ู‘ุฏ ู„ู„ู…ูˆุงุฏ ุงู„ุนุถูˆูŠุฉุŒ ูƒู…ุง ุงู† ุทุฑู‚ ุชู†ู‚ูŠุฉ ุจุนุถู‡ุง ู„ู… ูŠุชู… ุชุนุฑูŠูู‡ุง ุจุดูƒู„ ูƒุงู…ู„ ูˆูˆุงุถุญ ุจุนุฏ. ุจุงู„ุงุถุงูุฉ ุงู„ู‰ ุงู† ุงู„ุชุฌููŠู ู„ุจุนุถ ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุฏ ุงู„ุนุถูˆูŠุฉ ูŠูู‚ุฏู‡ุง ุฎูˆุงุตู‡ุงโ€ฆ ูˆุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฑุบู… ู…ู† ุงู…ูƒุงู†ูŠุฉ ุชุฌููŠู ุจุนุถู‡ุง- ูƒุงู„ุจู„ูŠุฑูŠูˆุจูŠู† ู…ุซู„ุง- ุฅู„ุง ุงู†ู‡ ุณุฑุนุงู† ู…ุง ูŠูู‚ุฏ ุฎูˆุงุตู‡ ูƒู…ุญู„ูˆู„ ุนูŠุงุฑูŠ ุจุนุฏ ุงุฐุงุจุชู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุงุก.
ุชุญุชูˆูŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุงู†ูˆุงุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุงุณุชู†ุฏุงุฑุงุช ุนู„ู‰ ู…ูˆุงุฏ ุงุฎุฑู‰ ุงุถุงููŠุฉ ุถุฑูˆุฑูŠุฉ ุงู„ู‰ ุฌุงู†ุจ ุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนู†ูŠุฉ ูƒุงู„ู…ุงุก ู…ุซู„ุงู‹ุŒ ุญุชู‰ ูˆุงู† ูƒุงู† ุงู„ุงุณุชุงู†ุฏุงุฑุฏ ุนู„ู‰ ุดูƒู„ ุจูˆุฏุฑุฉ. ูู‚ุฏ ุชุฃุชูŠ ู…ุซู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุงุณุชู†ุฏุฑุงุช ุณุงุฆู„ุฉ (ู…ุญุถู‘ุฑุฉ ุฌุงู‡ุฒุฉ)ุŒ ุงูˆ ุจุฅุฐุงุจุชู‡ุง ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฐูŠุจ ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุณุจ ุงู† ูƒุงู†ุช ุนู„ู‰ ุดูƒู„ ุจูˆุฏุฉ..
โ—Žโ—โ” @Biochem_Lab โ”โ—โ—Žโ€ข

ูˆุจุนูƒุณ ุงู„ุงุณุชู†ุฏุฑุงุช A,B,CุŒ ู„ุงูŠู…ูƒู† ู‡ู†ุง ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒ ุงู„ุงุณุชู†ุฏุงุฑุฏ ุจูˆุฒู†ู‡ ู‚ุจู„ ุชุญุถูŠุฑู‡ุŒ ุญุชู‰ ูˆุงู† ูƒุงู† ุนู„ู‰ ุดูƒู„ ุจูˆุฏุฑุฉุŒ ุฅู† ู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ู…ูƒุชูˆุจุง ุนู„ูŠู‡.. ุงู„ุง ุจุงู„ุชุญู„ูŠู„ ุงู„ูƒูŠู…ูŠุงุฆูŠ ุจู…ู‚ุงุฑู†ุชู‡ ุจุงุณุชุงู†ุฏุงุฑุฏ ุงุฎุฑ ู…ุนู„ูˆู… ุงู„ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒ.
ูู„ูˆ ูุฑุถู†ุง ุงู† ูˆุฒู†ู‡ ู‚ุจู„ ุงู„ุชุญุถูŠุฑ ูƒุงู† 1 ุฌุฑุงู…ุŒ ูู†ุญู† ู‡ู†ุง ุนุฑูู†ุง ูู‚ุท ุงู† ุงู„ูˆุฒู† ุงู„ูƒู„ูŠ 1 ุฌุฑุงู…ุŒ ูˆู„ูƒู†ู†ุง ู„ู… ู†ุนุฑู ูƒู… ูŠุณุงูˆูŠ ูˆุฒู† ุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนู†ูŠุฉ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฌุฑุงู…ุŒ ูˆูƒู… ูˆุฒู† ุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ุงูˆ ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุฏ ุงู„ุงุฎุฑูŠ ุงู„ู…ุชูˆุงุฌุฏุฉ ู…ุนู‡.. ุจูŠู†ู…ุง ุงู„ุฌุฑุงู… ุงู„ูˆุงุญุฏ ู„ู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนู†ูŠุฉุŒ ููŠ ุงู„ุงุณุชุงู†ุฏุงุฑุงุช ุงู„ู…ุฌููุฉ ุฐุงุช ุงู„ุฏุฑุฌุงุช ุงู„ุงูˆู„ู‰ุŒ ูŠุณุงูˆูŠ ูˆุงุญุฏ ุฌุฑุงู… ู…ู†ู‡ุงุ› ู„ุงู†ู‡ ู„ุงุชูˆุฌุฏ ููŠ ุงู„ุนู„ุจุฉ ุฃูŠ ู…ูˆุงุฏ ุงุฎุฑูŠ ุบูŠุฑู‡ุง.

