-ing clauses

✳️ Ingliz tilida bir necha gaplar qatnashgan qoʻshma gaplarda gapning hokim (asosiy) va ergash (ikkinchi darajali) qismlarini ajratib koʻrsatish uchun clause atamasi qoʻllaniladi.
✳️ Hokim gap - main clause, ergash gap - subordinate clause deb ataladi. Ergash gaplar hokim gapsiz hech qanday ma'no anglatmaydi, lekin hokim gap bilan qoʻllanilganda hokim gapda ifodalangan ish-harakatning mazmunini toʻldirib, sababini, paytini, tarzini bildirib keladi. Biz oʻrganmoqchi boʻlgan mazkur mavzuda gerundiy orqali ifodalangan ergash gapning (ing clause) oʻziga xosliklari koʻrib chiqiladi.
✳️ -ing clause gapni ixchamlashtirish, ega bir shaxs boʻlganida uni qayta takrorlamaslik uchun qoʻllaniladi. Misol uchun quyidagi vaziyatni koʻrib chiqamiz:
🔸Feeling tired, I went to bed early. (Charchab, men erta uxlashga yotdim.)
Bu misolda Feeling tired - -ing clause, I went to bed early - main clause hisoblanadi. Bu gapda -ing clause hokim gapda ifodalangan ish-harakatning sababini bildirib kelmoqda.

✳️ -ing clause hokim gap va -ing clauseda ish-harakat bajaruvchisi bitta shaxs boʻlgan qoʻllanish holatlarini koʻrib chiqamiz:
1️⃣ agar ikkita ish harakat bir vaqtda davom etib turgan boʻlsa:
🔸She was sitting in an armchair reading a book. (U kresloda kitob oqib oʻtirgan edi.)

2️⃣ oʻtgan zamonda bir ish-harakat davom etib turganida boshqa ish-harakat sodir boʻib oʻtsa, davomiy ish harakat uchun -ing clause qoʻllaniladi.
🔸Jim hurt his arm playing tennis. (Jim tennis oʻynayotib qoʻlini jarohatladi.)

3️⃣ when/while bog'lovchilari bilan ham qulaylik uchun -ing clause qoʻllanilishi mumkin.
🔸Be careful when/while crossing the street. (Koʻchadan oʻtayotganda ehtiyot boʻl.)

✳️ Agar ikkita ish-harakatdan birinchisi tugallanib, keyin ikkinchisi sodir boʻlganini bildirmoqchi boʻlsak gap boshida having + V3 (ed) bilan boshlanadigan -ing clause qoʻllanishimiz lozim.
🔸Having finished our work, we went home. (Ishimizni tugatib, biz uyga ketdik.)
🔸Having found a hotel, we looked for somewhere to have dinner. (Mehmonxona topib, biz kechki ovqat uchun biror joy qidirdik.)

✳️Yuqoridagi qurilma majhul nisbatda having been+V3(ed) shaklida qoʻllaniladi.
🔸Having been warned about the bandits, he left his valuables at home. (Qaroqchilardan ogohlantirilgandan keyin u qimmatli buyumlarini uyda qoldirdi.)
🔸Having been bitten twice, the postman refused to deliver our letters unless we chained our dog up.

⚠️ Agar ikkita ketma-ket ish-harakat orasida juda qisqa oraliq boʻlsa, birinchi ish-harakat uchun oddiy -ing clause qoʻllashimiz kerak.
🔸Taking a key out of his pocket, he opened the door. (Choʻntagidan kalitni olib, u eshikni ochdi.)

