Additional Information – Limitations of the Nationalist Legacy
1. Sometimes, therefore, Indian political parties, peasant organisations, trade union and professional association (all part of civil society) functioned as communities of caste or faith, superficially modem, but with caste or religious affiliation at the core.
2. The national identity that evolved to resist colonial rule was created by a selective use of popular myths and symbols. However, the failure to integrate the Muslim masses, even though respecting pluralities in principle, resulted in the partition of country.
3. The post-colonial democratic polity retained many indigenous practices of princely rule such as durbars of politicians, patronage of the clients and dynastic succession of leadership etc.
4. On the economic front also, the state after independence failed to institute radical socio- economic reforms as it was pressurised by the powerful urban and rural rich. Despite the declared agenda of welfare, and development the state continued to favour the upper-caste and upper-classes.

The Daily Answer Writing Practice
[Question 38, 20 August, 2020]

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Please find below today’s question for Daily Answer Writing Practice

What is Quantum Supremacy? Discuss the potential future applications of Quantum computing. [10 marks, 150 words]

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#GS3 #Science

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[Ques 38: 20th Aug 2020]: What is Quantum Supremacy? Discuss the potential future applications of Quantum computing. [10 marks, 150 words] [#GS3 #Science #Technology]

Quantum Supremacy refers to a quantum computer being able to solve a computation problem that a classical computer cannot. The online search giant Google recently claimed that its Quantum Computer Sycamore has achieved Quantum Supremacy.
Though, this claim has been questioned by many, yet the development indicates that practical quantum computing may be a reality in near future.

Quantum Computing has many future potential applications:
1) Quantum cryptography: It will ensure advanced encryption which could ensure better protection for government, military and financial sector data.
2) Healthcare and medicine – Quantum computing will allow development of new molecules using quantum simulations
3) DNA Modelling using quantum computers will be more efficient and useful
4) Material science can benefit by development of new configuration
5) Quantum Entanglement will allow teleportation of data in real time to infinitely large distances.

These potentials clearly indicate that it is high time that India takes Quantum Computing more seriously. The recent budget announcement on National Mission on Quantum Technology and Applications is a step in the right direction.
[173 Words]


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The Daily Answer Writing Practice
[Question 39, 21 August, 2020]

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Please find below today’s question for Daily Answer Writing Practice

What are the ideal conditions for the formation of tropical cyclone? Also, compare the tropical and temperate cyclone. . [15 marks, 250 words]

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#GS1 #Geography

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Daily Answer Writing Practice [Question 40, 22 August 20]
Dear Students,
Please find below the answer for daily answer writing practice for today

Question 40: India’s contribution to peacekeeping missions of the United Nations has remained steadfast despite changes in the nature, form and variety of UN peacekeeping missions. Examine.


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#GS 2 # International Relation
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Model Answer [Question 39, 21st Aug 2020]
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Daily Answer Writing Practice [Question 40, 22 August 20]
Dear Students,
Please find below the answer for daily answer writing practice for today

Question 40: India’s contribution to peacekeeping missions of the United Nations has remained steadfast despite changes in the nature, form, and variety of UN peacekeeping missions. Examine. (15 Marks, 250 words).

UN peacekeeping is a unique and dynamic instrument to help countries make transition from conflict to peace. Effective and efficient UN peace operations are essential to building peace and security in failing or failed states.

In the past two decades, there have been fundamental changes in nature, form and variety of peace operations such as:

• Most conflicts in post-Cold War world are intra-state or internal in nature, rather than inter-state. For ex- conflict in Somalia, Yugoslavia, Rwanda, Liberia etc.
• Internal conflicts are more complex due to involvement of non-state actors such as militias, rebel groups etc.
• Peacekeeping mandates have become wide-ranging including Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR) of warring groups, provision of humanitarian relief, assistance in post-conflict reconstruction, facilitation of elections, training and development of indigenous institutions and forces.
• Peace operations are no longer exclusively military-led. A multiplicity of actors are involved in modern Peackeeping Operations – NGOs, humanitarian agencies, police, civilian administrators, electoral and constitutional experts etc.


India’s steadfast support to peacekeeping

As one of the founding members of UN, India’s contribution to maintenance of international peace and security has been second to none. India provides commanders, armed military contingents, military observers, staff officers, Indian Air Force attack and utility helicopters etc. to many UN missions. India is largest cumulative troop contributor, having provided almost 200,000 troops in nearly 50 UN peacekeeping missions over past six decades.
India’s participation in peacekeeping is influenced by a number of factors such as our national interests, principles of peacekeeping, bilateral relations, regional equations, public perception in host country, domestic national sentiment, viability of mission, potential for professional enrichment and exposure to our armed forces, operational issues like command and control, and the risk factor.