โ™ฆ๏ธStandard Reference Materials (SRM):
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ููŠ ุงู„ุณู†ูˆุงุช ุงู„ู…ุงุถูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุงุถูŠุฉ ุงู„ู‚ุฑูŠุจุฉ ุŒ ูˆู†ุธุฑุง ู„ู„ุตุนูˆุจุฉ ููŠ ุชุทุจูŠู‚ ุดุฑูˆุท IUPAC ู„ุงู†ุชุงุฌ ุงุณุชู†ุฏุฑุงุช ู„ุจุนุถ ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุฏ ุงู„ุนุถูˆูŠุฉุŒ ุฌุงุก ุงู„ู…ูƒุชุจ ุงู„ุงู…ุฑูŠูƒูŠ ู„ู„ู…ุนุงูŠูŠุฑNBS ุจุดุฑูˆุท ุงู‚ู„ ุตุฑุงู…ุฉ ููŠู…ุง ูŠุฎุต ุงู„ู†ู‚ุงูˆุฉ ุงู„ูˆุงุฌุจ ุชูˆุงูุฑู‡ุง ู„ุฅู†ุชุงุฌ ู…ุญุงู„ูŠู„ ู‚ูŠุงุณูŠุฉ ู„ู…ุซู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุฏ ุงุณู…ุชู‡ุง SRMุŒ ูˆูŠู…ูƒู† ุงู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ู…ู†ู‡...
ูู‚ุท ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุฏ ุงู„ุบูŠุฑุนุถูˆูŠุฉุŒ ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠู†ุชุฌู‡ุง ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูƒุชุจุŒ ุชุฎุถุน ู„ุดุฑูˆุท IUPAC.
ุงู†ุธุฑ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุงุณูู„ ู„ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ู…ู† ู†ู‚ุงูˆุฉ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุฏ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุตุนุจ ู…ุนู‡ุง ุชูˆููŠุฑ ุงุณุชู†ุฏุฑุงุช ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุจู†ู‚ุงูˆุฉ 100%
https://telegram.me/joinchat/AAAAAECuqoTkgQkHpiHlGA
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๐ŸŒบ Standard and caliberator :