✳️Boshqa holatlarda gap boshida kelgan -ing clause hokim gapdagi ish-harakatning sababini bildirib keladi.
🔸Being unemployed, he is often short of money. (Ishsiz boʻlgani tufayli u tez-tez puldan qiynalib qoladi...sabab)
🔸Not knowing what to do, she resigned to shoplifting. (Nima qilishni bilmasdan u doʻkonlardan narsalarni oʻg'irlay boshladi...sabab)
🔸Feeling tired, I went to bed early. (Charchaganimdan men uxlashga erta yotdim...sabab)

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📗Phrasal verbs - Fe'lli birikmalar📗

🔹catch up with - yetishib olmoq
🔹check in - ro’yxatdan o’tmoq
🔹check out - mehmonhonani tark etmoq; tekshirib ko’rmoq
🔹drop off - mashinada tashlab qoymoq
🔹get back - qaytmoq
🔹go away - ta’tilga chiqmoq
🔹keep up with- yetishib olmoq
🔹make for - ga tomon ketmoq
🔹pick up -mashinada biror kishini olish uchun toxtamoq
🔹pull in - mashinada yo’l chetida toxtamoq
🔹run over - mashinada urib yubormoq
🔹see off - kuzatib qoymoq
🔹set out/off- yo’lga chiqmoq
🔹take off - uchmoq
🔹turn round - orqaga burilmoq


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🌴List of Prepositional Phrases "AT"


☘️ at (a) high speed
☘️ at (the) risk (of)
☘️ at / by one’s side
☘️ at / for a fraction of
☘️ at / from the outset
☘️ at / in the end
☘️ at / on sight
☘️ at / on the double
☘️ at a / one time
☘️ at a disadvantage
☘️ at a discount
☘️ at a distance
☘️ at a glance
☘️ at a guess
☘️ at a loose and
☘️ at a loss
☘️ at a low ebb
☘️ at a moment’s notice
☘️ at a price
☘️ at a rate of
☘️ at a speed of
☘️ at a standstill
☘️ at all costs
☘️ at all events
☘️ at an advantage
☘️ at any cost
☘️ at any rate
☘️ at breakfast
☘️ at ease (with)
☘️ at face value
☘️ at fault
☘️ at full strength
☘️ at hand
☘️ at heart
☘️ at home (with)
☘️ at issue
☘️ at large
☘️ at least
☘️ at length
☘️ at liberty
☘️ at most
☘️ at night
☘️ at noon
☘️ at odds with
☘️ at once
☘️ at one’s best
☘️ at one’s discretion
☘️ at one’s disposal
☘️ at one’s leisure
☘️ at one’s request
☘️ at peace / war (with)
☘️ at play
☘️ at present
☘️ at random
☘️ at sea
☘️ at the / in front of
☘️ at the age of
☘️ at the beginning
☘️ at the expense of
☘️ at the foot of
☘️ at the hands of
☘️ at the height of
☘️ at the latest
☘️ at the mercy of
☘️ at the peak of
☘️ at the same time
☘️ at the thought of
☘️ at the time of
☘️ at the top of
☘️ at this juncture
☘️ at times
☘️ at war with
☘️ at work


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​​​​​​​​​​Tartib sonlar — Ordinal numbers

Ingliz tilida tartib sonlar va ularning o'qilishi:

1st – first — birinchi
2nd – second — ikkinchi
3rd – third — uchinchi
4th – fourth — to‘rtinchi
5th – fifth — beshinchi
6th – sixth — oltinchi
7th – seventh — yettinchi
8th – eighth — sakkizinchi
9th – ninth — to‘qqizinchi
10th – tenth — o‘ninchi
11th – eleventh — o‘n birinchi
12th – twelfth — o‘n ikkinchi
13th – thirteenth — o‘n uchinchi
14th – fourteenth — o‘n to‘rtinchi
15th – fifteenth — o‘n beshinchi
16th – sixteenth — o‘n oltinchi
17th – seventeenth — o‘n yettinchi
18th – eighteenth — o‘n sakkizinchi
19th – nineteenth — o‘n to‘qqizinchi
20th – twentieth — yigirmanchi

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✅ Xarakterni Ifodalovchi so'zlar

