❇️THE Article 1-qism❇️
1️⃣ Biz gapiryotgan ot tinglovchiga yoki o’quvchiga ma’lum bo’lsa, u bilishiga ishonsak aniq artiklini ishlatamiz:
🔹 It is the oldest building in the town.
🔸Bu shahardagi eng qadimiy bino(shaharda eng qadimiy bino bitta tinglovchi buni biladi)
🔹 When we stayed at my grandmother’s house, we went to the beach every day.
🔸Biz buvimnikida qolganimizda, biz har kuni sohilga borardik(tinglovchiga ma’lum dunyodagi har qanday sohilmas buvimni uyiga eng yaqin sohil)
🔹Dad, can I borrow the car? –
🔸Dada, mashinani olsam maylimi(ko’chadagi har qanday mashina emas, oilangizga tegishli mashina dadangizga malum)
2️⃣.Dunyoda yagona otlar oldidan aniq artikl ishlatamiz : The sun, the moon, the earth, the world…etc
🔹The moon is very bright tonight
🔸Bugun oqshom oy juda yorqin(tinglovchiga oy ma’lum chunki boshqa oy yo’q oy bitta)
3️⃣ Ot ikkinchi marta tilga olinsa aniq artikl ishlatamiz
🔹I ate an apple yesterday. The apple was juicy and delicious.
🔸Kecha bitta olma yedim. Olma suvli va mazali edi(Olma so’zi 2-marta tilga olinganda the ishlatdik chunki tinglovchi yo o’quvchiga 2-marta aytganda allaqachon malum qaysi olma 1 marta aytilgandagi olma)
4️⃣.Birlikdagi ot butun bir sinfni, turni, bildirib kelsa aniq artikl ishlatamiz(agar ot ko’plikda bo’lsa the ishlatilmaydi)
🔹The kangaroo is found only in Australia.
🔸Kenguru faqat Avstraliyada uchraydi(The kangaroo= butun kengurular sinfini bildirib kelyabdi)
🔹The giraffe is the tallest of all animals
🔸 Jirafa hayvonlarning eng uzuni(The giraffe butun Jirafalarni bildirib kelyabdi The giraffes deb bo’maydi.)
5️⃣Musiqa asboblari butun sinfi umumlashitilganda aniq artikl ishlatiladi. Ya’ni musiqiy asboblari doim the ishlatiladi faqat bitta musiqa asbobi narazda tutilmasa.Ya’ni bitta bor degan mano a/an artikli bilan ishlatiladi. Umumiy hamma osha musiqa asboblari haqida gapirsak the ishlatiladi. Pianinoni yaxshi chalaman buyerda the ishlatiladi sababi hamma pionioni haqida gapiryabsiz aynan bitta dona emas. Menda bitta pianino bor desangiz a ishlatasiz. Sababi o’zi gapizdan ma’lum bitta dona deyabsiz.
🔹I have a piano
🔸Menda pianino bor(bitta dona, bor degan ma’noda musiqa asboblari a/an bilan ishlatiladi)
🔹Mastering the piano takes years of study.
🔸Pianonadan usta bo’lish yillab o’qishni talab etadi(bitta pianino emas, hamma piano tushunilyabdi)
6️⃣Biz yashaydigan yerdagi doimo muntazam boradigan yerlarimiz masalan bank, pochta, shahar sartaroshxona shunga o’xshash joylarga biz the artiklni ishlatamiz. Sababi tinglovchi/o’quvchi ongida biz doim boradigan joy ma’lum, shaxarda mingda sartaroshxona bo’lshi mumkin lekin biz doimo boradigan sartaroshxona aniq bitta sartaroshxona. Sizlarga bir nechta misol keltiraman bu joylar doim the artikli bilan ishlatiladi: the bank, the library, the grocery store, the post office, the doctor, the dentist the(corner) store, the pharmacy, the gas station, the office, the gym, the hospital, the hairdresser, the nail salon, the barber… etc
🔹She usually goes to the gym after work
🔸U odatda ishdan so’ng sport zalga boradi.
🔹You should go to the dentist more often
🔸Siz tish do’xtirga tez tez borishiz kerak(katta shaxarda yashasangiz minglab banklar, sartaroshxona, tish shifokori bo’lshi mumkin ammo barbir the ishlatamiz sababi siz tinglayotgan odam biladi siz aniq bir joyni siz doimo boradigan joyni tasvirlayotganizni)
8️⃣Ko’plikdagi butun oilani anglatuvchi familyalar bilan the ishlatamiz. Oila nomi ko’plikda kelsa va butun oila a’zolarni nazarda tutsa the ishlatiladi
🔹Do you know the Aldersons? – Aldersonlarni bilasizmi?
🔸The Parkers are coming for dinner tonight. – Kechki ovqatga Parkerlar kelyabdi.
9️⃣Agar sifat butun odamlar sinfini hammasni tariflasa the ishlatamiz: the rich- boylar, the blind – ko’rlar
🔹The rich get rich, and the poor stay poor.
🔸Boylar boyiydi, kambag’allar kambag’aligicha qoladi.
🔹The honest are respected.
🔸Halol odamlar hurmat qilinadi.

