๐—”๐—ฅ๐—ข๐—ก ๐—ฆ๐—ง๐—จ๐——๐—ฌ
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ุจุณู… ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุงู„ุฑุญู…ู† ุงู„ุฑุญูŠู…

ุงู„ู„ู‡ู… ุตู„ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุญู…ุฏ ูˆุขู„ ู…ุญู…ุฏ

ู…ุญุชูˆู‰ ุงู„ู‚ู†ุงุฉ:
ุดุฑูˆุญุงุช ุตูŠุฏู„ุฉ
ุนุถูˆูŠุฉ ู…ุฑุญู„ุฉ ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ ูƒูˆุฑุณ ุซุงู†ูŠ
ูุงุฑู…ุง ู…ุฑุญู„ุฉ ุซุงู„ุซุฉ ูƒูˆุฑุณ ุซุงู†ูŠ
ูุงุฑู…ุง ู…ุฑุญู„ุฉ ุฑุงุจุนุฉ ูƒูˆุฑุณ ุงูˆู„
ูุงุฑู…ุง ู…ุฑุญู„ุฉ ุฑุงุจุนุฉ ูƒูˆุฑุณ ุซุงู†ูŠ
ุนู„ุงุฌูŠุงุช ู…ุฑุญู„ุฉ ุฎุงู…ุณุฉ

ู„ู„ุชูˆุงุตู„:
Insta: hussian_8x

@AronX2bot
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A 32-year-old woman was diagnosed with Cushing syndrome and was started on a medication to reduce cortisol levels.

After a few days, new-onset facial hirsutism developed.

Laboratory tests showed decreasing cortisol levels.

Which of the following drugs was most likely responsible for these findings?

A. Ketoconazole
B. Metyrapone
C. Spironolactone
D. Hydrocortisone
E. Fludrocortisone

ุจุงู„ู…ุฎุทุท ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ metyrapone ูŠุซุจุท ุงู†ุฒูŠู…
11ฮฒ hydroxylase

ู ุงูˆูƒ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ูƒูˆุฑุชุฒูˆู„ ู…ุง ุฑุญ ูŠุชูƒูˆู†
ู ุงุบู„ุจ
17 hydroxy progesteron
ูŠุชุญูˆู„ ุฅู„ู‰ androstendione ูˆุจุนุฏูŠู† ุงู„ู‰ testosterone ูˆู‡ุฐู†ูŠ ู†ุนุฑูู‡ู† ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู† androgens

ูˆู†ุนุฑู ุงู†ู‡ ุงุฐุง ุฒุงุฏุช ู…ุณุชูˆูŠุงุช ุงู„ุงู†ุฏุฑูˆุฌูŠู† ููŠ ุงู„ุฌุณู… ุชุฒุฏุงุฏ ุธู‡ูˆุฑ ุงู„ุงุซุงุฑ ุงู„ุฌุงู†ุจูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฎุงุตุฉ ุจุงู„ุงู†ุฏุฑูˆุฌูŠู† ุงู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู€ Acne and hirsutism

ุฒูŠู† ู„ูˆ ุฑุงุฏ ุนู„ุงุฌ ุงุถูŠูู‡ ู…ุน metyrapone ุญุชู‰ ูŠู‚ู„ู„ ุงู„ androgenic effects
ุงูˆ ุงู†ู‡ ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุถุฉ ุนุฏู‡ุง ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ุงู„ acne ูˆ hirsutismุŒ ูุจู‡ุงูŠ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉ ุดู†ูˆ ุงู„ุงุฎุชูŠุงุฑุŸ
Ketoconazole
ู„ูˆูŠุดุŸ
ู„ุงู†ู‡ ูŠุซุจุท ุงู„ 11ฮฒ hydroxylase ูˆู…ูˆ ุจุณ ู‡ูŠุฌ ุŒ ูŠุซุจุท ุงู„ 17ฮฑ hydroxylase ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ู…ุง ุฑุญ ูŠู‚ู„ ุจุณ ุงู„ูƒูˆุฑุชุฒูˆู„ุŒ ุญุชู‰ ุงู„ุงู†ุฏุฑูˆุฌูŠู†ุงุช ู‡ู… ุชู‚ู„