๐Ÿ”ฐุงุบู„ุจ ู…ุง ูŠุตู„ ุงู„ูŠู†ุง ู…ู† ู…ุญุงู„ูŠู„ ุนูŠุงุฑูŠุฉ ู‡ูŠ ุฐุงุช ุฏุฑุฌุงุช D&E ( ุฑุงุฌุน ุงู†ูˆุงุน ุงู„ุงุณุชู†ุฏุงุฑุงุช ุงู„ุงุฎุฑู‰ ููŠ ุงู„ุงุนู„ู‰). ู†ุณุชุฎุฏู… ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุญุงู„ูŠู„ ุงู„ุนูŠุงุฑูŠุฉ ุฅู…ุง:
1โƒฃู„ุฅูŠุฌุงุฏ ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒ ู…ุงุฉ ุงุฎุฑู‰ ู…ุฌู‡ูˆู„ุฉ ุงู„ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒ ุจู…ู‚ุงุฑู†ุฉ ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒ ุงู„ุงุณุชุงู†ุฏุงุฑุฏ ุงู„ูŠู‡ุงุŒ ูˆู†ุณู…ูŠู‡ ู‡ู†ุง standard ุงูˆ
2โƒฃู„ู…ุนุงูŠุฑุฉ ุฌู‡ุงุฒ ู…ุงุŒ ู„ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ู…ุง ุงุฐุง ูƒุงู† ูƒู„ ุดุฆ ูŠุณูŠุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุง ูŠุฑุงู… ูˆู†ุณู…ูŠู‡ ู‡ู†ุง calibrator.