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❇️THE Article 2-qism❇️
9️⃣Ortirma darajadagi sifatlar (superlative adjectives) oldidan the ishlatamiz.
🔹Jill is the most intelligent girl in the class.
🔸 Jill sinfdagi eng aqilli qiz
1️⃣0️⃣Oxirgi harfi sh, ch, yoki ese bilan tugagan millat nomlari the bilan ishlatiladi. Qolgan ko’plikdagi millat nomlar the bilan yoki the artiklisiz ishlatilishi mumkin(The Americans yoki Americans)
🔹The English are industrious
🔸Inglizlar mehnatkash
1️⃣1️⃣Tartib sonlar oldidan the ishlatamiz.
🔹This is the first time I've ridden a horse.
1️⃣2️⃣ Only, next, last, same, right and wrong + ot(noun) kelsa the ishlatamiz:
🔹When is the next train to Cambridge?
1️⃣3️⃣Kino nomlari(the Rex) mehmonxona nomlari(The Ritz Hotel) teatrlar nomlar( the Palace Theatre), muzey nomlar(The British Museum), gazeta va jurnal nomlari(the Times), kema nomlari(the Mary Rose) tashkilot nomlari(The European Union) gallelerya nomlari( the Tate Gallery) mashxur binolar(the Taj Mahal) san’at asarlari nomlari(the Mona Liza) oldidan the ishlatamiz. Nomlar of bilan kelsa ko’pincha the ishlatamiz(the University of Chicago)
1️⃣4️⃣ Okean(the Atlantic), daryo(the Nile) ,dengiz(the Caspian Sea) , kanal(the British Channel), bo’goz(The Magellan Strait) sahro,(the Sahara Desert) sharshara(The Niagara Falls), dovon(The Saint Gotthard Pass) ko’l (the Baikal, lekin ko’l nomi oldida lake so‘zi kelsa artikl ishlatilamaydi Lake Ohio) tog’ tizmalari(The Alps, lekin alohida tog‘ cho‘qqilari artiklsiz ishlatiladi Elbrus) orol guruhlari(The British Isles, yakka orol nomlari artiklsiz ishlatiladi Madagascar) yarim orolar Peninsula so’zi bilan(The Balkan Peninsula, lekin peninsula so’zisiz orol nomlari artiklsiz ishlatiladi Scandinavia ) ko’rfaz(the Persian Gulf ) the artikli bilan ishlatiladi.
1️⃣5️⃣Davlat mahkamalari, tashkilotlar, siyosiy partiyalar nomlari the artikli bilan ishlatiladi(the Liberal Party, the National Trust, the Church, the London City Council, the Supreme Soviet.)
