🔰-ing clauses🔰
✅4-Maslahat☝️✅

✳️ Ingliz tilida bir necha gaplar qatnashgan qoʻshma gaplarda gapning hokim (asosiy) va ergash (ikkinchi darajali) qismlarini ajratib koʻrsatish uchun clause atamasi qoʻllaniladi.
✳️ Hokim gap - main clause, ergash gap - subordinate clause deb ataladi. Ergash gaplar hokim gapsiz hech qanday ma'no anglatmaydi, lekin hokim gap bilan qoʻllanilganda hokim gapda ifodalangan ish-harakatning mazmunini toʻldirib, sababini, paytini, tarzini bildirib keladi. Biz oʻrganmoqchi boʻlgan mazkur mavzuda gerundiy orqali ifodalangan ergash gapning (ing clause) oʻziga xosliklari koʻrib chiqiladi.
✳️ -ing clause gapni ixchamlashtirish, ega bir shaxs boʻlganida uni qayta takrorlamaslik uchun qoʻllaniladi. Misol uchun quyidagi vaziyatni koʻrib chiqamiz:
🔸Feeling tired, I went to bed early. (Charchab, men erta uxlashga yotdim.)
Bu misolda Feeling tired - -ing clause, I went to bed early - main clause hisoblanadi. Bu gapda -ing clause hokim gapda ifodalangan ish-harakatning sababini bildirib kelmoqda.

✳️ -ing clause hokim gap va -ing clauseda ish-harakat bajaruvchisi bitta shaxs boʻlgan qoʻllanish holatlarini koʻrib chiqamiz:
1️⃣ agar ikkita ish harakat bir vaqtda davom etib turgan boʻlsa:
🔸She was sitting in an armchair reading a book. (U kresloda kitob oqib oʻtirgan edi.)

2️⃣ oʻtgan zamonda bir ish-harakat davom etib turganida boshqa ish-harakat sodir boʻib oʻtsa, davomiy ish harakat uchun -ing clause qoʻllaniladi.
🔸Jim hurt his arm playing tennis. (Jim tennis oʻynayotib qoʻlini jarohatladi.)

3️⃣ when/while bog'lovchilari bilan ham qulaylik uchun -ing clause qoʻllanilishi mumkin.
🔸Be careful when/while crossing the street. (Koʻchadan oʻtayotganda ehtiyot boʻl.)

✳️ Agar ikkita ish-harakatdan birinchisi tugallanib, keyin ikkinchisi sodir boʻlganini bildirmoqchi boʻlsak gap boshida having + V3 (ed) bilan boshlanadigan -ing clause qoʻllanishimiz lozim.
🔸Having finished our work, we went home. (Ishimizni tugatib, biz uyga ketdik.)
🔸Having found a hotel, we looked for somewhere to have dinner. (Mehmonxona topib, biz kechki ovqat uchun biror joy qidirdik.)

✳️Yuqoridagi qurilma majhul nisbatda having been+V3(ed) shaklida qoʻllaniladi.
🔸Having been warned about the bandits, he left his valuables at home. (Qaroqchilardan ogohlantirilgandan keyin u qimmatli buyumlarini uyda qoldirdi.)
🔸Having been bitten twice, the postman refused to deliver our letters unless we chained our dog up.

⚠️ Agar ikkita ketma-ket ish-harakat orasida juda qisqa oraliq boʻlsa, birinchi ish-harakat uchun oddiy -ing clause qoʻllashimiz kerak.
🔸Taking a key out of his pocket, he opened the door. (Choʻntagidan kalitni olib, u eshikni ochdi.)