โ˜œุดุฑูƒุงุช ุงู†ุชุงุฌ ุงู„ู…ุญุงู„ูŠู„ุŒ ุฎุงุตุฉ ุฐุงุช ุงู„ุงู†ุธู…ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุบู„ู‚ุฉุŒ ุชุฃุชูŠ ุจู…ุญุงู„ูŠู„ ูุญูˆุตุงุช ูˆู…ุนู‡ุง ู…ุญุงู„ูŠู„ ุนูŠุงุฑูŠุฉ(ูƒุงู„ุจุฑูŠุชุฑ) ุฎุงุตู‘ุฉ ุจู‡ุง.. ูˆูƒู„ูŠู‡ู…ุง ุฐุงุช ุงูƒูˆุงุฏ ุดูุฑูŠุฉ barcode ุชุญุชูˆูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู„ ุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ุงู„ู…ุชุนู„ู‚ุฉ ุจู‡ู…..
ุงู„ุงูƒูˆุงุฏ ุงู„ุดูุฑูŠุฉ ู„ู…ุญุงู„ูŠู„ ุงู„ูุญูˆุตุงุช ุนุงุฏุฉ ุชุญุชูˆูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ูƒู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ู…ุนุงูŠุฑุฉ ู…ุญู„ูˆู„ ุงู„ูุญุตุŒ ูˆุงู„ูุงูƒุชุฑ ูˆู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ุงุฎุฑู‰ ูƒุซูŠุฑุฉุŒ ุชู†ุชู‚ู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ุงู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฌู‡ุงุฒ ุนู†ุฏ ุนู…ู„ ู…ุณุญ ู„ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูƒูˆุฏ ุงู„ุดูุฑูŠ ุจูˆุงุณุทุฉ ุงู„ุฌู‡ุงุฒ ู„ู„ู…ุฑุฉ ุงู„ุงูˆู„ู‰ุŒ ูˆู„ูƒู† ูˆู…ุน ู‡ุฐุง ูŠุทู„ุจ ู…ู†ูƒ ุงู„ุฌู‡ุงุฒ ุงุฏุฎุงู„ ุงู„ูƒุงู„ุจุฑูŠุชุฑ ู„ุนู…ู„ ู…ุนุงูŠุฑุฉ!! ู„ูŠุณ ู„ุงูŠุฌุงุฏ ู…ู†ุญู†ู‰ ูˆุงุณุชุฎุฑุงุฌ ูุงูƒุชุฑ ุงู„ุญุณุงุจ ู„ู…ุญู„ูˆู„ ุงู„ูุญุตุŒ ูุงู„ุฌู‡ุงุฒ ู‚ุฏ ุญุตู„ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุซู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ู…ุณุจู‚ุงู‹ ู…ู† ุดูุฑุชู‡ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุฒูˆุฏุชู‡ ุจู‡ุง ุงู„ุดุฑูƒุฉ ุงู„ู…ุตู†ู‘ุนุฉุŒ ูˆุงู†ู…ุง ูŠุทู„ุจ ุงู„ูƒุงู„ุจุฑูŠุชุฑ ูู‚ุท ู„ู„ุชุฃูƒูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู† ูƒู„ ุงู„ุฎุทูˆุงุช ุงู„ู…ุทู„ูˆุจุฉ ู„ุงุฌุฑุงุก ุงู„ูุญุต ุงู„ู…ุนู†ูŠ ุตุญูŠุญุฉ.
โ˜œูุงู„ู…ุญู„ูˆู„ ุงู„ุนูŠุงุฑูŠุŒ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุฃุชูŠ ู…ุน ู…ุญู„ูˆู„ ุงู„ูุญุตุŒ ุงูŠุถุง ูŠุญุชูˆูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุดูุฑุฉ ูƒูˆุฏูŠุฉ ุจู‡ุง ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ู…ู† ุถู…ู†ู‡ุง ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒู‡ุŒ ูุฅุฐุง ู…ุง ุนู…ู„ู†ุง ู…ุนุงูŠุฑุฉุŒ ุจูˆุถุนู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฌู‡ุงุฒุŒ ูˆูƒุงู† ุงู„ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒ ุงู„ู†ุงุชุฌ ู‡ูˆ ู†ูุณ ุงู„ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุญุตู„ ุนู„ูŠู‡ ุงู„ุฌู‡ุงุฒ ุนู†ุฏ ู…ุณุญู‡ ู„ุดูุฑุชู‡ุ› ูุฅู† ุงู„ุฌู‡ุงุฒ ุณูŠู‚ุจู„ ู…ุญู„ูˆู„ ุงู„ูุญุต ูˆูŠุนุทูŠูƒ ุงุดุงุฑุฉ ุชุฏู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู† ูƒู„ ุดูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุง ูŠุฑุงู…,,, ุงู…ุง ุงุฐุง ู„ู… ุชูƒู† ู†ุชูŠุฌุฉ ูุญุต ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒ ุงู„ูƒุงู„ุจุฑูŠุชุฑ ู…ุชุทุงุจู‚ุฉ ู…ุน ู…ุง ุญุตู„ ุนู„ูŠู‡ ู…ู† ุดูุฑุชู‡ุ› ุณูŠุฑูุถ ุงู„ุฌู‡ุงุฒ ุงู„ู…ุญู„ูˆู„ ุงู„ู…ุนู†ูŠุŒ ูˆุนู„ูŠูƒ ุงู† ุชุฌุฏ ุงู„ุณุจุจ.... ู‚ุฏ ูŠูƒูˆู† ู…ุญู„ูˆู„ ุงู„ูุญุต ุบูŠุฑ ุตุงู„ุญ ูˆุนู„ูŠูƒ ุงุณุชุจุฏุงู„ู‡ุŒ ุงูˆ ุงู† ุงู„ู…ุญู„ูˆู„ ุงู„ุนูŠุงุฑูŠ ู‡ูˆ ู†ูุณู‡ ุบูŠุฑ ุตุงู„ุญ ุงูˆ ุงู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุงุณุจุงุจ ุงุฎุฑู‰ ูƒุนุฏู… ุงุณุชู‚ุฑุงุฑ ุงู„ุชูŠุงุฑ ุงู„ูƒู‡ุฑุจูŠ ุงูˆ ุงู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุญุงุฌุฉ ู„ุตูŠุงู†ุฉ ุงู„ุฌู‡ุงุฒ ู„ู„ุชุฃูƒุฏ ู…ุซู„ุง ู…ู† ุงู†ุณุฏุงุฏุงุช ุงูˆ ุงูˆุณุงุฎ ุงูˆ ุงู„ุชุฃูƒุฏ ู…ู† ู„ู…ุจุฉ ุงูˆ ุฎู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงุณ ูˆูˆูˆูˆุงู„ุฎ ุงุณุจุงุจ ูƒุซูŠุฑุฉ ู‚ุฏ ุชุฌุนู„ ู…ู† ู…ุญู„ูˆู„ ุงู„ูุญุต ู…ุฑููˆุถุงู‹.
๐Ÿ‘Œุจุงู„ู…ุฎุชุตุฑ ูุฃู† ุงู„ุงุณุชุงู†ุฏุงุฑุฏ ูŠุณุชุฎุฏู…: ู„ุฃู†ุชุงุฌ ุงุณุชู†ุฏุงุฑุฏ ุงุฎุฑ ุงู‚ู„ ู†ู‚ุงูˆุฉ ู†ูˆุนุงู‹ ู…ุงุŒ ุงูˆ ู„ุฅูŠุฌุงุฏ ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒ ู…ุงุฏุฉ ุงุฎุฑู‰ ู…ุฌู‡ูˆู„ุฉุŒ ุจูŠู†ู…ุง ุงู„ูƒุงู„ุจุฑูŠุชุฑ ูŠุณุชุฎุฏู… ู„ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ู…ุง ุงุฐุง ูƒุงู† ุฌู‡ุงุฒ ู…ุง ุงูˆ ุงุฏุงุฉ ู…ุง ูŠุนู…ู„ ุงูˆ ุชุนู…ู„ ุจุดูƒู„ ุตุญูŠุญ ุงู… ู…ุญุชุงุฌ ู„ุถุจุท..
ูู…ุซู„ุง ุงุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ู‚ุทุนุฉ ุญุฏูŠุฏ ูˆุฒู‡ุง ูˆุงุญุฏ ูƒูŠู„ูˆ ุฌุฑุงู….. ู‚ุทุนุฉ ู…ุซู„ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ุณุชุฎุฏู…ุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ูŠุฒุงู† ุงู„ูƒูู‘ูŠ... ูู…ู…ูƒู† ุงุณุชุฎุฏู…ู‡ุง ูƒู€ ุงุณุชุงู†ุฏุงุฑุฏ ู„ุงูŠุฌุงุฏ ูˆุฒู† ุณู„ุนุฉ ู…ุงุŒ ุจูˆุถุน ู‚ุทุนุฉ ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุฏ ุฐุงุช ุงู„ูˆุงุญุฏ ูƒูŠู„ูˆ ุฌุฑุงู… ููŠ ุงุญุฏู‰ ูƒูุชูŠ ุงู„ู…ูŠุฒุงู† ูˆูˆุถุน ุงู„ุณู„ุนุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ูƒูุฉ ุงู„ุงุฎุฑู‰ ... ู‡ู„ ู‡ู…ุง ู…ุชุณุงูˆูŠุงู† ุงู… ุงู† ุงู„ุณู„ุนุฉ ูˆุฒู†ุงู‡ุง ุงุนู„ู‰ ุงูˆ ุงู‚ู„.. ูˆู…ู…ูƒู† ุงุณุชุฎุฏู… ู‚ุทุนุฉ ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุฏ ู‡ุฐู‡ ูƒู€ ูƒุงู„ุจุฑูŠุชุฑ ู„ู…ุนุงูŠุฑุฉ ู…ูŠุฒุงู† ุฑู‚ู…ูŠ ู…ุซู„ุงู‹ . ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ู…ูŠุฒุงู† ุฑู‚ู…ูŠ ูˆุชุฑูŠุฏ ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ู‡ู„ ูŠุนู…ู„ ุจุดูƒู„ ุตุญูŠุญ ุงู… ู„ุงุŒ ูุชุถุน ู‚ุทุนุฉ ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุฏ ุฐุงุช ุงู„ูˆุงุญุฏ ูƒูŠู„ูˆุฌุฑุงู… ุนู„ูŠู‡ุŒ ูˆุชู†ุธุฑ ูƒู… ูˆุฒู†ู‡ุง ุนู„ูŠู‡ ูุชุนุฑู ุนู†ุฏู‡ุง: ู‡ู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูŠุฒุงู† ูŠุนู…ู„ ุจุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุตุญูŠุญุฉ ุงู… ูŠุญุชุงุฌ ู„ุถุจุท.

