The Daily Answer Writing Practice
[Question 58, 11 September 2020]
Dear Students,
Please find below today’s question for Daily Answer Writing Practice
The importance of the India campaign of Alexander has been both under-estimated and exaggerated. Elaborate. [15 marks, 250 words]
Model Answer would be posted after 8 pm today
#GS1 #History
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[Question 58, 11 September 2020]
Dear Students,
Please find below today’s question for Daily Answer Writing Practice
The importance of the India campaign of Alexander has been both under-estimated and exaggerated. Elaborate. [15 marks, 250 words]
Model Answer would be posted after 8 pm today
#GS1 #History
For Daily Answer Writing Practice for Mains 2020 join: https://t.me/AnswerWritingDaily
For Daily MCQ Practice for Prelims 2020 join: https://t.me/DailyMCQsForUPSC
For Daily History Optional Answer Writing Practice join: https://t.me/HistoryDailyAnswerWriting
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[Question 58, 11 September 2020]
The importance of the India campaign of Alexander has been both under-estimated and exaggerated. Elaborate. [15 marks, 250 words]
#GS1 #History
For Daily Answer Writing Practice for Mains 2020 join: https://t.me/AnswerWritingDaily
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For Daily History Optional Answer Writing Practice join: https://t.me/HistoryDailyAnswerWriting
The importance of the India campaign of Alexander has been both under-estimated and exaggerated. Elaborate. [15 marks, 250 words]
#GS1 #History
For Daily Answer Writing Practice for Mains 2020 join: https://t.me/AnswerWritingDaily
For Daily MCQ Practice for Prelims 2020 join: https://t.me/DailyMCQsForUPSC
For Daily History Optional Answer Writing Practice join: https://t.me/HistoryDailyAnswerWriting
The Daily Answer Writing Practice
[Question 59, 12 September 2020]
Dear Students,
Please find below today’s question for Daily Answer Writing Practice
Write a note on the Dandi March and its impact on nationalist movement. [10 marks, 150 words]
Model Answer would be posted after 8 pm today
#GS1 #History
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[Question 59, 12 September 2020]
Dear Students,
Please find below today’s question for Daily Answer Writing Practice
Write a note on the Dandi March and its impact on nationalist movement. [10 marks, 150 words]
Model Answer would be posted after 8 pm today
#GS1 #History
For Daily Answer Writing Practice for Mains 2020 join: https://t.me/AnswerWritingDaily
For Daily MCQ Practice for Prelims 2020 join: https://t.me/DailyMCQsForUPSC
For Daily History Optional Answer Writing Practice join: https://t.me/HistoryDailyAnswerWriting
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Answer Writing - UPSC Mains
Through this channel we will provide one question everyday at 10 am. Students can discuss answers and give feedback to each other through the associated group.
Join here for submission, evaluation, discussion, feedback @AnswerWritingDailyDiscuss
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[Question 59, 12 September 2020]
Write a note on the Dandi March and its impact on nationalist movement. [10 marks, 150 words]
The Dandi march, which triggered the wider Civil Disobedience Movement, was an important part of the Indian independence movement. It was a campaign of non-violent protest against the British salt tax in colonial India which began with the Salt March to Dandi.
The Dandi March – Symbolism
• Gandhi conceived of a brilliant plan to begin the Civil Disobedience with defiance of salt laws. Salt tax was a concern of every poor man. Gandhi’s appeal to Irwin referred to the salt tax: ‘I regard this tax to be the most iniquitous of all from the poor man’s standpoint. As the Independence movement is essentially for the poorest in the land, the beginning will be made with this evil.’ It was an ingenious choice because every peasant and every aristocrat understood the necessity of salt in everyday life.
• It also did not alienate Congress moderates while simultaneously being an issue of enough importance to mobilize a mass following. Non-violent nature additionally helped make it a mass-movement.
• Gandhi chose April 6 to launch it for a symbolic reason—it was the first day of ‘National Week’, begun in 1919 when Gandhi conceived of the national hartal (strike) against the Rowlatt Act.
The Dandi March – Planning and Propaganda
• Gandhi prepared the worldwide media for the march by issuing regular statements from Sabarmati, at his regular prayer meetings and through direct contact with the press.
• For strict discipline and adherence to Satyagraha and ahimsa, he recruited the marchers not from Congress, but from his own ashram, who were trained in discipline.
• The route of the march and each stopping place was planned ahead of time based on recruitment potential, past contacts, and timing. Gandhi sent scouts to each village ahead to plan his talks based on the local needs.
The Dandi March – Mass Mobilisation and Participation
• Gandhi and approximately 78 male Satyagrahis set out, on foot, for the coastal village of Dandi some 240 miles from Sabarmati. As they entered each village, Gandhi gave speeches attacking the salt tax as inhuman, and the Salt Satyagraha as a ‘poor man’s battle’.
• Each night they slept in the open, asking villagers for simple food. Gandhi felt that this would bring the poor into the battle for independence, necessary for eventual victory.
• He implored his thousands of followers to begin to make salt wherever, along the seashore. There were also simultaneous boycotts of cloth and khaddar. Salt was sold, illegally, all over the seacoast of India.
The Dandi March – Significance
• It was the most significant organised challenge to British authority since NCM
• Dandi march was followed by the defiance of Salt laws all over country. (Rajagopalachari, K. Kelappan, Sarojini Naidu etc.) But salt Satyagraha was only a beginning for varied forms of defiance of British authority – boycott of foreign clothes and liquor, non-payment of Chowkidari tax, defiance of forest laws, it marked a new stage in the anti-imperialist struggle of Indian people.
• With this, Gandhi reasserted his leadership after a gap in which Congress was internally divided into Swarajist and No-changers.
• By 1934 when the Civil Disobedience Movement finally ended, the Congress had mobilised great political support and gained a moral authority, which were converted into a massive electoral victory in 1937. The vertical and horizontal reach of Congress had grown stronger in 1930s as compared to its position in early 1920s.
• The logic of Civil disobedience itself emphasised the need for combining nationalism with radical social and economic programmes. Hereafter, the Congress drifted towards greater radicalisation. (Karachi Resolution, Gandhi-Irwin Pact and later land reforms included in the official Congress programme).
Write a note on the Dandi March and its impact on nationalist movement. [10 marks, 150 words]
The Dandi march, which triggered the wider Civil Disobedience Movement, was an important part of the Indian independence movement. It was a campaign of non-violent protest against the British salt tax in colonial India which began with the Salt March to Dandi.