🔻 decent — odobli, yaxshi xulqli
🔻 indecent — beadab
🔻 honest — to‘g‘riso‘z
🔻 fair — to‘g‘riso‘z, adolatli
🔻 sincere — samimiy
🔻 dishonest — g‘irrom, noinsof
🔻 innocent — aybsiz, begunoh
🔻 guilty — aybdor
🔻 criminal — jinoyatchi
🔻 kind — mehribon
🔻 hostile — adovatli, dushmanlik
🔻 gentle — yuvosh, beozor
🔻 polite — odobli, xushmuomalali
🔻 rude — qo‘pol
🔻 generous — saxiy
🔻 close-fisted — qizg‘anchiq, qurumsoq
🔻 talkative — gapdon, ko‘p gapiradigan
🔻 sociable — kirishimli, dilkash
🔻 reserved — vazmin
🔻 docile — itoatli
🔻 disobedient — itoatsiz, gapga kirmaydigan
🔻 strict — talabchan
🔻 mild — yumshoq, muloyim
🔻 reliable — ishonchli
🔻 changeable — o‘zgaruvchan
🔻 brave — mard, jasur
🔻 courageous — mard
🔻 coward — qo‘rqoq
🔻 timid — jur'atsiz, tortinchoq
🔻 reasonable — ongli, idrokli
🔻 prudent — mulohazali, o‘ylab ish qiladigan
🔻 light-minded — yengiltak
🔻 cautious — ehtiyotkor
🔻 incautious — beparvo

📋 #Vocabulary

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🥳🥳🥳🥳🥳🥳🥳🥳🥳🥳🥳
May the first day of autumn and the 30 anniversary of our independence be blessed!👇

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🔎So'zlashuvda ko'p ishlatiladigan eng kerakli iboralar:

📌I am afraid you are wrong – Afsuski siz adashyapsiz
📌I didn't catch the last word – Oxirgi gapingizni (so’z) tushunmadim
📌If I am not mistaken – Adashmasam
📌In other words – Boshqa so’zlar bilan
📌In short – Xullas (qisqasi)
📌It doesn't matter – muhim emas (farqi yo’q)
📌It is a good idea – Bu yaxshi fikr
📌It is new to me – Bu men uchun yangilik
📌Let us hope for the best – Keling, yaxshi niyat qilaylik.
📌On the one hand – Bir tomondan
📌On the other hand – Boshqa tomondan

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✳️Some/any/no va undan yasalgan olmoshlar test yechish sirlari✅ Imtixon uchun maxsus

⚠️Muxim ma’lumot: Some va any mavzusidan test yechishda birinchi gap inkor darak yoki so’roqliga qarang…
1️⃣Some – bir oz deb tarjima qilinib otlar oldidan ishlatiladi va faqat darak gaplarda ishlatiladi.(so’roq va inkor gaplarda ishlatilmaydi)
2️⃣Any – bironta, bir qancha deb tarjima qilinib odatda inkor va so`roq gaplarda ishlatiladi.( darak gaplarda ishlatilmaydi. Any darak gapda istalgan bir degan ma’noda ishlatilishi mumkin. Odatda ko’pincha so’roq va inkor gaplarda ishlatiladi)
3️⃣No – yo’q deb tarjima qilinadi odatda darak gaplarda ishlatiladi ( inkor gaplarda ishlatilmaydi)
4️⃣Some/any va no olmoshlaridan yasalagan olmoshlar tepadagi qoidalarga bo’ysinadi.
5️⃣Someone/somebody va something olmoshlari faqat darak gaplarda ishlatiladi.
6️⃣Anyone/anybody va anything so’roq va inkor gaplarda ishlatiladi
7️⃣No one/nobody va nothing darak gaplarda ishlatiladi inkor gaplarda hech qachon ishlatmang.
8️⃣Some olmoshi sanalmaydigan otlar va ko’plikdagi otlar oldidan ishlatiladi.
9️⃣Any olmoshi sanalmaydigan otlar va ko’plikdagi otlar oldidan ishlatiladi.( Any istalgan ma’nosida birlikdagi ot oldidan kelishi mumkin)
1️⃣0️⃣No olmoshi istalgan ot bilan ishlatiladi lekin hech qachon inkor gapda ishlatmang.
1️⃣1️⃣Someone, somebody, something, anyone, anybody, anything, nobody, no one, nobody va none olmoshlardan kegin ot kelmaydi. None books bo’lmaydi- no books bo’ladi. Something books emas, some books bo’ladi.
1️⃣2️⃣Some/any va no o’zidan kegin ot talab qiladi agarda gapning o’rtasida kelsa ya’ni bu so’zlar gapning o’rtasida bitta o’zi ishlatilmaydi orqasidan ot kelishi kerak. Gapning oxirda otsiz yolg’iz kelshi mumkin ammo o’rtasida emas…
1️⃣3️⃣Somebody/nobody/anybody of them holida hap tuzilmaydi.
1️⃣4️⃣Hammasni tarjimasni yaxshilab o’rganing tepadagi qoidalarni yodlab oling kerak bo’ladi endi testlarni yechamiz…