#adrenal_disorders
โค10
Dipiro.pdf
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ู‡ุงูŠ ุงุณุฆู„ุฉ ุนู† ุงู„ู„ู…ููˆู…ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุตุฏุฑ
ุจุณ ู…ูˆ ูƒู„ู‡ู† ุฏุงุฎู„ุงุช ุงุฎุฐูˆุง ุงู„ูŠ ูŠููŠุฏูŠูƒู… ุจุณ

#Lymphoma
โค14๐Ÿ‘2
Drugs used in cushing syndrome

1. Steroidogenesis Inhibitors

๐Ÿ’ŠMetyrapone

๐Ÿ”นMoa: inhibits 11 ฮฒ-hydroxylase, thereby inhibiting cortisol synthesis

๐Ÿ”ธOnset of action: sudden decrease in cortisol concentration so, it used in acute cases

๐Ÿ”นEffect on hormones: Cortisol โ†“ , ACTH โ†‘ , Androgen โ†‘, aldosteron โ†“

๐Ÿ”ธIndication: acute cases

๐Ÿ”ดAdverse effects: acne, hirsutism, natriursis, bp change



๐Ÿ’ŠKetoconazole

๐Ÿ”นMoa: inhibits 11ฮฒ hydroxylase and 17ฮฑ hydroxylase

๐Ÿ”ธOnset of action: several weeks

๐Ÿ”นEffect on hormones: Cortisol โ†“ , ACTH โ†” , Androgenโ†“

๐Ÿ”ธIndication: chronic cases, useful in women not in men due to antiandrogenic activity

๐Ÿ”ดAdverse effects: hypogonadisim,gynecomastia in men
Hepatotoxicity (โ†‘ hepatic enzyme)


Note: Ketoconazole may be used concomitantly with
metyrapone to achieve synergistic reduction in cortisol levels; in addition, ketoconazoleโ€™s
antiandrogenic actions may offset the androgenic potential of metyrapone.


๐Ÿ’ŠOsilodrostat

๐Ÿ”ธMoa: inhibition of 11 ฮฒ-hydroxylase

๐Ÿ”นEffect on hormones: Cortisol โ†“ , ACTH โ†‘ , Androgen โ†‘

๐Ÿ”ธIndication: patients with Cushing disease who are either not candidates for surgery or in whom symptoms persist after surgery.

๐Ÿ”ดAdverse effects: similar to Metyrapone, QTc prolongation, Hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia should be corrected prior to use



2. Adrenolytic Agents

โซโซ Mitotan

๐Ÿ”ธMoa: inhibits the 11 hydroxylation of 11 deoxycortisol and 11 desoxycorticosterone in the adrenal cortex, reducing synthesis of cortisol and corticosterone

๐Ÿ”นOnset of action: weeks to months

๐Ÿ”ธEffect on hormones: Mitotane degeneratesโ€™ cells within the zona fasciculata and reticularis so , Cortisol โ†“ , Androgenโ†“

๐Ÿ”ดAdverse effects: diarrhea, CNS effects, Reversible hypercholesterolemia and prolonged bleeding times


3. Neuromodulators of ACTH Release

๐Ÿ’‰ Pasireotide

๐Ÿ”นMoa: somatostatin analog that binds and activates somatostatin receptors, thereby inhibiting ACTH secretion, leading to decreased cortisol secretion

๐Ÿ”ธEffect on hormones: Cortisol โ†“ , ACTH โ†“

๐Ÿ”นIndication: approved for treatment of adults with Cushing disease for whom pituitary surgery is not an option or has not been curative

๐Ÿ”ดAdverse effects:
diarrhea, cholelithiasis, increased hepatic transaminases, hyperglycemia, sinus bradycardia, and QT prolongation