The Dandi March – Symbolism
• Gandhi conceived of a brilliant plan to begin the Civil Disobedience with defiance of salt laws. Salt tax was a concern of every poor man. Gandhi’s appeal to Irwin referred to the salt tax: ‘I regard this tax to be the most iniquitous of all from the poor man’s standpoint. As the Independence movement is essentially for the poorest in the land, the beginning will be made with this evil.’ It was an ingenious choice because every peasant and every aristocrat understood the necessity of salt in everyday life.
• It also did not alienate Congress moderates while simultaneously being an issue of enough importance to mobilize a mass following. Non-violent nature additionally helped make it a mass-movement.
• Gandhi chose April 6 to launch it for a symbolic reason—it was the first day of ‘National Week’, begun in 1919 when Gandhi conceived of the national hartal (strike) against the Rowlatt Act.
The Dandi March – Planning and Propaganda
• Gandhi prepared the worldwide media for the march by issuing regular statements from Sabarmati, at his regular prayer meetings and through direct contact with the press.
• For strict discipline and adherence to Satyagraha and ahimsa, he recruited the marchers not from Congress, but from his own ashram, who were trained in discipline.
• The route of the march and each stopping place was planned ahead of time based on recruitment potential, past contacts, and timing. Gandhi sent scouts to each village ahead to plan his talks based on the local needs.
The Dandi March – Mass Mobilisation and Participation
• Gandhi and approximately 78 male Satyagrahis set out, on foot, for the coastal village of Dandi some 240 miles from Sabarmati. As they entered each village, Gandhi gave speeches attacking the salt tax as inhuman, and the Salt Satyagraha as a ‘poor man’s battle’.
• Each night they slept in the open, asking villagers for simple food. Gandhi felt that this would bring the poor into the battle for independence, necessary for eventual victory.
• He implored his thousands of followers to begin to make salt wherever, along the seashore. There were also simultaneous boycotts of cloth and khaddar. Salt was sold, illegally, all over the seacoast of India.
The Dandi March – Significance
• It was the most significant organised challenge to British authority since NCM
• Dandi march was followed by the defiance of Salt laws all over country. (Rajagopalachari, K. Kelappan, Sarojini Naidu etc.) But salt Satyagraha was only a beginning for varied forms of defiance of British authority – boycott of foreign clothes and liquor, non-payment of Chowkidari tax, defiance of forest laws, it marked a new stage in the anti-imperialist struggle of Indian people.
• With this, Gandhi reasserted his leadership after a gap in which Congress was internally divided into Swarajist and No-changers.
• By 1934 when the Civil Disobedience Movement finally ended, the Congress had mobilised great political support and gained a moral authority, which were converted into a massive electoral victory in 1937. The vertical and horizontal reach of Congress had grown stronger in 1930s as compared to its position in early 1920s.
• The logic of Civil disobedience itself emphasised the need for combining nationalism with radical social and economic programmes. Hereafter, the Congress drifted towards greater radicalisation. (Karachi Resolution, Gandhi-Irwin Pact and later land reforms included in the official Congress programme).
The Daily Answer Writing Practice [Question 60, 13 September 2020]
Dear Students,
Please find below today’s question for Daily Answer Writing Practice
Do you think that the nationalist movement was responsible for evolving a policy framework for economic development in independent India? Discuss. [15 marks, 250 words]
Model Answer would be posted after 8 pm today
#GS1 #History
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Dear Students,
Please find below today’s question for Daily Answer Writing Practice
Do you think that the nationalist movement was responsible for evolving a policy framework for economic development in independent India? Discuss. [15 marks, 250 words]
Model Answer would be posted after 8 pm today
#GS1 #History
For Daily Answer Writing Practice for Mains 2020 join: https://t.me/AnswerWritingDaily
For Daily MCQ Practice for Prelims 2020 join: https://t.me/DailyMCQsForUPSC
For Daily History Optional Answer Writing Practice join: https://t.me/HistoryDailyAnswerWriting
The Daily Answer Writing Practice [Question 60, 13 September 2020]
Do you think that the nationalist movement was responsible for evolving a policy framework for economic development in independent India? Discuss. [15 marks, 250 words]
Answer:
Almost from the very beginning of the national movement, the leadership developed a vision of a future India as a modern industrial society and economy.
Overall Perspective –
The economy was to be based on industrialism making full use of modern science and technology, as had happened in Europe. In fact, their blueprint of India of the future was that of a country which would resemble a European country. As this vision developed in the 20th century, it assigned a central role to the State in leading India’s transformation to an affluent industrial society. This vision was codified in the famous Congress resolution on fundamental rights and economic programme, passed at its Karachi session in 1931.
Capitalist vs Socialist –
There was a substantial consensus within Congress that Independent India would strive to become a modern democratic industrial society. However, there existed two rival perspectives on the future – socialist economic development as against a capitalist one.
Socialist perspective developed by Nehru and other Left-wing leaders in 1930s. According to them, India was to develop as a modern industrial society, without a dominant role by the capitalist class. The economic policies would be in the interests of peasants and workers. The excessive concentration of wealth would be discouraged. Socialism meant “the ending of private property, except in a restricted sense… nationalization of the instrument of production and distribution.”
However, this view was held only by some people. Many others in the leadership advocated the development of India as a modern capitalist society (e.g. Sardar Patel).
The consensus that emerged on the common points, namely, modern industrial development based on science and technology and an important role for the State in promoting key sectors of the economy. It reflected in the formation of a National Planning Committee in 1938 under the chairmanship of Nehru which was a precursor to the National Planning. It was also shared by large sections of capitalists in the Bombay Plan.
Gandhian Perspective –
It was based on decentralisation of resources, minimal use of modern technology, autonomy for the villages and the creation of rural industries. Gandhi often showed his reservations for modern economic development based on science and technology. However, he did not insist on an inclusion of his views into the mainstream economic policy. The famous Karachi resolution was moved in the open session by Gandhi himself!
This mainstream view on economic development constituted an important legacy of the national movement for the economic development of independent India.
#GS1 #History
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Do you think that the nationalist movement was responsible for evolving a policy framework for economic development in independent India? Discuss. [15 marks, 250 words]
Answer:
Almost from the very beginning of the national movement, the leadership developed a vision of a future India as a modern industrial society and economy.