1️⃣6️⃣Til nomlari «language» so’zi bilan kelganda aniq artikl ishlatiladi. Lekin til nomlari yakka kelsa, English, French va boshqa otlar ingliz tili, fransuz tili ma’nosida kelganda artiklsiz ishlatiladi: (the English language, the Italian language,)
1️⃣7️⃣Fasllar nomi ko‘pincha aniq artikl bilan ishlatiladi:
🔹The summer was exceptionally trying in the town
🔸Shaharchada yoz o‘z hukmini o‘tkazayotgan edi
1️⃣8️⃣School, university, college, bed, prison, jail, hospital, church so’zlari agar bino tushunulsa umumiy qoidaga qarab olinadi artikl. Agar siz bu joylarga tashrif buyurvchi bo’lsangiz biror yumush uchun borsangiz aniq artikl ishlatamiz. Agar siz uyerga taluqli bo’lsangiz masalan maktabga- o’quvchi bo’lib, qamoqxonaga- maxbus bo’lib borsangiz artiklsiz ishlatiladi.
🔹Mother went to the school yesterday to attend a parents’ meeting.
🔸Ota-onalar majlisiga qatnashish uchun onam kecha maktabga bordi(onam buyerda maktabga tashrif buyuruvchi ota onalar majlisi uchun bormoqda)
🔹Jeny is ten years old. Every day she goes to school.
🔸Jeny o‘n yoshda. Har kuni u maktabga boradi.(buyerda Jeny maktab o’quvchisi shu sababli artikilsiz ishlatilmoqda).
1️⃣9️⃣ Most + of + noun.
Ma’lum shaxs yoki buyumlar haqida gapirganimizda, most of dan keyin kelgan otga aniq artikl ishlatamiz:
🔹Most of the flowers in the garden were planted by the school children.
🔸Bog‘dagi gullarning ko‘plari o‘quvchilar tomonidan o‘tqazilgan edi.(malum bir gullarning ko’pi dunyodagi hamma gullar emas)
2️⃣0️⃣Of so’zi bilan kelgan otlar ko’pi aniq artikl bilan ishlatiladi(the Isle of Man)
2️⃣1️⃣ Mamlakatlar, joylar va shahar nomlari oldida artiklsiz ishlatiladi: Ammo ba’zi mamlakatlar, joylar va shahar nomlari oldida aniq artikl ishlatiladi: The Ukrain — Ukraina, The Crimea — Qirim, The Congo — Kongo The Netherlands — Niderlandiya(Gollandiya), The Ruhr — Rur, The Lebanon- Livan, The Caucasus — Kavkaz, The Transvaal — Transval, The Hague — Gaaga, The Argentine — Argentina, The Riviera — Rivyera