#adrenal_disorders
โค8๐Ÿ‘5๐Ÿ’ฏ2
Hyperaldosteronism
Over secretion of aldosterone

ู‡ุฏู ุงู„ุนู„ุงุฌ ุงู†ู‡ ู†ู‚ู„ู„ ู…ุณุชูˆูŠุงุช ุงู„ aldosterone ุงูˆ ู†ู‚ู„ู„ ุชุฃุซูŠุฑู‡

a) NonpharmacologicTheapy
ุงุฐุง ูƒุงู† ุงู„ุณุจุจ tumor ูŠูุฑุฒ aldosterone
aldosterone producing adenoma

ุงู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุญุงู„ุฉ ุงู„ Conn syndrome ูู‡ู†ุง ุงู„ุนู„ุงุฌ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฌุฑุงุญุฉ
first line: laparoscopic resection of the tumor

ุงุฐุง ุงู„ุฌุฑุงุญุฉ ุฌุงู†ุช contraindication
ู†ู„ุฌุฃ ู„ู„ุงุฏูˆูŠุฉ

b) Pharmacologic Therapy:
bilateral adrenal hyperplasia

first line aldosterone receptor
antagonist

1) Spironolactone:
ู†ุนุฑูู‡ ูŠูƒูˆู†
non selective aldosterone receptor antagonist
ู…ุง ูŠู‚ูู„ ุจุณ ุฑุณุจุชุฑุงุช ุงู„ุงู„ุฏูˆุณุชูŠุฑูˆู†
ูŠู‚ูู„ ุงู„ androgen receptor ู‡ู…ูŠู†ู‡
ู ูŠูƒูˆู† ุนู†ุฏู‡
anti-androgen activity

ูˆูŠู‚ูู„ ุงู„ุจุฑูˆุฌุณุชุฑูˆู†

Most common Adverse effects: impotence, gynecomastia, menstrual irregularities, and hyperkalemia



2) Eplerenone:
ู‡ุฐุง ูŠูƒูˆู† selective ูู‚ุท ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ aldosterone receptorุŒ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู…ุง ุนู†ุฏู‡ anti androgenic effect ูˆู„ุง ูŠุฃุซุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุฑุณุจุชุฑุงุช ุงู„ุจุฑูˆุฌุณุชุฑูˆู†

ู†ุนุชุจุฑู‡ first line ุจู…ูƒุงู† ุงู„ spironolactone ุจ ุงูŠ ุญุงู„ุฉุŸ
ุงุฐุง ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุถ ุนู†ุฏู‡ ู…ุดุงูƒู„ ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ impotence, gynecomastia ุงูˆ mc irregularities ู†ุฎุชุงุฑู‡ ุจู…ูƒุงู† ุงู„ spironolactone


3) amiloride
ู‡ุฐุง ู…ุฏุฑุฑ ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู†
potassium sparing diuretic

ูŠู‚ู„ู„ ุฎุฑูˆุฌ ุงู„ุจูˆุชุงุณูŠูˆู… ู…ุน ุงู„ุงุฏุฑุงุฑ
ุจุณ ูƒูุนุงู„ูŠุฉ ุงู‚ู„ ู…ู† spironolactone
ู…ู…ูƒู† ู†ุณุชูุงุฏ ู…ู†ู‡ ู†ุถูŠูู‡ ู…ุน ุงู„ุนู„ุงุฌุงุช ุงู„ุณุงุจู‚ุฉ ุญุชู‰ ู†ุณูŠุทุฑ ุน ุถุบุท ุงู„ุฏู…
๏ปฟ

ูƒู„ ู‡ุงู„ุงุฏูˆูŠุฉ ุชุณุจุจ hyperkalemia

ุนู„ุงุฌุงุช ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ ู…ุซู„ุง CCB, ACEI, Thiazide like diuretic ู†ุณุชุฎุฏู…ู‡ุง ูƒ ุงุฏูˆูŠุฉ ู…ุณุงุนุฏุฉ ู…ุง ุจูŠู‡ุง ูุนุงู„ูŠุฉ ู…ุซุจุชุฉ ู„ุนู„ุงุฌ ู‡ุงูŠ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉ ุจุณ ุชููŠุฏ ูƒุนู„ุงุฌุงุช ู…ุณุงุนุฏุฉ