Overall Perspective –
The economy was to be based on industrialism making full use of modern science and technology, as had happened in Europe. In fact, their blueprint of India of the future was that of a country which would resemble a European country. As this vision developed in the 20th century, it assigned a central role to the State in leading India’s transformation to an affluent industrial society. This vision was codified in the famous Congress resolution on fundamental rights and economic programme, passed at its Karachi session in 1931.
Capitalist vs Socialist –
There was a substantial consensus within Congress that Independent India would strive to become a modern democratic industrial society. However, there existed two rival perspectives on the future – socialist economic development as against a capitalist one.
Socialist perspective developed by Nehru and other Left-wing leaders in 1930s. According to them, India was to develop as a modern industrial society, without a dominant role by the capitalist class. The economic policies would be in the interests of peasants and workers. The excessive concentration of wealth would be discouraged. Socialism meant “the ending of private property, except in a restricted sense… nationalization of the instrument of production and distribution.”
However, this view was held only by some people. Many others in the leadership advocated the development of India as a modern capitalist society (e.g. Sardar Patel).
The consensus that emerged on the common points, namely, modern industrial development based on science and technology and an important role for the State in promoting key sectors of the economy. It reflected in the formation of a National Planning Committee in 1938 under the chairmanship of Nehru which was a precursor to the National Planning. It was also shared by large sections of capitalists in the Bombay Plan.
Gandhian Perspective –
It was based on decentralisation of resources, minimal use of modern technology, autonomy for the villages and the creation of rural industries. Gandhi often showed his reservations for modern economic development based on science and technology. However, he did not insist on an inclusion of his views into the mainstream economic policy. The famous Karachi resolution was moved in the open session by Gandhi himself!
This mainstream view on economic development constituted an important legacy of the national movement for the economic development of independent India.
#GS1 #History
For Daily Answer Writing Practice for Mains 2020 join: https://t.me/AnswerWritingDaily
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The Daily Answer Writing Practice
[Question 61, 14 September, 2020]
Dear Students,
Please find below today’s question for Daily Answer Writing Practice
Indian electoral system needs the proportional representation system to minimize the inherent limitations of the first-past-the-post voting system in India. Do you agree? (15 Marks, 250 Words)
#polity #GS2
Model Answer would be posted after 8 pm today
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[Question 61, 14 September, 2020]
Dear Students,
Please find below today’s question for Daily Answer Writing Practice
Indian electoral system needs the proportional representation system to minimize the inherent limitations of the first-past-the-post voting system in India. Do you agree? (15 Marks, 250 Words)
#polity #GS2
Model Answer would be posted after 8 pm today
For Daily Answer Writing Practice for Mains 2020 join: https://t.me/AnswerWritingDaily
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Through this channel we will provide one question everyday at 10 am. Students can discuss answers and give feedback to each other through the associated group.
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The Daily Answer Writing Practice
[Question 61, 14 September, 2020]
Dear Students,
Please find below today’s answer for Daily Answer Writing Practice
Indian electoral system needs the proportional representation system to minimize the inherent limitations of the first-past-the-post voting system in India. Do you agree? (15 Marks, 250 Words)
Answer:
In First Past The Post (FPTP) system the country is divided into constituencies and the candidate securing maximum number of votes wins the election whereas in Proportional Representation System (PRS), the country may or may not be divided into constituencies and the available seats are allocated to contesting parties in the proportion of votes won by them.
Inherent limitations of FPTP:
• Leads to the exclusion of small, minority or regional parties from the Parliament.
• Votes of those who voted for opposition candidates are wasted
• Slight changes in vote share can cause dramatic change in the vote share.
• Election expenditure is higher.
• Sometimes the winning candidate wins only about 20-30% of the votes thus defeating majoritarian government concept.
• It often encourages caste, religion, Ethnicity and regional politics.
• Since there is delimitation of boundaries, cases of gerrymandering can occur.
• Results in Two Party system in effect
Merits of PRS:
• Faithfully translate votes cast into seats won.
• Give rise to very few wasted votes, depending on the threshold.
• Facilitate minority parties’ access to representationdepending on the district magnitude.
• Restrict the growth of ‘regional fiefdoms’.
• Election expenditure per constituency would be minimized
• People can approach any candidates from the list for their problems.
Thus PRS can tackle only few of the limitations associated with FPTP system.
However, there are other serious limitations in PRS also:
• Candidates can simply focus on select groups.
• Stability would be compromised, coalitions becomes inevitable.
• Breaks the candidate — people relation.
• Chances of party power to be concentrated with the few.
• The inability of the voter to enforce accountability by throwing a party out of power or a particular candidate out of office.
• Difficulties either for voters to understand or for the electoral administration to implement depending on voter’s education and training of poll workers.
Also there are many merits of FPTP system:
• Simple and uncomplicated, illiterate persons could easily understand.
• It ensures the stable governmentin such a diverse country.
• Voting based on the merit of the candidates.
• Candidates are linked with constituencies.
• Candidates have to reach to all the communities.
• Encourages political parties themselves to have more broad-based participation.
• It allows voters to choose both party and candidate.
• Gives chance to popular candidate to get elected even without party backing.
Way forward
• Both electoral systems (Proportional Representation and FPTP) come with their own merits and demerits. The German Hybrid representation model which incorporates the advantages of both is suitable for India.
• Recommendations of the Law Commission’s 170th and 255th report were also supportive of Hybrid Model Idea and should be implemented, at least on pilot basis.
#polity # GS2
Model Answer would be posted after 8 pm today
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[Question 61, 14 September, 2020]
Dear Students,
Please find below today’s answer for Daily Answer Writing Practice
Indian electoral system needs the proportional representation system to minimize the inherent limitations of the first-past-the-post voting system in India. Do you agree? (15 Marks, 250 Words)
Answer:
In First Past The Post (FPTP) system the country is divided into constituencies and the candidate securing maximum number of votes wins the election whereas in Proportional Representation System (PRS), the country may or may not be divided into constituencies and the available seats are allocated to contesting parties in the proportion of votes won by them.
Inherent limitations of FPTP:
• Leads to the exclusion of small, minority or regional parties from the Parliament.
• Votes of those who voted for opposition candidates are wasted
• Slight changes in vote share can cause dramatic change in the vote share.
• Election expenditure is higher.