1. . Choose the correct answer.
Have you got … books on this subject?
A) anything B) nothing C) any D)some

❗️Izoh: some va any mavzusidagi testlari yechish uslubi oddiy siz xato javoblarni chiqarib tashlash yo’li orqali yechiladi. A va B javobdi chiqarib tashlaymiz sababi anything va nothing o’zidan kegin ot olmaydi yoki otning olididan kelmaydi. D javobni chiqarib tashlaymiz sababi biz someni so’roq gaplarda ishlatmasdik some faqat darak gaplarda ishlatiladi shu sababli D javob ham chiqin ketadi. To’g’ri javob C any so’roq gaplarda ishlatsak bo’ladi.

2. Choose the correct answer.
Some people don’t know ... about car engines.
A) nothing B) anybody C) something D) anything

❗️Izoh: Chiqarib tashlash usuli orqali ishlang. Gapimiz inkor bo’lganligi sababli No va undan yasalagan olmoshlarni chiqarib tashaymiz shu sababli A javob chiqarib tashlaymiz sababi nothing inkor gaplarda ishlatilmaydi. C javobni chiqarib tashlaymiz sababi something faqat darak gaplarda ishlatiladi. Inkor gaplarda biz Something ishlatmaymiz shu uchun C javob xato. Inkor gaplarda biz anybody va anything ishlataolamiz ammo buyerda “Bazi odamlar mashina dvigateli haqida hechnarsa bilmaydi” demoqchi shu uchun D javob to’g’ri…

3. Choose the correct answer.
I’d like some cola, but we haven’t got ....
A) nothing B) some C) any D) something

❗️Izoh: Chiqarib tashlash uslubi orqali ishlang; Gapimiz inkor shu sababli B va D javob chiqib ketadi sababi Some va Something inkor gaplarda ishlatilmaydi. A javob ham chiqib ketadi sababi Nothing inkor gaplarda ishlatilmaydi shu uchun A javob ham xato. Any inkor gaplarda ishlatiladi gapning oxirda yolg’iz ishlatilishi mumkin. To’g’ri javob C


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✳️NOUN + PREPOSITION + GERUND✳️
⚠️Yodlab oling
▪️art of -da mahorat
▪️astonishment at -dan hayratga tushish
▪️apology for - uchun uzr
▪️choice of tanlangan narsa
▪️disappointment at hafsalasi pir bo‘lish
▪️excuse for -dan bahona
▪️experience in -da tajriba
▪️fear of -dan qo‘rquv
▪️habit of -da ko‘nikma
▪️hope of -dan umid
▪️idea of fikr, g‘oya
▪️importance of muhimlik
▪️intention of -ga qasd qilish
▪️interest in -ga qiziqish
▪️means of -ning vositasi
▪️method for (method of) uchun uslub
▪️necessity of -da zarurat
▪️objection to -ga e’tiroz
▪️opportunity of -ga qulay imkoniyat
▪️plan for uchun reja
▪️pleasure of -dan rohatlanish
▪️possibility of -ga imkoniyat
▪️preparation for uchun tayyorgarlik
▪️problem of -ning muammosi
▪️process of -ning jarayoni
▪️reason for uchun sabab
▪️right of huquqi
▪️skill in -da mahorat
▪️surprise at -dan ajablanish
▪️way of -ning yo‘li (vositasi)