✳️Boshqa holatlarda gap boshida kelgan -ing clause hokim gapdagi ish-harakatning sababini bildirib keladi.
🔸Being unemployed, he is often short of money. (Ishsiz boʻlgani tufayli u tez-tez puldan qiynalib qoladi...sabab)
🔸Not knowing what to do, she resigned to shoplifting. (Nima qilishni bilmasdan u doʻkonlardan narsalarni oʻg'irlay boshladi...sabab)
🔸Feeling tired, I went to bed early. (Charchaganimdan men uxlashga erta yotdim...sabab)
#grammar

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@grammar_ingliz

✴️Vocabulary Time✴️

#vocabulary

😋FRUITS AND MEALS
(Mevalar va ovqatlar)

1.🍎Apple - Olma
2.🍐Pear - Nok
3.🍊Orange - Apelsin
4.🍋Lemon - Limon
5.🍌Banana - Banan
6.🍉Water-melon - Tarvuz
7.🍇Grape - Uzum
8.🍓Strawberry - Qulupnay
9.🍈Melon - Qovun
10.🍒Cherry - Olcha
11.🍑Peach - Shaftoli
12.🍍Pineapple - Ananas
13.🥝Kivi - Kivi
14.🍅Tomatoe - Pomidor
15.🍆Aubergine - Baqlajon
16.🥒Cucumber - Bodring
17.🥕Carrot - Sabzi
18.🌽Maize - Makkajo'xori
19.🌶Pepper - Qalampir
20.🥔Potato - Kartoshka
21.🍠Turnip - Sholg'om
22.🌰Onion - Piyoz
23.🥜Peanut - Yeryong'oq
24.🍯Honey - Asal
25.🍞Bread - Non
26.🧀Cheese - Pishloq
27.🥚Egg - Tuxum
28.🥓Sausage - Kolbasa; sosiska
29.🍗Chicken - Jo'ja(pishirilgani)
30.🍖Beef - Mol go'shti
31.🍕Pizza - Pitsa
32.🌭Hot-dog - Hot-dog
33.🍔Hamburger - Gamburger
34.🍟Crisps/Chips - Chipslar
35.🥗Salad - Salat
36.🍢Kabab - Kabob(shashlik)
37.🍦Ice-cream - Musqaymoq
38.🎂Cake - Tort
39.🍬Candy - Konfet
40.🍫Chocolate - Shokolad
41.🍿Pop-Corn - Pop-korn
42.🍩Biscuit - Pecheniy
43.🥛Milk - Sut
44.☕️Coffee - Kofe
45.🍺Beer - Pivo
46.🍹Cocktail - Kokteyl
47.🍾Champagne - Shampan
48.🍲Soup - Sho'rva
49.🍤Bacon - Cho'chqa go'sht
50.🍵Tea - Choy

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@grammar_ingliz

People and society

#Topic_vocabulary

🔹Relationship - rishta
🔸Connection - aloqa

🔸Blame - ayb
🔹Fault - xato

🔹Old - 1) eski; 2) katta, qari
🔸Ancient - qadimiy

🔹Crowd - olomon,omma
🔸Audience - auditoriya, tomoshabin

🔹Enjoy - rohatlanmoq
🔸Please - xursand qilmoq

🔹Support - ta'minlamoq
🔸Assist - yordam bermoq

🔹Kind - mehribon
🔸Polite - xushmuomala

🔹Sympathetic - hamdard, achinadigan
🔸Likeable - yoqimtoy

🔹Nervous - asabiy
🔸Bad-tempered - tez asabiylashadigan

🔹Sensitive - ta'sirchan, yig'loqi
🔸Sensible - aqlli, ma'noli, bamani

🔹Company - ulfatchilik
🔸Group - guruh

🔹Popular - mashhur ,sevimli
🔸Famous - mashhur, taniqli

🔹Typical - o'ziga xos
🔸Usual - odatiy
🔹Ordinary - oddiy

🔹Close - yaqin, qalin (rishta)
🔸Near - yaqin (joy)

🔹Unknown - noma'lum
🔸Infamous - yomon otlig', yomon nom chiqargan

#vocabulary
@grammar_ingliz

Some verbs can be followed by the full infinitive or the -ing form.
The choice depends on the meaning.

🟢 remember + full infinitive
do something you are/were planning to do
I'm glad I remembered to do my homework.

🟢 remember + -ing
think of a past event
I remember teachers at my school hitting children when they were naughty!

🟢 forget + full infinitive
not do something you are/were planning to do
I forgot to turn up for my driving test yesterday. How silly!