ู‡ุงูŠ ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ู„ primary hyperaldosteronism

ุงู…ุง ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ู„
secondary aldosteronism

ู„ุงุฒู… ู†ุนุฑู ุดู†ูˆ ุงู„ุณุจุจ ุงูƒูŠุฏ ุจุณ ุงุญู†ู‡ ู†ู†ุทูŠ Spironolactone ู„ุญุฏ ู…ุง ูŠุชู… ุชุญุฏูŠุฏ ุงู„ุณุจุจ

#adrenal_disorders
โค7
ูˆุฒุงุฑูŠ

Lubna is a 20 years old femaleโ€š a known case of hyperaldosteronism on treatment.

Howeverโ€š she stated that after starting the treatment she developed irregular menses.

Which drug that could be prescribed for hyperaldosteronism that
potentially cause this effect

a- Spironolactone
b- Eplerenone
c- Amiloride
d- Chlorthalidone
e- Triamterene


ู‡ูŠ ุนุฏู‡ุง hyperaldosteronism ูˆุงู„ุทุจูŠุจ ุงู†ุทุงู‡ุง ุนู„ุงุฌ ุงู„ุฎุท ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ ูˆุงุถุญ ู…ุงูƒูˆ ุบูŠุฑู‡

ุชู…ุงู…
ุจุณ ูˆุฑู‡ ูุชุฑุฉ ุตุงุฑุช ุนุฏู‡ุง ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ menses irregularity

ู ุงู„ุนู„ุงุฌ ุงู„ู…ุณุจุจ ู„ู‡ุงูŠ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉ spironolactone

ุงูˆูƒ
ุจุณ ู„ูˆ ุบูŠุฑ ุตูŠุบุฉ ุงู„ุณุคุงู„ ูˆูƒุงู„:

A 20-year-old female with hyperaldosteronism was started on treatment with
Spironolactone,

but she developed irregular menses.

Which of the following drugs is the best alternative that does NOT cause hormonal side effects?

ู‡ู†ุง ูƒุงู„ ุงู„ spironolactone ุณุจุจ ู‡ุงู„ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ุŒ ุดู†ูˆ ุงู„ุจุฏูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุณุจ ุŸ

#adrenal_disorders
โค4
ุดุจุงุจ
ุงู„ุนู„ุงุฌูŠุงุช
ุงุฐุง ู…ู…ุชุญู†ูŠู† ุดุงู…ู„ ุงูˆ ู…ุฏ ูˆุนุฏูƒู… ุงู„ุงุณุฆู„ุฉ ุฏุฒูˆู‡ู† ุงู„ูŠ ุนุงู„ุจูˆุช ุญุชู‰ ู†ุณุชูุงุฏ ู…ู†ู‡ู†
@AronX2bot
โค9
Adrenal Insufficiency
ู…ู„ุฎุต ุงู„ุนู„ุงุฌุงุช
ู‡ุงูŠ ุงู‡ู… ุงู„ู†ู‚ุงุท 4, 5, 6 ุงู„ูŠ ุชุชูƒู„ู… ุนู† ุญุงู„ุฉ ุงู„ adrenal crisis ุงูˆ Acute Adrenal Insufficiency

#adrenal_disorders
โค3๐Ÿ™3
A 28-year-old woman with known Addison's disease presents to the ED with severe vomiting, abdominal pain, and confusion.

BP is 78/45 mmHg despite 2L NS bolus.

Labs show Na+ 126 mEq/L, K+ 6.2 mEq/L, glucose 58 mg/dL.

