This excel sheet is very helpful in Level transmitter calculation This tool will help you to calculate zero suppression or zero elevation of level transmitter it supports following level measurement Open Tank level measurement Liquid Purge Interface Wet…

Free resources and Software for learning PLC programming (Ladder Logic ) I would like to introduce you some of the free PLC programming software. With the help of this software you can learn PLC programming by yourself. One of the free PLC programming software…

Pre-commissioning: The completed instrument installation must be fully tested to ensure that the equipment is in full operating order before starting a new installation. This test normally falls into three phases, i.e. pre-installation testing; piping and…

Nowadays smart transmitters are used in industrial instrumentation. These devices have the built-in diagnostic capability, greater accuracy and the ability to communicate digitally with host devices to inform various parameters. The only calibration settings…

The thermometer can be calibrated using a comparison method using temperature baths. Temperature measuring devices are dipped in the temperature bath along with reference thermometer and they are compared. The power provided for the heater is a few watts…

1. What is Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs)? Ans. Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs): Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) are the micro processor controller devices situated at the remote sites of the plant or at the field of the process systems.…

This tool is helpful to calculate Flow rate of Oriface,Venturi and Flow Nozzle type flow measurement instrument. Two excel sheets are attached here. One is for “SI” unit calculation and other one is for US unit. Following inputs need to be provided for…

Interview Questions and Answers - Basic Instrumentation What is closed loop ? A Closed control loop exists where a process variable is measured,compared to a setpoint and action is taken to correct any deviation from setpoint. What is open loop? An…

Instrumentation Engineering Documents and Diagrams In the process industry, the instrumentation is so broad and which includes most of the sections in an industry, so no one form of diagram is sufficient to capture all we might need to represent. There…

Intrinsic safety: To avoid hazardous situations, all intrinsically secure machinery, so that unnecessary heat or fire sparks are not generated by electrical overloads. A system consisting of equipment and interconnecting equipment in which any spark or heat…

To proceed the basics of PLC troubleshooting. it is assumed that the analyzed PLC system was working correctly at some time in the recent past, so the problems of debugging the program and wiring errors that are more typical of a start situation will not…

Advantages of Digital control: It gives better resolution Coding of digital signal and digital communication: The entry of digital control to the industrial scenario was chiefly through the big process industries like steel mills, chemical, fertilizer…

Control Valve - The control valve commonly named the final control element of control contains a pneumatic device that convert the control signal from the controller in action regulating the process fluid flow. Valves makes approximately 15% of the total…

PLC timers are instructions that provide the same functions as on-delay and off-delay mechanical and electronic timing relays. A PLC timer provides a preset delay to the control actions. In general, there are three types of PLC timer delays, ON-delay timer…

What is Preventive maintenance? The preventive maintenance program is the deterrent for PLC program faults. Preventive maintenance of programmable controller systems includes only a few basic procedures, which will greatly reduce the failure rate of system…

Control valve in the process industry regulates the flow of fluid passing through pipelines automatically or manually. This control the process speed, reaction, safety etc., So, it is important to maintain the control valve regularly. Regular control valve…

The pressure transmitter can be used wherever there is a chamber or pipeline. It has the function of sensing and converting pressure into a proportional electrical output signal transmitted to a monitoring or control system. These sensors monitor system performance…

Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams (P&ID) are schemes of pipelines, equipment, instrumentation, control systems, from a process system found in Oil Refinery, Chemical Plant, Paper Mill, Cement Plant, etc. The symbols contained in P & ID represent equipment…

What is Instrumentation cable? Instrumentation cables are used to transmit and receive control system, analogue and digital signals to and from sensors and equipment. Most of these cables operate at 24 to 110 v voltage levels and/or 4-20 mA current ratings.…

Control loop: The control loop is consist of all the elements necessary to move the final control elements. Each control loop has a specific purpose to control different parameters in the process. A controller gives instructions to an actuator on their…