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๐Ÿ”ฏPituitary Tests

Introduction: -
Pituitary disease, like other endocrine disease, is fairly common, and is generally treatable if (and only if!) you discover it on time.

The Adenohypophysis ("anterior pituitary")
โ‡ถproduces ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH, GH, and prolactin.

๐Ÿ’ข If the input from the hypothalamus is interrupted, the adenohypophysis makes more prolactin and less of everything else.

๐Ÿ”บHyperpituitarism: -
is defined as too much of one (or maybe two) of the hormones from the adenohypophysis.

๐Ÿ’ขThis may be due either to autonomous overproduction
(i.e., from a primary adenoma here, true adenocarcinoma of the adenohypophysis is very rare from excess production of hypophyseal stimulating factors or underproduction of inhibiting factors, or loss of inhibition following destruction of other endocrine glands. โ˜žSome genetic syndromes are also known.

๐Ÿ”ปHypopituitarism
("Simmonds's disease"): -
is defined to mean loss of one or more (often all) of the hormones from the adenohypophysis.
โ—Patient needs to lose about 75% of the mass of the adenohypophysis before any clinical changes occur.

โ—Žโ—โ” @Biochem_Lab โ”โ—โ—Žโ€ข

๐Ÿ†”Panhypopituitarism : - indicates loss of most or all of the hormones of the adenohypophysis.
The illness is underdiagnosed and deadly.

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โ™ฆ๏ธ Neurohypophysis
(posterior pituitary)

โžก๏ธ is composed of the axons of hypothalamic neurons.
๐Ÿ”ปThe "pituicytes" are modified glial elements.

๐Ÿ”ปYou may notice
"Herring bodies" here, composed of ADH and maybe oxytocin awaiting release.

๐Ÿ”ปThe other hormone secreted here is, of course, oxytocin.

๐Ÿƒ๐Ÿƒ๐Ÿƒ

๐Ÿ”ทThe Pars Intermedia (PI)

โžก๏ธ which seems to be vestigial in humans.

๐Ÿ”น consists of a few colloidal cysts that look like thyroid gland
, but are actually remnants of Rathke's pouch and the presumed origin of the craniopharyngioma.

๐Ÿ”น The pars intermedia contains some odd breakdown products of the endorphin-and-ACTH precursor molecule.

๐Ÿ…ฑยบยฐโ€˜ยจ([ @Biochem_Lab ])ยจโ€˜ยฐยบ๐Ÿ…ฑ

๐Ÿ”น It's long been known that the PI enables frogs and chameleons ๐ŸฆŽchange skin color .

๐Ÿ”นnow we know this is done by chromogranin.

๐Ÿƒ๐Ÿƒ๐Ÿƒ

๐Ÿ”ถMost hormones are secreted in spurts "pulsatile".

๐Ÿ”ธFor these, a random sample of blood isn't much use in determining whether your patient is making enough of a particular hormone.

๐Ÿ”ธTo confirm endocrine insufficiency, you'll usually perform a Stimulation Test.

๐Ÿ”ธ In other words, you'll do something that should make the patient produce the hormone in question.

๐Ÿ”ธ If enough of the hormone does not appear in the blood, you have confirmed that disease is present.

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โ˜ฏNB! 
In generalized anterior pituitary failure, loss of the hormones follows a predictable sequence :-
๐Ÿ‘‰First growth hormone goes
("...I don't feel good")
๐Ÿ‘‰then FSH/LH
("...My libido is gone")
๐Ÿ‘‰then TSH and ACTH (danger to life)

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๐Ÿ”บHigh โ†‘ ACTH

โ™Low dose dexamethasone suppression test:-
2 mg of dexamethasone, a synthetic glucocorticoid, given at midnight, should drop one's ACTH and cortisol to near-zero by 8 AM.

โ—Other protocols exist.
โ™High dose dexamethasone suppression test: 8 gm of dexamethasone is usually enough to suppress an ACTH-producing pituitary adenoma and the cortisol production that results from it.

๐Ÿ…ฑยบยฐโ€˜ยจ([ @Biochem_Lab ])ยจโ€˜ยฐยบ๐Ÿ…ฑ

โ—Other protocols exist.
๐Ÿ’ข Of course, this has no effect on an oat cell carcinoma, thymoma, or carcinoid that is pumping out ACTH and/or CRF, or on an adrenal cortical adenoma that is putting out cortisol autonomously.

๐Ÿ†”Midnight salivary cortisol to screen for cushingism.
This is now becoming popular, and cutoffs for various kinds of patient are being determined.

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๐Ÿ”ปLow โ†“ ACTH

Screening tests based on spot-drawn hormonal levels have some use, but results are often indeterminate.

๐Ÿ‘‰CRH test: Give corticotropin releasing hormone by vein. Look for an appropriate increase in ACTH and cortisol.