What is the most appropriate immediate treatment?
โค2
ู…ู„ุฎุต ุงุณุจุงุจ ุงู„ู€ hyperthyroidism

ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ุฏูˆุงุก ุงู„ู€ amiodarone ูู‡ูˆ ู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠุณุจุจ ‏hyperthyroidism ุจุณุจุจ ู…ุญุชูˆุงู‡ ุงู„ุนุงู„ูŠ ู…ู† ุงู„ iodine ู…ู…ูƒู† ุชู…ุชุตู‡ ุงู„ TG
ูˆู…ู…ูƒู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุงูŠูˆุฏูŠู† ูŠุฏู…ุฑ ุงู„ TG ูˆูŠุตูŠุฑ overt hypothyroidism
ุงูˆ ูŠุตูŠุฑ ุชุฃุซูŠุฑ ุงู„ Wolffโ€“Chaikoff effect ูˆูŠุตูŠุฑ ุชุซุจูŠุท ู„ู„ุบุฏุฉ ุจุดูƒู„ ู…ุคู‚ุช ูˆู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠุณุชู…ุฑ ุงู„ุชุซุจูŠุท ูˆูŠุตูŠุฑ subclinical hypothyroidism

#thyroid_disorders
โค17
Cases of Hyperthyroidism


โญ• Thionamide

1. Pt was diagnosed Hyperthyroidism given methimazole or PTU ,
symptoms improved initially, but now she has relapsed hyperthyroidism

ุงู„ุจุฏูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ูุถู„ุŸ

preferred Use of radioactive iodine

2. patient (children or older pt) is diagnosed with Hyperthyroidism
The doctor is deciding between methimazole and PTU as initial therapy

ูŠุฎุชุงุฑ methimazole ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฎุท ุงู„ุงูˆู„ ุงุฐุง ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุถ ุทูู„ ุงูˆ ูƒุจูŠุฑ ุจุงู„ุนู…ุฑ ู„ุงู† ptu ูŠุณุจุจ hepatotoxicity

3. pregnant women has Hyperthyroidism
ุจุนุฏู‡ุง ุจุงู„ุซู„ุซ ุงู„ุงูˆู„ ุงูˆู„ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุงุดู‡ุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุญู…ู„ ุงูˆ ุงูˆู„ ูกูข ุงุณุจูˆุน ุงู„ุนู„ุงุฌ ุงู„ู…ูุถู„ ู†ุฎุชุงุฑ PTU

ุซู„ุซ ุซุงู†ูŠ ุงูˆ ุซุงู„ุซ ู†ุฎุชุงุฑ methimazole

4.patient on methimazole develops severe rash and arthralgia (hypersensitivity)

ู†ุจุฏู„ ู„ู„ PTU

5. patient presents with: Fever, Tachycardia, Agitation, Severe thyrotoxicosis
ูŠุนู†ูŠ ูŠุนุงู†ูŠ ู…ู† ุงู„ุนุงุตูุฉ Thyroid storm

ู†ุฎุชุงุฑ PTU ุนู„ู‰ ุญุณุงุจ ุงู„ methimazole




๏ปฟโญ• Iodide

6. A patient with Gravesโ€™ disease is scheduled for thyroidectomy in 10 days.

what drug is given before surgery?
ุงู„ู…ูุถู„ ู„ุชุญุถูŠุฑ ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุถ ู„ู„ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฌุฑุงุญูŠุฉ ู‡ูˆ

iodide (SSKI or Lugol solution)

7. A patient receives radioactive iodine (RAI) therapy for Gravesโ€™ disease

ุดู†ูˆ ุงู„ุนู„ุงุฌ ุงู„ู…ุณุงุนุฏ ุงู„ูŠ ู…ู…ูƒู† ุงุถูŠูู‡ ุจุนุฏ ุงุนุทุงุก ุงู„ RAIุŸ
ุงู„ุฌูˆุงุจ iodide (SSKI or Lugol solution) ุงูˆ ฮฒ-Blockers

8. woman is diagnosed with toxic multinodular goiter presenting with symptoms of hyperthyroidism

ุงุฐุง ุณุฃู„ ุนู† ุนู„ุงุฌ ู…ู…ู†ูˆุน ุงู†ุทูŠู‡ ุจู‡ุงูŠ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉุŸ

ุงู„ุฌูˆุงุจ iodide (SSKI or Lugol solution) ู…ู…ู†ูˆูˆูˆูˆูˆูˆุน
๏ปฟ



โญ• ฮฒ-Blockers

9. patient with Gravesโ€™ disease or toxic nodules, in preparation for surgery, or in thyroid storm