🟢 forget + -ing
not be able to remember a past event
I'll never forget taking my driving test for the first time. It was awful!

🟢 try + full infinitive
make an effort to achieve something
I'm really going to try to pass these exams.

🟢 try + -ing
do something as an experiment to solve a problem
If you don't know what that word means, try looking it up in a dictionary.

🟢 stop + full infinitive
interrupt an action to do something else
I was busy writing an essay but I had to stop to answer the phone.

🟢 stop + -ing
stop an action
Please stop talking!

🟢 go on + full infinitive
stop one action and start another
Jared attended Chichester Comprehensive and then went on to study philosophy at Cambridge.

🟢 go on + -ing
continue
The kids went on laughing even after the teacher had told them to stop.

🟢 learn/teach + full infinitive
learn/teach a skill
I'd love to learn to paint well.

🟢 learn/teach + -ing
learn/teach a subject
She teaches painting at a local adult education centre.

🟢 like + full infinitive
be in the habit of; think it right to do
We like to interview candidates in person before offering them a place on the course.

🟢 like + -ing
enjoy
Do you like learning foreign languages?

🟢 mean + full infinitive
intend
I didn't mean to cheat. I just happened to see Helen's book.

🟢 mean + -ing
involve
Being at university often means learning to live on your own.

#grammar
@grammar_ingliz

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Testda hammaga omad tilayman.
Testga do'stlaringizni ham taklif eting.

👉 @grammar_ingliz

🔰Eng koʻp ishlatiladigan iboralar

Let's go. — qani ketdik
Me too. — men ham
My name is ... —mening ismim ....
Never mind. — qo'rqinchli emas
Next time. — keyingi safar
Nice to meet you. — tanishganimdan xursandman
No problem. — muammo yo'q
No, thank you. — yoʻq, rahmat
No way. — bo'lishi mumkin emas
Not yet. — hali emas
Nothing else. — Boshqa hech narsa
On the left. — chapga
On the right. — oʻngga
Over here. — bu erda
Over there. — ana u erda
Right here. — Mana shu yerda
Right there. — U erda
Rise and shine! — koʻtarilib va porlagan
See you later. — Ko'rishguncha
See you soon. — tezda koʻrishguncha
See you tomorrow. — Ertaga ko'rishguncha
Shut up! — Og'zingni yop
Sit down, please. — O'tiring marhamat
Stand back. — Orqaga turing
Start the car. — Avtomobilni boshlang
Step aside. —Bir chetga surib qo'ying
Take care. — oʻzingizni extiyot qiling
#speaking
#ielts
@grammar_ingliz

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#Ingliz_tili

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🔰ERGASHTIRUVCHI BOG‘LOVCHILAR🔰
✅3-Maslahat☝️✅
☑️Quyidagilar payt ergash gaplarni bog‘laydi:
▪️After - keyin
🔸After the steamer had left the port, we sent a telegram to the buyers
🔹Paroxod portni tark etgach, biz xaridorlarga telegramma yubordik
▪️As -da
🔸As I was coming here, I met your brother
🔹Bu yoqqa kelayotganimda men akangizni uchratdim.
▪️as long as - to, qadar
🔸As long as you insist on these terms, we shall not be able to come to an agreement with you.
🔹To siz shu shartlarga turib olar ekansiz, biz siz bilan kelisha olmaymiz
▪️as soon as - gach, bilan
🔸He will do it as soon as he comes home.
🔹U uyiga kelishi bilan (kelgach) bu ishni qiladi.
▪️since -dan buyon
🔸What have you been doing since I last saw you?
🔹Sizni men oxirgi marta ko‘rganimdan buyon nima qilayapsiz
▪️until (till) –maguncha (-gacha)
🔸I shall stay here until (till) I have finished my work.
🔹Men ishimni tugatmagunimcha (tugatganimcha) shu yerda bo‘laman
▪️while -da, paytida, vaqtida
🔸While the legal adviser was drawing up the contract, we were discussing the specification of the goods.
🔹Yuristimiz shartnomani tuzayotganida biz mollarning xususiyatlarini muhokama qildik.
☑️Quyidagilar sabab ergash gaplarni bog‘laydi:
▪️as - uchun, sababli
🔸As I have not read the book, I cannot tell you anything about it.
🔹Men kitobni o‘qib chiqmaganim sababli, u haqda biror narsa deyolmayman.
▪️because - chunki
🔸I cannot do it now because I am very busy.
🔹Men buni hozir qila olmayman, chunki juda bandman.
▪️since - sababli, modomiki
🔸Since the documents have not arrived, we cannot load the goods.
🔹Modomiki hujjatlar yetib kelmagan ekan, biz mollarni yuklay olmaymiz.
▪️for - uchun
🔸He walked quickly, for he was in a great hurry.
🔹U tez yurdi, chunki u juda shoshilardi.
▪️seeing (that) ko‘rib, bilib, sababli
🔸Seeing (that) he is ill today, we shall have to postpone the meeting.
🔹Uning kasalligi tufayli, majlisni qoldirishimizga to‘g‘ri keladi