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Testda hammaga omad tilayman.
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✳️If conditional testlarini yechish usullari✳️

Bilaman buni o’qiyotgan bo’lsangiz sizda bu mavzudan biror tushunmovchilik bor yoki qiynalyabsiz. Bu tabbiy ko’p test yechuvchilar real yoki noreal harakat desa bo’ldi to’rmiz bo’lib qoladi yoki tushuntirishga qaramasdan testga kelganda tarjima urg’u beraman deydi o’zicha Amerikani kashf qilishmoqchi bo’lishadi qo’ying Amerikani joyiga, u oldinam bor edi… Ota bobongiz qilgan ishni qiling ustozlar o’rgatgan yo’llardan yuring. Meni balkim ustoz deb tan olmasiz ammo men sizga 1ta zo’r va ishonchli yo’lni o’rgataman If conditional bo’yicha. Qani kettik!!!

❗️1-qadam. Qaysi qismga javobni qo’yish kerakligini aniqlab olamiz. Ya’ni biz javobni IF qismgami yoki If qatnashmagan qismga qo’yishimiz kerakligini aniqlab olamiz. Masalan: If I forget his birthday, Andrey... upset. Bu testda biz javobni IF qatnashmagan qismga qo’yishimiz kerak ekan. Testlar asosan shunaqa bir tomonga qo’yishga asoslanib keladi. Bilvodingiza 1-qadam qaysi tomonga qo’yish kerakligini aniqlab olamiz. Agarda biz javobni If qatnashgan qismga qo’yishimiz kerak bo’lsa, javob varaintlaridagi would va will qatnashgan javoblarni chiqarib tashlaymiz
❗️2-qadam. Endi biz qo’yishimiz kerak bo’gan qismni emas, fe’l qo’yilgan qismga qaraymiz,Masalan; If I forget his birthday, Andrey... upset. Buyerda I forget jumlasiga qaraymiz. Bu misolda ham I forget jumalasi Present Simple turibdi. Demak biz bu qaysi formulaga tushishga qaraymiz. If gap agar Present Simple bo’lsa, ikkinchi qism yoki Simple Present yoki Future zamonida bo’ladi. Ya’ni Zero yoki First conditional to’g’ri keladi. Muximi qo’yish kerak bo’lgan qism emas, ikkinchi qismni zamoni aniqlasak tepadagi formulalarga qo’yamiz Misollar orqali ko’ramiz.
⚠️Muxim eslatmalar:
▪️Gapizning biror qismi past tense bo’lsa javoblardagi present va future turgan javoblarni chiqarib tashaymiz.
▪️If qismda would va will ishlatilmaydi

1. Choose the correct answer
I’ll answer his letter at once if he… to me
A) writes B)write C) will write D) would write

1- qadam. Qaysi qismga javob qo’yish kerakligini aniqlaymiz. Demak buyerda if qatnashgan qismga javob qo’yshimiz kerak ekan. Endi If qismga qo’yishimiz kerak bo’lsa doim javob variantlarida will va would qatnashgan javobni chiqarib tashlaymiz. C va D javob chiqarib tashaymiz sababi IF qismda will va would kelmaydi.
2- qadam. Ikkinchi qismni zamoniga qaraymiz, I’ll answer turibdi demak If qism present simple bo’lishi kerak. Ega he bo’lganligi sababli A javob to’gri.

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✳️WIsh Gaplar✳️

Wish ishtirok etgan gaplarda so’zlovchi hozirgi holatning boshqacha bo’lishini xohlaydi. Shuning uchun ham gapdagi “wish” so’zini “qani edi…” deb tarjima qilamiz. Bunday gaplarda berilgan mazmun haqiqatga to’g’ri kelmaydigan bo’ladi, shuning uchun hozirgi va kelasi zamondagi ish-harakatlarni ifodalash uchun o’tgan zamon ishlatiladi. Bu gaplar noreal gaplar hisoblanadi huddi If gaplarni 2 va 3 turidagi kabi. Va wish gaplar noreal gaplar bo’lganligi sababli bitta zamon pastga tushadi yani present uchun past, past uchun past perfect zamon ishlatiladi. Endi bittalab ko’rib chiqamiz.
▪️Rule 1 – Wish gaplar hozirgi, kelasi va o’tgan zamondagi sodir bo’lmayidgan, hayoliy yoki mavjuda bo’lmagan vaziyatlar uchun ishlatiladi. Bu wish ifodalagan gaplar noreal yani haqiqiy vaziyat aytilgan gapning esa teskari bo’ladi.
🔹I wish I had today off – Qaniydi, bugun dam olsam ( asl vaziyatda u bugun ishlayabdi)
▪️Rule 2 – Biz wishni biror narsa biz xohlaganimizdek emas ekanligidan afsuslanishni aytishda ishlatamiz.
🔹 I wish I knew Paul’s phone number – Qaniydi, men polning raqamini bilsam edi. (buyerda gapiruvchi bilmaydi polni raqamini va bunga afsuslanyabdi, pushaymon bo’lyapti. Hammasi u xohlagandek emas sababi u nomerni balsam edi deyabdi u bilishni hohlayabdi va bilmaganidan pushaymonligini aytmoqda)