๐Ÿ‘‰Insulin tolerance test: Give insulin to drop the blood glucose below 40 mg%.
Look for an appropriate increase in serum cortisol.

๐Ÿ…ฑยบยฐโ€˜ยจ([ @Biochem_Lab ])ยจโ€˜ยฐยบ๐Ÿ…ฑ

๐Ÿ‘‰ ACTH stimulation test: Give ACTH and see if you get a cortisol and aldosterone response.
Of course this is really testing the adrenal gland's ability to respond, but if the pituitary hasn't been making ACTH, the adrenal will be atrophic.

๐Ÿ’ขYou can repeat the test over the next few days, and if the response is better each time, the problem is in the pituitary; if not, the problem is in the adrenal.

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๐Ÿ”บADH Highโ†‘
In suspected "syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion", the basic findings (hyponatremia not otherwise explainable, inappropriately high urine sodium levels and concentration, no edema, good response to water restriction) are a lot more help than any additional labs.

๐Ÿ’ขNB! Don't order a plasma ADH if you're looking for SIADH

๐Ÿ”ปADH Lowโ†“
You'll suspect ADH deficiency when your patient is putting out a lot of urine that is hypotonic (SG <1.010, concentration <300 milliosmoles/L).

๐Ÿ…ฑยบยฐโ€˜ยจ([ @Biochem_Lab ])ยจโ€˜ยฐยบ๐Ÿ…ฑ

โ˜ฏRestrict water for a while, perhaps overnight and/or until the patient is uncomfortable. If the urine does not rise above 1.010 SG / 300 mOSM/L, you have diabetes insipidus. To see whether ADH deficiency is the cause (rather than a kidney tubule problem), give an injection of ADH (as desmopressin).

โžฟExperienced physicians may administer hypertonic saline to get the test over with, and/or assay plasma ADH before and during the procedure.

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๐Ÿ”บFSH / LH High โ†‘
Spot checks are okay.
Most patients with pituitary adenomas producing gonadotropins make alpha and beta chains rather than intact hormones.

๐Ÿ”ปFSH / LH Low โ†“
Baseline levels are okay, and you can also order estrogen and testosterone levels.

โ™ Check for normals for age and sex; remember that if a post-menopausal woman's FSH and LH levels aren't high, something may be wrong.

๐Ÿ’ขGnRH test: If you must do a stimulation test, this is the way to see whether FSH and LH can be raised.

๐Ÿ…ฑยบยฐโ€˜ยจ([ @Biochem_Lab ])ยจโ€˜ยฐยบ๐Ÿ…ฑ
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โœจ๐Ÿƒ๐Ÿ‚๐ŸŒบ๐Ÿƒ๐Ÿ‚๐ŸŒบ๐Ÿƒ๐Ÿ‚๐ŸŒบ
โœจ๐Ÿƒ๐Ÿ‚๐ŸŒบ๐Ÿƒ๐Ÿ‚๐ŸŒบ๐Ÿƒ๐Ÿ‚๐ŸŒบ
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๐Ÿ”บGrowth Hormone Highโ†‘

โžฟHigh โ†‘ Low โ†“
Rather than do a suppression test, you should probably just get a spot IGF-I, at least for starters.
Giants and acromegalics can have normal spot growth hormone levels.

๐Ÿ”ปGrowth Hormone Low โ†“
Recently it was fashionable to just get a spot IGF-I assay.
In growth hormone deficiency, it will be low.

Nowadays, especially for "adult growth hormone deficiency", some clinitions prefer a stimulation test.

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โ–ซ Arginine test: A large amount of arginine is infused slowly by vein.

โ–ซ GHRH test: Growth hormone releasing hormone is given by vein.

โ–ซ Insulin tolerance test: Give insulin to drop the blood glucose below 40 mg%.

โ–ซ L-DOPA test: A big dose of L-Dopa is given orally.

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๐Ÿ”บProlactin High โ†‘
Various suppression tests have been proposed, but a series of spot-checks in the morning seems to be the usual.

๐Ÿ”ปProlactin Low โ†“
TRH test: A dose is given by vein. This should greatly increase prolactin.

โ˜ฏ NB! The curious side effect of intravenous TRH is urinary incontinence.
You have been warned.

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