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📹 7. Raymond Murphy qizil kitobi.Ingliz tilini 0 dan o'rganish.Countable/uncountable #2

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📹 8. Raymond Murphy qizil kitobi.Ingliz tilini 0 dan o'rganish.a,an/the article

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Phrases & Collocations

Best - eng yaxshi
Make the best of sth - qiyin ishni imkon qadar muvaffaqiyatli bajarmoq
Do your best - g'ayrat qilmoq
The best at sth/doing - da zo'r, eng yaxshi bo'lmoq

Chance - imkoniyat; ehtimollik
Have/get a chance to do - biror nima qilishga imkoniyat bo'lmoq
Take a chance to do - biror nima qilish uchun imkoniyatdan foydalanmoq
Have a chance of doing - biror nima qilishning ehtimoli bo'lmoq
Some/little/etc. chance of (your) doing - biror nima qilishga biroz/juda kam imkoniyat/ehtimollik bo'lmoq.
The chances of (your) doing - (sizning) biror nima qilishingiz ehtimolligi/imkoniyati
Take a chance (on sth) - tavakkal qilmoq
Chance of a lifetime - hayotda bir marta beriladigan imkon

Go - bormoq
Your go - sening navbating
Have a go - harakat qilmoq, urinmoq

Height - balandlik
In height - balandlikda
(Be) afraid of heights - balandlikdan qo'rqmoq
Height of sth - biror davr yoki vaziyatning cho'qqisi, qizg'in nuqtasi

Mad - jinni
Mad about/on sth/sb/doing - ni juda yaxshi ko'rmoq, yoqtirmoq
Go/become mad - 1) mukkasidan ketmoq; 2) jahli chiqmoq

Pleasure - zavq
Take pleasure in sth/doing - dan zavq olmoq
Get/gain pleasure from sth/doing - dan zavq olmoq

Popular - mashhur
Popular with/among - bilan/orasida mashhur

Side - tomon, taraf
On the opposite side - qarama-qarshi tomonda
On the far side - uzoq tomonda
Side with sb - ...ni tarafini olmoq
On the winning/losing side - g'olib bo'layotgan/yengilayotgan tomonda

Talent - talant, qobilyat
Have a talent (for sth/doing) - ga talanti, qobilyati bor bo'lmoq
Talent contest - musobaqa

Time - vaqt
On time - vaqtida
(Just) in time - vaqtida (arang o'z vaqtida)
The whole time - butun vaqt
High/about time - allaqachon vaqt bo'ldi
Take your time doing - ...ni bemalol, shoshilmay bajarmoq
Take time to do - ...ni bajarish uchun vaqt olmoq
Sth takes up your time - (nimadir) vaqt(ingiz)ni olmoq
Spend time doing - ( foydali) nimadir qilishga vaqt sarflamoq
At/for a certain time - ma'lum bir vaqtda/ma'lum vaqt davomida
Time passes - vaqt o'tmoq
Find time to do - ...ni bajarish uchun vaqt topmoq
Make/find time for sth - ...uchun vaqt topmoq
For the time being - hozir
Have a good/nice time (doing) - (ni bajarib) vaqtni yaxshi o'tkazmoq
Tell the time - soatni aytmoq
Free/spare/leasure time - bo'sh vaqt

Turn (a)round/away - yuzini boshqa tomonga burmoq
Turn sth over - boshqa kanalga olmoq
In turn - navbatda
Take turns/take it in turns (to do) - navbati bilan bajarmoq
Your turn (to do) - ( bajarish) sizning navbatingiz.


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