ู…ุฑูŠุถ ุนู†ุฏู‡ ูˆุญุฏุฉ ู…ู† ู‡ุงูŠ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุงุช ูˆู…ุงุฎุฐ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู† ู‡ุงูŠ ุงู„ุนู„ุงุฌุงุช
antithyroid drugs, RAI, or iodides
ู„ูƒู† ุจุงู‚ูŠุฉ ุนู†ุฏู‡ ู‡ุงูŠ ุงู„ุงุนุฑุงุถ
palpitations, anxiety, tremor, and heat
intolerance

ุดู†ูˆ ุงู„ุนู„ุงุฌ ุงู„ู…ุณุงุนุฏ adjunctive therapy ุงู„ูŠ ู…ู…ูƒู† ุงุถูŠูู‡ ู…ุน ุงู„ุงุฏูˆูŠุฉ ุงู„ุณุงุจู‚ุฉ ุŸ
ฮฒ-Blockers (Propranolol and nadolol)

ูˆูู‚ุท ุจุญุงู„ุฉ ูˆุญุฏุฉ ุงุณุชุฎุฏู…ู‡ ูƒุนู„ุงุฌ ุงุณุงุณูŠ ู…ูˆ ู…ุณุงุนุฏ primary therapy
ุงุฐุง ุฌุงู† ุณุจุจ thyrotoxicosis ู‡ูˆ thyroiditis

ูู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠุฎูŠุฑูƒู… ุจุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉ ุงู„ูŠ ุงุณุชุฎุฏู… ุจูŠู‡ุง ุงู„ ฮฒ-Blockers ูƒุนู„ุงุฌ ุงุณุงุณูŠ




โญ• RAI

10. RAI is the agent of choice for:
Gravesโ€™ disease
toxic autonomous nodules
toxic multinodular goiters

ู…ู…ู†ูˆุน ููŠ Pregnancy

11. A 72-year-old man with Gravesโ€™ disease and ischemic heart disease is planned for radioactive iodine (RAI) therapy.

The physician considers whether to give any medication before RAI.

ู„ูˆ ุงุฌู‡ ูƒูŠุณ
ู…ุฑูŠุถ ูŠุนุงู†ูŠ ู…ู† hyperthyroidism ุงูˆ Gravesโ€™ disease
ูˆุนู†ุฏู‡ ู…ุดุงูƒู„ ุจุงู„ู‚ู„ุจ ูˆุงู„ุทุจูŠุจ ูŠุฑูŠุฏ ูŠู†ุทูŠู‡ ุนู„ุงุฌ ู‡ูˆ RAI

ู…ุง ูŠุตูŠุฑ ูŠู†ุทูŠู‡ ู…ุจุงุดุฑ
ู„ุงู† ุจุงู„ุจุฏุงูŠุฉ ุชุฑุชูุน ู‡ุฑู…ูˆู†ุงุช ุงู„ุบุฏุฉ ุงู„ุฏุฑู‚ูŠุฉ ุงูƒุซุฑ ูˆูŠุฒุฏุงุฏ ุงู„ุถุบุท ุนุงู„ู‚ู„ุจ

ู ุดู†ูˆ ู„ุงุฒู… ู†ุณูˆูŠ ู‚ุจู„ ู„ุง ู†ู†ุทูŠ RAIุŸ

ู†ู†ุทูŠ antithyroid ุงู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ thionamide ู…ุซู„ุง methimazole
๏ปฟ


โญ•Thyroid storm

12. A 55-year-old patient is admitted to the ICU with thyroid storm
HR 170 bpm, Fever 40ยฐC, Agitation and confusion

ูˆุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุถ ุนู†ุฏู‡ Possible heart failure signs
ุงูˆ ุนู†ุฏู‡ asthma

ูˆุงุฑูŠุฏ ุงู†ุทูŠู‡ ุฏูˆุงุก ู…ู† ุงุฏูˆูŠุฉ ฮฒ-blockerุŸ

ู…ุง ุงุฑูˆุญ ู„ู„ propranolole ู‡ุฐุง non selective ู…ุง ูŠููŠุฏู†ู‡

ุงู„ุฌูˆุงุจ
esmolol
ู„ุงู†ู‡ selective ูˆุขู…ู† ุจุญุงู„ุงุช
cardiac instability
pulmonary disease (e.g., asthma)
risk of decompensation