✅Hozirgi zamon. Wishni hozirgi zamon uchun ishlatsak biz wish + Past simple holida gap tuzamiz:Biz If gaplarda I, she, he, it olmoshlarida uchun were ishlata olganimiz kabi I wish I were holida ham gap tuza olasiz. Wish gaplarda ham siz he, she, it va I olmoshlari uchun were ishlatishingiz mumkin.
🔹I wish Anna were here. – Qaniydi, Anna shuyerda bo’lsa
Izoh: Anna hozir buyerda emas shu sababli bu hayoliy tasavvurdagi noreal gap asl vaziyat u buyerda emas. Shu uchun biz Anna were holida gap tuzyabmiz.
✅O’tgan zamon. Biz wish gaplarda hozirgi zamon uchun o’tgan zamon ishlatgandik. Endi o’tgan zamonning o’zi o’tgan tugallangan zamon bilan ifodalanadi. Mana bu gapga e’tibor qarating:
🔹 I wish I had gone to the cinema yesterday – Qani edi, kecha kinoteatrga borganimda edi.
So’zlovchi kecha kinoga bormagan, endi hozir afsuslanib, kecha borganida yaxshi bo’lishini nazarda tutib gapirayapti. O’tgan zamondagi ish-harakat (had gone) o’tgan tugallangan zamon bilan ifodalangan.
✅Kelasi zamon. Wish ishtirokidagi noreal gaplarda kelasi zamonni ifodalash uchun “will” yordamchi fe’lining o’tgan zamon shakli “would”dan foydalanamiz. E’tibor bering:
🔹I wish I would go to London next year – Qani edi, kelasi yil men Londonga borganimda edi.
So’zlovchi bu gap bilan kelasi yil o’zining Londonga bora olishini imkonsiz, deb hisoblaydi. Noreal gap bo’lganligi sababli kelasi zamondagi sodir etilishi ehtimoli bo’lmagan ish-harakat (would go) o’tgan zamondagi kelasi zamon bilan ifodalanayapti.
⚠️Biz wish…..would qolipini biror narsa sodir bo’lishi yoki o’zgarishini xohlasak ishlatamiz. Asosan hozirgi yoki kelasi zamondagi NOROZILIK, QARSHILIK va SHIKOYATga nisbatan ham ishlatilishi mumkin.
🔹I wish you would stop making so much noice – Qani edi siz ko’p shovqin qilmasangiz.
Men hozir yoki kelajakda (bundan keyin) sizning shovqin qilishingizga QARSHIMAN va shovqin qilayotganligingizdan SHIKOYAT qilayapman.
❗️Qachon would va qachon past simple ishlatilishi:
Agarda siz biror narsani siz xohlagandek emas ekanligini aytishda wish+ past simple ishlating. Hech qachon would ishlatmang bunday gaplar uchun would biror narsani o’zgarishi norozilik, shikoyat uchun ko’proq masalan:
🔹 I wish I had a car. – Qaniydi mashinam bo’lsa edi. (buyerda gapruvchi nimanudur sodir bo’lshini yoki o’zgarishini, yoki shikoyat qilmayadi shunchaki hozirgi vaziyat u xohlagandek emas ekanligini u mashinasi bo’lshini xohlashini aytmoqda)
🔸 I wish somebody would buy me a car – Qaniydi kimdr menga mashina sotvolishini xohlardim

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✅Vocabulary time

20 popular phrasal verbs🇺🇿

⏩Break up-ajralmoq

Meaning: to end a relationship
Example: John and Mary broke up after 7 months of dating.

⏩Bring up-aytib o'tish

Meaning: to mention something
Example: Remember, don’t bring up Mary’s breakup when you talk to her.

⏩Carry on-Davom etmoq

Meaning: to continue doing what you have been doing
Example: Sorry, I didn’t mean to interrupt. Carry on with your speech.

⏩Carry out- Amalga oshirmoq

Meaning: to perform a task or assignment
Example: I couldn’t carry out my plan for the month.

⏩Come across-insonlarni sifatlashda ishlatiladi

Meaning: to seem or appear to have a specific quality, to make a certain impression on someone
Example: John comes across as a very positive person.