• Sometimes the winning candidate wins only about 20-30% of the votes thus defeating majoritarian government concept.
• It often encourages caste, religion, Ethnicity and regional politics.
• Since there is delimitation of boundaries, cases of gerrymandering can occur.
• Results in Two Party system in effect
Merits of PRS:
• Faithfully translate votes cast into seats won.
• Give rise to very few wasted votes, depending on the threshold.
• Facilitate minority parties’ access to representationdepending on the district magnitude.
• Restrict the growth of ‘regional fiefdoms’.
• Election expenditure per constituency would be minimized
• People can approach any candidates from the list for their problems.
Thus PRS can tackle only few of the limitations associated with FPTP system.
However, there are other serious limitations in PRS also:
• Candidates can simply focus on select groups.
• Stability would be compromised, coalitions becomes inevitable.
• Breaks the candidate — people relation.
• Chances of party power to be concentrated with the few.
• The inability of the voter to enforce accountability by throwing a party out of power or a particular candidate out of office.
• Difficulties either for voters to understand or for the electoral administration to implement depending on voter’s education and training of poll workers.
Also there are many merits of FPTP system:
• Simple and uncomplicated, illiterate persons could easily understand.
• It ensures the stable governmentin such a diverse country.
• Voting based on the merit of the candidates.
• Candidates are linked with constituencies.
• Candidates have to reach to all the communities.
• Encourages political parties themselves to have more broad-based participation.
• It allows voters to choose both party and candidate.
• Gives chance to popular candidate to get elected even without party backing.
Way forward
• Both electoral systems (Proportional Representation and FPTP) come with their own merits and demerits. The German Hybrid representation model which incorporates the advantages of both is suitable for India.
• Recommendations of the Law Commission’s 170th and 255th report were also supportive of Hybrid Model Idea and should be implemented, at least on pilot basis.
#polity # GS2
Model Answer would be posted after 8 pm today
For Daily Answer Writing Practice for Mains 2020 join: https://t.me/AnswerWritingDaily
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The Daily Answer Writing Practice
[Question 62, 15 September, 2020]
Dear Students,
Please find below today’s question for Daily Answer Writing Practice
"This is a moral universe and that there are moral laws of the universe just as abiding as the physical laws." Do you agree? (10 Marks, 150 words)
#Ethics # GS4
Model Answer would be posted after 8 pm today
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[Question 62, 15 September, 2020]
Dear Students,
Please find below today’s question for Daily Answer Writing Practice
"This is a moral universe and that there are moral laws of the universe just as abiding as the physical laws." Do you agree? (10 Marks, 150 words)
#Ethics # GS4
Model Answer would be posted after 8 pm today
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The Daily Answer Writing Practice
[Question 62, 15 September, 2020]
Dear Students,
Please find below today’ answer for Daily Answer Writing Practice
"This is a moral universe and that there are moral laws of the universe just as abiding as the physical laws." Do you agree? (10 Marks, 150 words)
Answer –
The universe is the entire collectivity of things and phenomenon around us. Human acts consciously within a physical structure that is beyond their control. Human consciousness gives them agency to choose their goals and means as per their meanings and motives. This choice is governed by the moral universe, which is as binding and as constraining the humans as the physical universe.
Just as the physical universe is sui-generis, universal and obligatory on human beings, so is the moral universe comprising of moral principles (human values). Both are indispensable and external to humans.
Human consciousness is like the fundamental forces of physics. It is derived from ethical values and guides human action.
Moral universe helps in maintaining order in the society. Violation of moral values can lead to violence, lawlessness and disaster, e.g. just like a man would die if he tries to jump from the roof of a building to defy gravity, he would also be tortured by his conscience on speaking lies. Also, moral values also help to smoothen human interaction and build relationships.
Thus, human should act consciously in line with core human values just as they act in consonance with the laws of physics to lead to social stability and prosperity.
Importance of morality for human existence:
1. Morality brings predictability in the society
2. It also brings peace and order in the society
3. It smoothens the interaction and dealing between persons
4. It also provides a sense of worth for the one who does a moral act.
#Ethics # GS4
Model Answer would be posted after 8 pm today
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[Question 62, 15 September, 2020]
Dear Students,
Please find below today’ answer for Daily Answer Writing Practice
"This is a moral universe and that there are moral laws of the universe just as abiding as the physical laws." Do you agree? (10 Marks, 150 words)
Answer –
The universe is the entire collectivity of things and phenomenon around us. Human acts consciously within a physical structure that is beyond their control. Human consciousness gives them agency to choose their goals and means as per their meanings and motives. This choice is governed by the moral universe, which is as binding and as constraining the humans as the physical universe.
Just as the physical universe is sui-generis, universal and obligatory on human beings, so is the moral universe comprising of moral principles (human values). Both are indispensable and external to humans.
Human consciousness is like the fundamental forces of physics. It is derived from ethical values and guides human action.
Moral universe helps in maintaining order in the society. Violation of moral values can lead to violence, lawlessness and disaster, e.g. just like a man would die if he tries to jump from the roof of a building to defy gravity, he would also be tortured by his conscience on speaking lies. Also, moral values also help to smoothen human interaction and build relationships.
Thus, human should act consciously in line with core human values just as they act in consonance with the laws of physics to lead to social stability and prosperity.
Importance of morality for human existence:
1. Morality brings predictability in the society
2. It also brings peace and order in the society
3. It smoothens the interaction and dealing between persons
4. It also provides a sense of worth for the one who does a moral act.
#Ethics # GS4
Model Answer would be posted after 8 pm today
For Daily Answer Writing Practice for Mains 2020 join: https://t.me/AnswerWritingDaily
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Through this channel we will provide one question everyday at 10 am. Students can discuss answers and give feedback to each other through the associated group.
Join here for submission, evaluation, discussion, feedback @AnswerWritingDailyDiscuss
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The Daily Answer Writing Practice
[Question 63, 16 September, 2020]
Dear Students,
Please find below today’s question for Daily Answer Writing Practice
In what ways religious philosophy of the Upanishads differs from the early Vedic religion. (10 Marks, 150 words)
#History #GS1
Model Answer would be posted after 8 pm today
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[Question 63, 16 September, 2020]
Dear Students,
Please find below today’s question for Daily Answer Writing Practice
In what ways religious philosophy of the Upanishads differs from the early Vedic religion. (10 Marks, 150 words)
#History #GS1
Model Answer would be posted after 8 pm today
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The Daily Answer Writing Practice [Question 63, 16 September, 2020]
In what ways religious philosophy of the Upanishads differs from the early Vedic religion. (10 Marks, 150 words)
Vedic religion has two aspects – ritualistic and philosophical. While the Early Vedic thought is more about sacrificial performance in the name of karmamarga, the Upanishads take many of the Vedic themes ahead. Shifting focus from the sacrificial rites, they stressed on the realization of the Self and of the Real.