✅Davomi pastda kòring👇

#grammar
@grammar_ingliz

🔰ERGASHTIRUVCHI BOG‘LOVCHILAR BOSHI TEPADA🔰
☑️Quyidagilar shart ergash gaplarni bog‘laydi:
▪️if - agar
🔸He will sent the letter tomorrow if you send it off now.
🔹Agar siz xatni hozir jo‘natsangiz, u uni ertaga oladi.
▪️on codition (that)- shu shart bilan, bo‘lsa
🔸I will lend you the book on condition (that) you return it on Monday.
🔹Men sizga kitobni dushan- ba kuni qaytarib berish sharti bilan berib turaman.
▪️provided (that), providing (that) - agar, sharti bilan
🔸We shall be able to ship the goods at the end of May provided (that) the order is received immediately.
🔹Agar buyurtma zudlik bilan olinsa, biz mollarni may oyining oxirida yuklay olamiz
▪️supposing (that)- agar, faraz qilaylik, boringki
🔸Supposing (that) he doesn’t come, who will do the work?
🔹Boringki u kelmasa, ishni kim qiladi?
▪️unless - agar, -masa
🔸I shall go there tomorrow unless I am too busy.
🔹Agar juda band bo‘lmasam men u yerga ertaga boraman.
☑️Quyidagilar maqsad ergash gaplarni bog‘laydi
▪️lest -maslik maqsadida,-masligi uchun
🔸They wrapped the instruments in oilcloth lest they shuld be damaged by sea water.
🔹Asboblar dengiz suvidan zararlanmasligi uchun ularni klyonka bilan o‘radilar.
▪️so that, in order that, that uchun, maqsadda
🔸I gave him the book so that (in order that, that) he might study the subject at home.
🔹Uyida o‘qisin deb men kitobni unga berdim.
☑️Quyidagi bog‘lovchilar ravish ergash gaplarni bog‘laydilar:
▪️as dek, -day, -ga o‘xshatib
🔸I’ll do it as you told me.
🔹Men buni siz aytganingizdek qilaman.
▪️as if (as though) xuddi
🔸You answer as if (as though) you did not know the rule.
🔹Siz xuddi qoidani bilmagandek javob berasiz.
▪️so … that shunday … bo‘lganligi uchun
🔸The sea was so stormy that the vessel could not leave the port.
🔹Dengizda shunday dovul ediki, kema bandargoh (port) ni tark eta olmadi.
▪️such … that shunday … bo‘lganligi uchun
🔸There was such a storm that day that the vessel could not leave the port.
🔹O‘sha kuni dengizda shunday dovul ediki kema bandargoh(port) ni tark eta olmadi
☑️Quyidagi bog‘lovchilar qiyoslash ergash gaplarini bog‘laydi
▪️as … as –dek, kabi
🔸I get up as early as you do.
🔹Men sizdek erta turaman.
▪️(not) so … as –dek … emas
🔸The book is not so interesting as I thought
🔹Kitob men o‘ylaganimdek qiziq emas
▪️than -ga qaraganda
🔸He returned sooner than we had expected.
🔹U biz kutganimizga qaraganda ertaroq qaytib keldi.
☑️Quyidagilar natija ergash gaplarni bog‘laydi:
▪️so - that uchun
🔸The loading of the goods was completed on Monday so that on Teusday the ship was able to leave the port.
🔹Seshanba kuni kema portni tark eta olishi uchun mollarni yukash dushanba kuni tugallandi.
☑️Quyidagi bog‘lovchilar to‘siqsiz ergash gaplarni bog‘laydi:
▪️in spite of the fact that - ga qaramasdan
🔸He went out in spite of the fact that he had a bad cold.
🔹Qattiq shamollaganiga qaramasdan u tashqariga chiqdi.
▪️though (although) -ga qaramasdan, garchi, -sa ham
🔸He speaks English perfectly though (although) he has never been to England.
🔹U Anglyada hech qachon bo‘lmagan bo‘lsa ham, ingliz tilida mukammal gapiradi.