๏ปฟ

#thyroid_disorders

๐—”๐—ฅ๐—ข๐—ก ๐—ฆ๐—ง๐—จ๐——๐—ฌ
โค9๐Ÿ’ฏ3
๐—”๐—ฅ๐—ข๐—ก ๐—ฆ๐—ง๐—จ๐——๐—ฌ
1. Anti inflammatory

2. Anti inflammatory

Explainโ–ท Exam โš•

3. DMARD and GOUT
ู…ุฑุญู„ุฉ ุฑุงุจุนุฉ

ู‡ูˆุงูŠ ูŠุณุฃู„ูˆู†ูŠ ุนู† ุชูƒู…ู„ุฉ
Anti inflammatory

ุงูˆู„ ูฃ ู‚ูˆุงุฆู… ู‡ูŠ ุฌุงุจุชุฑ ุงู„ู€
anti inflammatory

ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู„ุดุฑุญ ูƒุงู…ู„ ู…ูˆ ุจุณ NSAIDs
โค2๐Ÿค2
Cases of Hypothyroidism


โญ• Levothyroxine

1. A 68-year-old patient is diagnosed with hypothyroidism, He has no history of cardiac disease

What is the appropriate initial dose of levothyroxine?

ู…ุฑูŠุถ hypothyroidism ูˆ ู…ุง ุนู†ุฏู‡ ู…ุดุงูƒู„ ุจุงู„ู‚ู„ุจ

ุดู†ูˆ ุงู„ุฌุฑุนุฉ ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุณุจุฉ ุงู„ู‡ ู…ู† levothyroxine ุŸ

ุงู„ุฌูˆุงุจ : ู†ุจุฏูŠ ุจ
levothyroxine 50 mcg daily

ูˆุจุนุฏ ุดู‡ุฑ ู…ู…ูƒู† ู†ุฒูŠุฏ ุงู„ุฌุฑุนุฉ

2. A 72-year-old woman with hypothyroidism and a history of ischemic heart disease.

What is the safest initial dose of levothyroxine?

ุงู…ุง ุงุฐุง ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุถ ุนู†ุฏู‡ ู…ุดุงูƒู„ ุจุงู„ู‚ู„ุจ ูุดู†ูˆ ุงู„ุฌุฑุนุฉ ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุณุจุฉ ุงู„ู‡ุŸ

ุงู„ุฌูˆุงุจ : ู†ุจุฏูŠ ุจ
levothyroxine 25 mcg daily
ูˆุดู‡ุฑูŠุง ู…ู…ูƒู† ู†ุฒูŠุฏ ุงู„ุฌุฑุนุฉ ุจู†ุณุจุฉ
25 mcg

3. A 30-year-old pregnant woman is diagnosed with hypothyroidism.

What is the drug of choice?
levothyroxine




โญ• ุงู„ุงุฏูˆูŠุฉ ุงู„ูŠ ุชุชุฏุงุฎู„ ู…ุน ุงูˆ ุชุฃุซุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู…ุชุตุงุต ุงู„ู€ Levothyroxine
ู…ู‡ู…ุฉ ูˆู…ู…ูƒู† ุชุฌูŠ ุจูŠู‡ุง ูƒูŠุณุงุช ู…ุซู„ุง

4. A 60-year-old man with hypothyroidism has been taking levothyroxine for several months.

He is compliant and takes his medication correctly on an empty stomach.

He recently started a new medication for a cardiac arrhythmia.

Recent labs show:
TSH: slightly elevated
Free T4: normal
Free T3: low

What is the most likely cause of his abnormal thyroid function tests?