Early Vedic Rituals and Upanishadic Philosophy –
Vedic rituals praise different devas. They were conceived as presiding deities over natural phenomena who also maintained the moral/cosmic order, the rita (cosmic order)
Unity of all the deities in one Supreme Being was arrived in two ways – firstly by claiming various gods are manifestations of one god and in a more abstract conceptions like Visvakarman, Prajapati, Hiranyagarbha, and Purusha.
The concept of the Supreme Being in Vedic though culminates in Atman. In the early parts of the Rig-Veda Brahman was chiefly related to ritualistic procedures only. Individual soul (Atman) is identified with the universal soul, i.e. Brahman, first in the Shatapatha Brahman. This relation between them in varied degrees is the basis of all philosophical tenets which were developed in subsequently in Upanishads.
There is elaborate description of public and domestic rites in Vedic texts. Sacrifice (shrauta as well as Grihya) was the chief act of worship which had significant religious and social connotation. In course of time, the liturgical details of the Vedic rituals became more and more complicated and technical and lots of sutra works were written to formulate the procedures of the rites.
Though the Samhitas are the collection of hymns (Mantra) to be chanted during the performance of various sacrifices and the Brahmana texts outline the procedures of such performances, both these classes of texts embody sufficient philosophical speculations which are further systematized in the Upanishads. In a sense, the dawn of Indian philosophy may be traced to the Samhitas and the Brahmanas which gradually culminated in the Aranyakas and the Upanishads which resulted in partial replacement of Vedic rituals by meditations and self-knowledge.
In Upanishads, which focus more on philosophical aspects, Brahman has been conceptualized as both personal and impersonal (Saguna and Nirguna). Although the Atman is essentially identical with Brahman, it is bound by law of Karma and till desires are exhausted, it cannot reach the stage of salvation which is the goal of life according to the Upanishads. Self-realization alone can dispel ignorance and bestow eternal bliss and everlasting peace. Knowledge of Brahman alone can remove all sorrows, delusions and pain. This Brahma-Jnana is not mere theoretical information about Brahman. It is matter of realization through renunciation, meditation and yogic exercises as has been detailed in Maitri, Katha and Svetasvatara Upanishads. (and not sacrificial rituals as per earlier Vedic thoughts)
Conclusion –
Thus, in the Samhitas and the Brahmanas, the search for the Truth by looking within had begun, the essential unity of god and man was acknowledged. Still the religion was primarily sacrifice centred, ritualistic and originally polytheistic. In the Upanishadic period we find that ritualistic part of religion was relegated to a lesser important position and solving the cosmic mystery and realization of the Atman - Brahman through meditation and renunciation became the central concern.
#History #GS1
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In what ways religious philosophy of the Upanishads differs from the early Vedic religion. (10 Marks, 150 words)
Vedic religion has two aspects – ritualistic and philosophical. While the Early Vedic thought is more about sacrificial performance in the name of karmamarga, the Upanishads take many of the Vedic themes ahead. Shifting focus from the sacrificial rites, they stressed on the realization of the Self and of the Real.
Early Vedic Rituals and Upanishadic Philosophy –
Vedic rituals praise different devas. They were conceived as presiding deities over natural phenomena who also maintained the moral/cosmic order, the rita (cosmic order)
Unity of all the deities in one Supreme Being was arrived in two ways – firstly by claiming various gods are manifestations of one god and in a more abstract conceptions like Visvakarman, Prajapati, Hiranyagarbha, and Purusha.
The concept of the Supreme Being in Vedic though culminates in Atman. In the early parts of the Rig-Veda Brahman was chiefly related to ritualistic procedures only. Individual soul (Atman) is identified with the universal soul, i.e. Brahman, first in the Shatapatha Brahman. This relation between them in varied degrees is the basis of all philosophical tenets which were developed in subsequently in Upanishads.
There is elaborate description of public and domestic rites in Vedic texts. Sacrifice (shrauta as well as Grihya) was the chief act of worship which had significant religious and social connotation. In course of time, the liturgical details of the Vedic rituals became more and more complicated and technical and lots of sutra works were written to formulate the procedures of the rites.
Though the Samhitas are the collection of hymns (Mantra) to be chanted during the performance of various sacrifices and the Brahmana texts outline the procedures of such performances, both these classes of texts embody sufficient philosophical speculations which are further systematized in the Upanishads. In a sense, the dawn of Indian philosophy may be traced to the Samhitas and the Brahmanas which gradually culminated in the Aranyakas and the Upanishads which resulted in partial replacement of Vedic rituals by meditations and self-knowledge.
In Upanishads, which focus more on philosophical aspects, Brahman has been conceptualized as both personal and impersonal (Saguna and Nirguna). Although the Atman is essentially identical with Brahman, it is bound by law of Karma and till desires are exhausted, it cannot reach the stage of salvation which is the goal of life according to the Upanishads. Self-realization alone can dispel ignorance and bestow eternal bliss and everlasting peace. Knowledge of Brahman alone can remove all sorrows, delusions and pain. This Brahma-Jnana is not mere theoretical information about Brahman. It is matter of realization through renunciation, meditation and yogic exercises as has been detailed in Maitri, Katha and Svetasvatara Upanishads. (and not sacrificial rituals as per earlier Vedic thoughts)
Conclusion –
Thus, in the Samhitas and the Brahmanas, the search for the Truth by looking within had begun, the essential unity of god and man was acknowledged. Still the religion was primarily sacrifice centred, ritualistic and originally polytheistic. In the Upanishadic period we find that ritualistic part of religion was relegated to a lesser important position and solving the cosmic mystery and realization of the Atman - Brahman through meditation and renunciation became the central concern.