♻️Do'stlarizga ham ulashishni unutmang

#grammar
@grammar_ingliz

✳️Majhul Nisbat✳️
✅2-Maslahat☝️✅
1.Agar gapning egasi gapdagi ish-harakatni bajaruvchisi bo‘lsa, fe’l
oddiy nisbatda (The Active Voice) ishlatiladi:
🔸Pushkin wrote «Poltava» in 1828.
🔹Pushkin «Poltava» she’rini 1828-yilda yozgan
1.Agar ish harakat bajaruvchisi ega bo’lmasa, ish-harakat egani ustida bajarilsa biz majhul nisbat(Passive Voice) ishlatamiz.. Bunda gapning egasi ish-harakat ta’siri ostida bo‘ladi fe’l majhul nisbatda (The Passive Voice) ishlatiladi:
🔹«Poltava» was written by Pushkin in 1828.
🔸«Poltava» 1828-yilda Pushkin tomonidan yozilgan.
❗️Majhul nisbatni biz to be feliga + P.P shaklini qo’shish orqali yasaymiz bunda to be zamonga qarab o’zgaradi
🔷Present Form Passive Voice
▪️I am invited
▪️I am not invited
▪️Am I invited?
Hamma zamonlarni yasalishni qisqacha pastdagi jadval orqali tushunib olasiz.