ู…ุฑูŠุถ ุนู†ุฏู‡ hypothyroidism ูˆุฌุงูŠ ูŠุงุฎุฐ levothyroxine ูˆู…ู„ุชุฒู… ุจุงู„ุฌุฑุนุฉ ูˆูŠุงุฎุฐู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุนุฏุฉ ูุงุฑุบุฉ

ู…ู† ุณูˆู‡ ุชุญู„ูŠู„ ุงู„ูˆุถุน ู†ูˆุนุง ู…ุง ุทุจูŠุนูŠ ุจุณ T3 ู‚ู„ูŠู„

ู ู…ู† ุณุฃู„ู†ุงู‡ ุดู†ูˆ ุฌุงูŠ ุชุงุฎุฐ ูˆูŠุงู‡ ุนู„ุงุฌุงุช ูƒุงู„ ุงุฎุฐ ุนู„ุงุฌ ูŠู†ุธู… ุถุฑุจุงุช ุงู„ู‚ู„ุจ !!!

ู ุดู†ูˆ ุงู„ุฏูˆุงุก ุงู„ูŠ ู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠุฃุซุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุชุญูˆูŠู„ T4 ุงู„ู‰ T3 ูˆู‡ูˆ ู…ู† ุงู„ุงุฏูˆูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุณุชุฎุฏู…ุฉ ู„ุนู„ุงุฌ ุงู„ู€ arrhythmia

ุงู„ุฌูˆุงุจ
Amiodarone inhibiting T4 to T3 conversion



#thyroid_disorders

๐—”๐—ฅ๐—ข๐—ก ๐—ฆ๐—ง๐—จ๐——๐—ฌ
โค10
Which of the following is a known risk factor for
developing Hodgkin's lymphoma?
Anonymous Quiz
4%
a.Regular exposure to U.V. radiation
1%
b.Chronic exposure to lead
66%
c.Chronic infection with the Epstein
29%
d.all of the above
๐Ÿค3โค2๐Ÿ’ฏ2
Which of the following genetic mutations is associated with an increased risk of developing Hodgkin's lymphoma?
Anonymous Quiz
9%
a.TP53 mutation
82%
b.NF-ฮบB mutation
7%
c. BCL6 mutation
2%
d.None of the above
โค6๐Ÿค4
Which of the following imaging studies is most commonly used to stage Hodgkin's lymphoma?
Anonymous Quiz
32%
a.Computed tomography (C.T.) scan
17%
b.Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan
42%
c.Positron emission tomography
9%
d. X-ray
๐Ÿ˜ข5๐Ÿ™3๐Ÿค2
Which of the following factors is NOT taken into consideration when staging Hodgkin's lymphoma?
Anonymous Quiz
8%
a.The location of the affected lymph nodes
23%
b.The size of the affected lymph nodes
23%
c.The presence of B symptoms
46%
d.The patientโ€™s age
๐Ÿค4โค3๐Ÿ˜ข2
Which of the following stages of Hodgkin's lymphoma is characterized by the involvement of lymph nodes on both sides of the diaphragm?
Anonymous Quiz
0%
a.Stage I
17%
b.Stage II
79%
c.Stage III
4%
d.Stage IV
โค6๐Ÿค4
A patient comes to your office complaining of fatigue, night sweats, fever, and shortness of breath.

Upon physical examination, you notice enlarged lymph nodes, so you ask for a biopsy, flow cytometry C.T. scan, and some blood tests. Biopsy reveals cells with a shape that resembles an owlโ€™s eyes. The CT scan reveals 3 affected lymph nodes in the thoracic and cervical regions.

What is the best therapy combination for this patient?
โค2
A patient exhibiting B symptoms was diagnosed with classical Hodgkinโ€™s lymphoma, with the following involved organs: three lymph nodes above the diaphragm and the spleen.

What is the staging?
Anonymous Quiz
30%
a)Stage IIB
24%
b)Stage IIBX
32%
c)Stage IVB
13%
d)Stage IVBX
A patient diagnosed with Hodgkinโ€™s lymphoma has one enlarged mediastinal lymph node measuring 11 cm x 8.5 cm x 9 cm. She has no B symptoms

What is the staging?
Anonymous Quiz
10%
A)Stage IBX
13%
B)Stage IB
57%
C)Stage IAX
21%
D)Stage IA