#History #GS1
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The Daily Answer Writing Practice
[Question 64, 17 September, 2020]
Dear Students,
Please find below today’s question for Daily Answer Writing Practice
Discuss the features of the Nehru Report, 1928. (10 Marks, 150 words)
#History #GS1
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[Question 64, 17 September, 2020]
Dear Students,
Please find below today’s question for Daily Answer Writing Practice
Discuss the features of the Nehru Report, 1928. (10 Marks, 150 words)
#History #GS1
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The Daily Answer Writing Practice [Question 64, 17 September, 2020]
Discuss the features of the Nehru Report. (10 Marks, 150 words)
Answer:
Nehru Committee report prepared a detailed constitutional scheme for India in reply to the challenge posed by Lord Birkenhead to Indians, asking them to frame a constitution acceptable to all political parties in India. It was based on the principle of fully responsible government on the model of the Constitution of self-governing dominions. It was different from the principle of gradual advancement as envisaged by the Act of 1919.
Dominion Status – India should have the dominion constitutional status in the British Empire with parliament having powers to make laws (Commonwealth of India).
Political Structure – The legislative powers should vest with the King and bicameral parliament. Executive powers with the king exercisable by the Governor-General. Same provisions should be made for the establishment of responsible governments in provinces.
Despite the fact that federal principle was introduced in the composition of the senate, the provinces were not equally represented in it and thus the federal principle was not really put into practice. De-centralisation was carried to the same extent as in the Act of 1919. Residuary powers were vested in the centre. Hierarchy of courts with a Supreme Court as its apex appeal court be established.
Native States – The position of Princely States in relation to Centre was not made clear. It criticized the appointment of Butler Committee and stated that the Paramountcy should be transferred to the government of Commonwealth of India.
Fundamental Rights and Communal Problem – The Constitution should define citizenship and declare fundamental rights. It was the first expression of the majority of the Indian leadership on the communal problem which provided for safeguards and guarantees to minorities.
• Liberty of conscience and religion
• Muslim majority provinces should be given distinct politico-cultural identity (separate Sind province, full status to NWFP)
• Rejected the principle of separate electorates and proposed joint electorates subject to reservations of seats for Muslims at centre and in provinces where they were in a minority and for non-Muslims in NWFP
Outcome
The Congress set a deadline of one year for its acceptance, failing which they would organise a non-violent campaign in 1930. Muslim league rejected it with Jinnah’s‘Fourteen Point’. Meanwhile, Ramsay MacDonald of the Labour Party had become the Prime Minister and proposed Round Table Conference to consider the Simon Commission Report.
#History #GS1
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Discuss the features of the Nehru Report. (10 Marks, 150 words)
Answer:
Nehru Committee report prepared a detailed constitutional scheme for India in reply to the challenge posed by Lord Birkenhead to Indians, asking them to frame a constitution acceptable to all political parties in India. It was based on the principle of fully responsible government on the model of the Constitution of self-governing dominions. It was different from the principle of gradual advancement as envisaged by the Act of 1919.
Dominion Status – India should have the dominion constitutional status in the British Empire with parliament having powers to make laws (Commonwealth of India).
Political Structure – The legislative powers should vest with the King and bicameral parliament. Executive powers with the king exercisable by the Governor-General. Same provisions should be made for the establishment of responsible governments in provinces.
Despite the fact that federal principle was introduced in the composition of the senate, the provinces were not equally represented in it and thus the federal principle was not really put into practice. De-centralisation was carried to the same extent as in the Act of 1919. Residuary powers were vested in the centre. Hierarchy of courts with a Supreme Court as its apex appeal court be established.
Native States – The position of Princely States in relation to Centre was not made clear. It criticized the appointment of Butler Committee and stated that the Paramountcy should be transferred to the government of Commonwealth of India.
Fundamental Rights and Communal Problem – The Constitution should define citizenship and declare fundamental rights. It was the first expression of the majority of the Indian leadership on the communal problem which provided for safeguards and guarantees to minorities.
• Liberty of conscience and religion
• Muslim majority provinces should be given distinct politico-cultural identity (separate Sind province, full status to NWFP)
• Rejected the principle of separate electorates and proposed joint electorates subject to reservations of seats for Muslims at centre and in provinces where they were in a minority and for non-Muslims in NWFP
Outcome
The Congress set a deadline of one year for its acceptance, failing which they would organise a non-violent campaign in 1930. Muslim league rejected it with Jinnah’s‘Fourteen Point’. Meanwhile, Ramsay MacDonald of the Labour Party had become the Prime Minister and proposed Round Table Conference to consider the Simon Commission Report.
#History #GS1
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The Daily Answer Writing Practice
[Question 65, 18 September, 2020][#History #GS1]
Dear Students,
Please find below today’s question for Daily Answer Writing Practice
Write a note on the farmers movements of the post-Independence period. How did the farmers movements react to the globalisation? Discuss. (15 Marks, 250 words)
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[Question 65, 18 September, 2020][#History #GS1]
Dear Students,
Please find below today’s question for Daily Answer Writing Practice
Write a note on the farmers movements of the post-Independence period. How did the farmers movements react to the globalisation? Discuss. (15 Marks, 250 words)
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The Daily Answer Writing Practice [Question 65, 18 September, 2020]
Write a note on the farmers movements of the post-Independence period. How did the farmers movements react to the globalisation? Discuss.
Answer:
There have been the movements of agrarian classes in India throughout the pre- and post-Independence periods. Different agrarian classes have been mobilised into collective actions on their respective issues, by their respective leaderships and organisations.
Phase I – Pre-Green Revolution Era
Most of the rural poor belong to low castes who unlike the kulaks/middle/rich peasants face dual problems — social discrimination and economic exploitation. Therefore, their mobilisation involved both on the social and economic issues. (mobilisation of dalits by Republican Party of India). They were mobilised into collective actions throughout the post-Independence era in different states of India by different kinds of organisations.
Traditional Marxists (CPI and CPM), socialists and Naxalites launched agrarian movements in different parts of the country. The issues included land reforms, and wages for the poorer classes, and prices of the produce and making available the infrastructure in the agriculture.
Phase II – Post-Green Revolution Era – New Social Movement
It saw the rise of the movements of kulaks (rich peasants of middle or intermediate castes like Jats, Gujars, Yadavs, Marathas Vokaliggas and Lingayats, Patels) in the prosperous regions of the country, which had benefited from the green revolution. Their characteristics were: apolitical nature, based on the rural-urban divide, concerned with the issues of commercial economy in agriculture, with new mode of mobilisation and new type of leadership. Of these three movements — Shetkari Sangathan in Maharashtra, Karnataka Raitha Sangha in Karnataka and BKU movement of UP deserve special mention.