🤷‍♂️Sizlarda savol tu’gilishi mumkin nega doim biz Active voice ishlatsak bo’lmaydimi? Hozir biz sizlar bilan Passive Voice nega ishlatshimizni va bizga nega kerakliligni ko’rib chiqamiz
1️⃣. Ish harakatni bajaruvchisi nomalum bo’lsa, kim qilganini bilmasak.
🔸A lot of money was stolen in the robbery
🔹O’girlikda juda ko’p pul o’girlangan
❗️Buyerda kimdur o’grilagan lekin biz kim o’g’irlaganini bilmaymiz
2️⃣ Ish harakatning bajaruvchi aniq bo’lsa ham ishlatamiz. Bunda ishni barajuvchi bizga juda ham aniq va kim bajarganini bilamiz. Va uni takidlashni istamaymiz
🔻Masalan: bu fel bE born
❗️My mother born me on June 14rd . 1993.❌
⚠️Bu misolga etibor bering manimca bunaqa deb hech kim aytmasa kerak va bu juda kulgili va noqulay shunaqa vaziyatlardan qochish uchun bazida Passive Voice ishlatamiz
❗️I was born on June 14rd . 1993✅
3️⃣. To’ldiruvchiga e’tiborni qaratish kerak bolsa. Bunda ish bajaruvchisi muxim bo’lmaydi va focus to'ldiruvchiga qaratiladi.
👀Bu misolga etibor bering
🔹English speakers frequently use the passive voice
💡Biz hozir Passive Voice o’tyotganimiz uchun biz e’tiborni passive voice so’ziga qaratmoqchi bo’lsak
🔸The passive voice is frequently use by English speakers
❗️Buyer endi hamma e’tibor focus to’ldiruvchiga qaratildi
4️⃣ Gaplarda bir xillikdan qochish uchun ishlatamiz
🔻He did A then he did B after that he did C
💡Bu juda zerikarli o’quvchi va eshtuvchi uchun bunaqa gaplarni eshtish juda zerkarli. Agar siz gapni bu tarzda o’zgartirsangiz
❗️He did A. C wasn’t done until he completed B
5️⃣ Avoid responsibility. Ya’ni biror ko’ngilsiz vaziyatda javobgarlikdan qo’chish uchun.
a)Bu qovun tushirib qo’ysangiz vaziyatdan chiqib ketish uchun ishlatishingiz mumkin bazida
❗️Siyosiy arboblar ko’pincha bundan foydalanadi Masalan:
🔹Mistakes were made- Xato qilindi
💡Tasavur qiling agar bu Active voice bo’lganda qanday bo’lardi
I made a mistake – Men xato qildim😁 Biror bir deputat shunaqa dedimi(hazil)
b)Ko’ngilsiz vaziyatda aybdorni aytishni xoxlamasak
🔻A lot of mistakes have been made(instead of “You have made a lot of mistakes”)
❗️Ko’p xato qilindi biz buyerda Siz ko’p xato qildingiz deyishni o’rniga Passive Voice foydalanmiz.
🔻🔻🔻🔻🔻🔻🔻🔻🔻🔻🔻🔻🔻🔻🔻🔻🔻🔻🔻🔻
❇️Endi sizlarga qanday qilib Active Voice ni Passive aylantirishni ko’rib chiqamiz. Buning uchun bizga 6 qadam kerak.
❗️Bitta Active voice dagi gapni tanlab olamiz.
▪️Children ate the cake
1️⃣ Qadam
🔹Siz aktiv gapning egasini fe’lini va to’ldiruvchisni aniqlab olishiz kerak.
❗️Ega(Children) fe’l (ate) to’ldiruvchi(the cake)
2️⃣Qadam
🔹Siz to’ldiruvchini yangi gapning egasi qilishingiz kerak.
❗️The cake
3️⃣ Qadam
🔹Aktiv gapning zamoni aniqlashingiz kerak
❗️“Children ate the cake” bu gap qaysi zamonda albatta o’tgan zamon
4️⃣ Qadam
Siz yangi gapning egasidan keyin aktiv gapning zamoniga mos to be qoyishingiz kerak. Bu gapda to be ning o’tgan zamon shaklini ega moslab qo’yishiz kerak
❗️The cake was
5️⃣ Qadam
🔹To be kegin aktiv gapning asosiy fe’lini P.P shaklini ishlatishiz kerak. Aktiv gapda asosiy fe’l ate edi bu felning P.P shakli eaten bo’ladi
❗️The cake was eaten
6️⃣ Qadam
Aktiv gapning egasini by predlogi orqali qo’yamiz.
❗️The cake was eaten by children✅
Davomi pastda kòring👇
#grammar
@grammar_ingliz

✳️Yana bitta misolni ko’rib chiqamiz
Someone has stolen my car
1️⃣ Qadam
❗️Ega(Someone) fe’l(has stolen) to’ldiruvchi(my car)
2️⃣ Qadam
❗️My car
3️⃣Qadam
❗️Present Perfect
4️⃣ Qadam
❗️My car has been
5️⃣ Qadam
❗️Stolen-P.P= stolen
My car has been stolen
6️⃣ Qadam
❗️By someone

💡Natija: My car has been stolen by someone

✳️Bilib qo'ygan yaxshi✳️
Agar ish-xarakatni bajaruvchi shaxs ot yoki olmosh orqali ifodalangan bo’lsa, uning oldidan by prеdlogi qo’llanadi.
Ish-harakat biror prеdmеt vositasi bilan bajarilsa, prеdmеt nomi oldidan with prеdlogi ishlatiladi. Bu prеdloglar o’zbеk tiliga tomonidan, orqali, bilan, vositasida so’zlari yordamida tarjima qilinadi.
🔹The article is translated by us. - Maqola biz tomonimizdan tarjima qilindi.
🔸The letter is written with a pen. - Xat ruchka bilan yozildi.

#grammar
@grammar_ingliz

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👉 @grammar_ingliz