⏩Find out-aniqlamoq

Meaning: to learn of or discover facts/information about something or someone
Example: I wanted to find out where Helena was from, I couldn’t tell by her accent.

⏩Get along-yaxshi chiqishish

Meaning: to have a friendly relationship with someone
Example: Alice and Sue get along very well, they never fight.

⏩Get over-Tuzalmoq

Meaning: to recover from a difficult or upsetting experience
Example: John can’t get over his breakup with Mary, it’s all he can think about.

⏩Give up-Taslim bo'lmoq, tashlamoq

Meaning: to stop trying to do something due to a lack of success
Example: Joan and Peter didn’t give up, they are still trying to have a baby.

⏩Go on-Davom etmoq

Meaning: to continue
Example: The teacher waited for the students to quiet down before he went on explaining

⏩Look after-G'amxo'rlik qilmoq

Meaning: to take care of someone, attend to
Example: Tom’s parents look after his kids when he has to work on the weekends.

⏩Look forward to-Intizorlik bilan kutmoq

Meaning: to anticipate something
Example: I’m looking forward to meeting my brother’s new girlfriend.

⏩Look up-Ma'lumot qidirmoq

Meaning: to search for information
Example: My professor uses such difficult language that I have to look words up in a dictionary.

⏩Put off-Qoldirish

Meaning: postpone
Example: He had to put off the meeting because he was very busy.

⏩Put up with-Chidamoq

Meaning: to endure or tolerate
Example: I can’t put up with your behavior anymore.

⏩Take over-qabul qilmoq

Meaning: to assume control over something
Example: Mrs. Jones, the math teacher, is taking a maternity leave and Mrs. Green will be taking over.

⏩Take up-biror mashg'ulotni boshlash

Meaning: to develop an interest in something
Example: Greg took up hiking, because he wanted to spend more time outdoors.

⏩Try on-Kiyib ko'rmoq

Meaning: to put on an item of clothing in order to see if it fits
Example: These shoes look amazing.

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🔷In time or On time🔷
Ikkalasi ham “vaqtida” deb tarjima qilinishi mumkin. Ammo “in time” iborasining “vaqtidan bir oz oldinroq”, “on time” iborasining esa “ayni vaqtida”, degan ma’nosi bor. Misollarda ko’ramiz:
Agar uchrashuv vaqti soat 9:00 qilib belgilangan bo’lsa:

▪️ 8:30 da yetib kelsangiz, vaqtidan oldinroq yetib kelgan bo’lasiz – IN TIME;

–▪️uchrashuvga 8:50 da yetib kelsangiz, bir oz vaqtliroq kelgan bo’lasiz – IN TIME;

–▪️agar 8:58 da yetib kelsangiz, uchrashuvga 2 daqiqa ertaroq kelgan bo’lasiz – IN TIME.

ON TIME iborasi ish-harakatning ayni kutilgan, kelishilgan vaqtning o’zida sodir bo’lishini anglatadi. Yuqoridagi uchrashuv misolida agar kishi soat 9:00 yetib kelgan bo’lsa, demak uning yetib kelishi “ON TIME” bilan ifodalanishi mumkin.

“Just” so’zi har ikki ibora bilan ishlatilishi mumkin. Bu so’z faqatgina “aynan shu vaqtning o’zida” degan ma’noni anglatib, ish-harakatning o’ta aniq bo’lgan vaqtda bajarilishini ifodalaydi. Misol uchun:

▪️He came just in time to meet Tom- U Tomni uchratish uchun ayni vaqtida keldi (vaqtidan bir oz oldinroq keldi, shunday vaziyatda keldi-ki, agar bir oz kech qolganida kechikkan bo’lardi).

▪️He came just on time to meet Tom – U Tomni uchratish uchun ayni vaqtida keldi (u oldinroq ham kelmadi, kechikib ham qolmadi, Tomni uchratish uchun uchrashuv vaqtining ayni o’zida keldi).

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