Phase III – Globalisation
The attempt of the west to interfere in the agrarian economy through the Dunkel Draft and GATT evoked different reactions from the farmers movement. While Sharad Joshi (Shetkari Sangathana) supported the globalisation. He argued that the opening of Indian agriculture to the world competition would benefit Indian farmers. He became advisor to the VP Singh government.
On the other hand, Karntaka Rajya Rytha Sangha and Mahendra Singh Tikait of BKU, supported by Vandana Shiva, other socialisats/Gandhians opposed it. They argued that globalisation would expose the Indian farmers to the unequal competition with the European farmers, and opposed the attempt of the government to change the patent laws, demanded abrogation of the subsidies given by the European governments to their farmers.
Thus, the globalisation evoked contradictory responses from the leadership of farmers organisations. This period has also seen the rise of alternative mobilisation of the rural poor which saw the participation of the civil society organisations and intellectual activists.
#History #GS1
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Write a note on the farmers movements of the post-Independence period. How did the farmers movements react to the globalisation? Discuss.
Answer:
There have been the movements of agrarian classes in India throughout the pre- and post-Independence periods. Different agrarian classes have been mobilised into collective actions on their respective issues, by their respective leaderships and organisations.
Phase I – Pre-Green Revolution Era
Most of the rural poor belong to low castes who unlike the kulaks/middle/rich peasants face dual problems — social discrimination and economic exploitation. Therefore, their mobilisation involved both on the social and economic issues. (mobilisation of dalits by Republican Party of India). They were mobilised into collective actions throughout the post-Independence era in different states of India by different kinds of organisations.
Traditional Marxists (CPI and CPM), socialists and Naxalites launched agrarian movements in different parts of the country. The issues included land reforms, and wages for the poorer classes, and prices of the produce and making available the infrastructure in the agriculture.
Phase II – Post-Green Revolution Era – New Social Movement
It saw the rise of the movements of kulaks (rich peasants of middle or intermediate castes like Jats, Gujars, Yadavs, Marathas Vokaliggas and Lingayats, Patels) in the prosperous regions of the country, which had benefited from the green revolution. Their characteristics were: apolitical nature, based on the rural-urban divide, concerned with the issues of commercial economy in agriculture, with new mode of mobilisation and new type of leadership. Of these three movements — Shetkari Sangathan in Maharashtra, Karnataka Raitha Sangha in Karnataka and BKU movement of UP deserve special mention.
Phase III – Globalisation
The attempt of the west to interfere in the agrarian economy through the Dunkel Draft and GATT evoked different reactions from the farmers movement. While Sharad Joshi (Shetkari Sangathana) supported the globalisation. He argued that the opening of Indian agriculture to the world competition would benefit Indian farmers. He became advisor to the VP Singh government.
On the other hand, Karntaka Rajya Rytha Sangha and Mahendra Singh Tikait of BKU, supported by Vandana Shiva, other socialisats/Gandhians opposed it. They argued that globalisation would expose the Indian farmers to the unequal competition with the European farmers, and opposed the attempt of the government to change the patent laws, demanded abrogation of the subsidies given by the European governments to their farmers.
Thus, the globalisation evoked contradictory responses from the leadership of farmers organisations. This period has also seen the rise of alternative mobilisation of the rural poor which saw the participation of the civil society organisations and intellectual activists.
#History #GS1
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The Daily Answer Writing Practice
[Question 66, 19 September, 2020]
Dear Students,
Please find below today’s question for Daily Answer Writing Practice
Collective Ministerial Responsibility is the basis of Parliamentary democracy. What do you understand by 'collective responsibility'? Examine its significance in the era of coalition governments. (10 marks, 150 words)
#polity #GS2
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[Question 66, 19 September, 2020]
Dear Students,
Please find below today’s question for Daily Answer Writing Practice
Collective Ministerial Responsibility is the basis of Parliamentary democracy. What do you understand by 'collective responsibility'? Examine its significance in the era of coalition governments. (10 marks, 150 words)
#polity #GS2
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The Daily Answer Writing Practice
[Question 66, 19 September, 2020]
Dear Students,
Please find below today’s answer for Daily Answer Writing Practice
Collective Ministerial Responsibility is the basis of Parliamentary democracy. What do you understand by 'collective responsibility'? Examine its significance in the era of coalition governments. (10 marks, 150 words)
Answer:
The framers of Indian Constitution consciously adopted the British model of parliamentary democracy with a cabinet government, with its basic concept of collective responsibility, as best suited to the conditions of India. The doctrine of collective responsibility of the Union Executive to the House of the People [Art 75] and of the State Executive to the Legislative Assembly [Art 164] is specifically enshrined in the Constitution.
Principles of collective responsibility:
• The decisions of the Cabinet are regarded as the decisions of the whole Council of Ministers and binding on all Ministers.
• Opinions may be freely expressed within the Cabinet. Outside, the government should have only one opinion.
• All ministers stand or fall together in Parliament, and the government is carried on as a unity.
• A Minister cannot disown responsibility for any Cabinet decision so long as he remains a Minister, even if he disagrees with it.
Difficulty in the era of coalition governments:
Dr. Ambedkar noted that collective responsibility can be achieved only through the instrumentality of the Prime Minister through his ultimate power to appoint and dismiss a Minister. However, in the era of coalition governments at the Centre and the State, the prerogative of PM/CM in ministry formation has been undermined. Coalition partners increasingly have a major say in the appointment and dismissal of ministers from their parties. In this arrangement, the upholding principle of collective responsibility has been difficult to enforce because the various coalition partners often lack a common programme and a common approach to national issues, leading to ministers of various parties taking a stand different from that of Cabinet. The coalition governments adversely affects the solidarity of the Cabinet and hence functioning of government.
Despite the difficulties, coalition governments are here to stay and ways must be found to uphold collective responsibility. It can only happen with the coalition partners agreeing on a common minimum programme and on upholding the primacy of the Prime Minister/ Chief Minister for the duration of his office. Otherwise, we will have a cabinet without a competent Prime Minister, and a Prime Minister without an effective government.
#polity #GS2
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[Question 66, 19 September, 2020]
Dear Students,
Please find below today’s answer for Daily Answer Writing Practice
Collective Ministerial Responsibility is the basis of Parliamentary democracy. What do you understand by 'collective responsibility'? Examine its significance in the era of coalition governments. (10 marks, 150 words)
Answer:
The framers of Indian Constitution consciously adopted the British model of parliamentary democracy with a cabinet government, with its basic concept of collective responsibility, as best suited to the conditions of India. The doctrine of collective responsibility of the Union Executive to the House of the People [Art 75] and of the State Executive to the Legislative Assembly [Art 164] is specifically enshrined in the Constitution.
Principles of collective responsibility:
• The decisions of the Cabinet are regarded as the decisions of the whole Council of Ministers and binding on all Ministers.
• Opinions may be freely expressed within the Cabinet. Outside, the government should have only one opinion.
• All ministers stand or fall together in Parliament, and the government is carried on as a unity.
• A Minister cannot disown responsibility for any Cabinet decision so long as he remains a Minister, even if he disagrees with it.
Difficulty in the era of coalition governments:
Dr. Ambedkar noted that collective responsibility can be achieved only through the instrumentality of the Prime Minister through his ultimate power to appoint and dismiss a Minister. However, in the era of coalition governments at the Centre and the State, the prerogative of PM/CM in ministry formation has been undermined. Coalition partners increasingly have a major say in the appointment and dismissal of ministers from their parties. In this arrangement, the upholding principle of collective responsibility has been difficult to enforce because the various coalition partners often lack a common programme and a common approach to national issues, leading to ministers of various parties taking a stand different from that of Cabinet. The coalition governments adversely affects the solidarity of the Cabinet and hence functioning of government.
Despite the difficulties, coalition governments are here to stay and ways must be found to uphold collective responsibility. It can only happen with the coalition partners agreeing on a common minimum programme and on upholding the primacy of the Prime Minister/ Chief Minister for the duration of his office. Otherwise, we will have a cabinet without a competent Prime Minister, and a Prime Minister without an effective government.
#polity #GS2
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The Daily Answer Writing Practice
[Question 67, 20 September, 2020]
Dear Students,
Please find below today’s question for Daily Answer Writing Practice
Discuss the impact of increasing role of other institutions on the youth in the context of the declining role of the family as a socializing agent. (150 Words, 10 marks)
#Ethics #GS4
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[Question 67, 20 September, 2020]
Dear Students,
Please find below today’s question for Daily Answer Writing Practice
Discuss the impact of increasing role of other institutions on the youth in the context of the declining role of the family as a socializing agent. (150 Words, 10 marks)
#Ethics #GS4
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The Daily Answer Writing Practice
[Question 67, 20 September, 2020]
Dear Students,
Please find below today’s answer for Daily Answer Writing Practice
Discuss the impact of increasing role of other institutions on the youth in the context of the declining role of the family as a socializing agent. (150 Words, 10 marks)
Family is the first institution which provides values to children in the process of socialization. it provides for all the basic human needs at one place - Protection, nurture, love, respect, education, comfort etc. It was seen as the cornerstone of society.
However, in modern times people are shifting from Inter-dependence to Self-dependence, Collectivism to individualism, Obligation to freedom, involvement in other human being to that in material things, human centric to money centric and likewise. This has created new institutions which provide access to these changing values. Also Modern modes of communication like television, radio, internet—through information and advertisement are providing consumerist values to the people.
Impact of increasing role of other institutions
1. Market Place:
This institution has started impacting lives of the people significantly. It works on the principles of profit and amassing wealth. And as these two values have become most influencing and are making family system less attractive. Human being is considered not as end in itself but as means. Approach towards life has become more transactional.
2. Work Place:
This institution gives sense of belonging and togetherness which could only be sourced from family earlier. This also removes obligation which is required in family system and introduces idea of professionalism and work ethics.
3. College/universities:
This institution give ultimate sense of freedom and empowerment in people, especially youth. Family system has mostly failed to provide this. But its ability to replace family system in imparting human-centric values is limited.
4. Media:
Today media is one of the most impactful institutions. Even though it apparently increases connectedness in the world, it also imparts values of consumerism, objectification and violence in the name of entrainment. It not only generates new values but also reinforces the changing trends in value system.
These changes in the process of imparting values make youth more materialistic, and self-centered. The traditional norms of respecting elders and caring for younger, tolerance for different view-points leading to pluralistic values are missing from the society. Once individualistic values gets precedence, human virtues like empathy, compassion, and gratitude do not have central role in the society.
#Ethics #GS4
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[Question 67, 20 September, 2020]
Dear Students,
Please find below today’s answer for Daily Answer Writing Practice
Discuss the impact of increasing role of other institutions on the youth in the context of the declining role of the family as a socializing agent. (150 Words, 10 marks)
Family is the first institution which provides values to children in the process of socialization. it provides for all the basic human needs at one place - Protection, nurture, love, respect, education, comfort etc. It was seen as the cornerstone of society.
However, in modern times people are shifting from Inter-dependence to Self-dependence, Collectivism to individualism, Obligation to freedom, involvement in other human being to that in material things, human centric to money centric and likewise. This has created new institutions which provide access to these changing values. Also Modern modes of communication like television, radio, internet—through information and advertisement are providing consumerist values to the people.
Impact of increasing role of other institutions
1. Market Place:
This institution has started impacting lives of the people significantly. It works on the principles of profit and amassing wealth. And as these two values have become most influencing and are making family system less attractive. Human being is considered not as end in itself but as means. Approach towards life has become more transactional.
2. Work Place:
This institution gives sense of belonging and togetherness which could only be sourced from family earlier. This also removes obligation which is required in family system and introduces idea of professionalism and work ethics.
3. College/universities:
This institution give ultimate sense of freedom and empowerment in people, especially youth. Family system has mostly failed to provide this. But its ability to replace family system in imparting human-centric values is limited.
4. Media:
Today media is one of the most impactful institutions. Even though it apparently increases connectedness in the world, it also imparts values of consumerism, objectification and violence in the name of entrainment. It not only generates new values but also reinforces the changing trends in value system.
These changes in the process of imparting values make youth more materialistic, and self-centered. The traditional norms of respecting elders and caring for younger, tolerance for different view-points leading to pluralistic values are missing from the society. Once individualistic values gets precedence, human virtues like empathy, compassion, and gratitude do not have central role in the society.
#Ethics #GS4
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