However, concerns have been raised about India’s peacekeeping missions:

• Shortage of support both in terms of troops and money.
• Not being a permanent member of UNSC, India does not have a say in making decisions on peacekeeping.
• India faces security shortages to meet internal threats. There is a growing sentiment as to why India should contribute to UN when we have our own problems.
• Recently special investigation by UN observed that 2200 Indian troops stationed in South Sudan suffer from lack of quality protective equipment owing to faulty procurement process.

These concerns need redressal through greater national and international budgetary support, streamlining procurement process, better training to deal with stress and isolation, switching of troops regularly etc. Also, it must be acknowledged that India’s contribution to peacekeeping missions is not just an ideological compulsion but in interest of India’s strategic interests and global presence. Hence, India’s commitment to UN peacekeeping must continue unwaveringly and resolutely.

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Daily Answer Writing Practice [Question 41, 23 August 20]
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Please find below the answer for daily answer writing practice for today

Question 41: The plural nature of Indian society is facing many challenges in the contemporary times. Discuss.

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#GS1 #Society

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Daily Answer Writing Practice [Question 41, 23 August 20]
The plural nature of Indian society is facing many challenges in the contemporary times. Discuss.

Answer:

Pluralism believes in the constructive engagement with social diversity in order to promote common understanding without obliterating differences. India, being a diverse society, has promoted pluralistic idea from ancient times. But this diversity has faced challenges all along its history.

Contemporary Challenges:
a) Globalization and the rise of conservatism: Globalisation percolates universal ideas in society. It is countered by the rise of conservatism which tries to preserve cultural identity. This cycle triggers a destructive engagement with diversity.

Identity politics is oppositional, symbolised through food habits, clothing patterns and other cultural symbols. It has led to religion-based vote banks, linguistic chauvinism and sometimes even mob lynching. The process of uniformization also creates a lack of tolerance. (e.g. forced assimilation of different groups like mainstreaming of tribal groups)

b) A new form of Caste Relations: The mobilisation of different caste groups to control the limited resources of the state is another challenge to pluralism in contemporary India. The caste relations are becoming competitive vertically, and collaborative horizontally (Also called new caste movements i.e. caste groups of the same status are coming together to fight with the castes located vertically above or below). For instance, AJGaR (Ahir, Jat, Gujjar, Rajput) politics in North India. In Dalit panther movement, different scheduled castes came together as a single body stepping down their plural identity.

c) Modern technology has the potential to mobilise different groups and to create stereotype for other groups. The memes and social media like WhatsApp are becoming socialising agents, leading to the creation of systematic division in society.

d) New Media manufacturing various ideas about marginalised groups is also a challenge to pluralism like the marginalisation of LGBTQ community, women etc

e) In urbanised society, people’s engagement about culture is based on the idea of class and wealth, leading to various fissures and also alienates people due to individualism

However, all these factors also create the potential for better engagement between diverse social groups like the use of a platform like YouTube for propagating the ideas of tolerance, peace and the importance of diversity. The government programmes like Ek Bharat, Shreshtha Bharat, attitudinal changes through value-based education and societal awareness will help move towards 'uniformity in diversity' to 'unity in diversity'.

#GS1 #Society
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Daily Answer Writing Practice [Question 42, 24 August 2020]

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Please find below the Question for today's Daily Answer Writing Practice

[24th Aug 2020: Question 42]:
"A transparent and well-regulated Land Pooling system has the potential to solve the problems associated with the current Land Acquisition Framework" Discuss [10 marks, 150 words]

#GS3 #Economy

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[24th Aug 2020 – Model Answer]: "A transparent and well-regulated Land Pooling system has the potential to solve the problems associated with the current Land Acquisition Framework" Critically Analyze [15 marks, 250 words]

Land Acquisition has emerged as one of the biggest challenges in India’s economic growth. Even after the coming into force of a new law in 2013, the land acquisition system remains unpopular due to complaints of low compensation and forceful acquisition.

In this scenario, the system of land pooling has emerged as a new hope. Under this, a development agency pools land parcels owned by individuals, a group of owners or a builder. Then it develops the land and returns a part of it to the original owners. In this way, the land is made available for development work and a part of developed land returned to owner is worth more than the original value of the land, thus satisfying the original owners.

Land pooling has emerged as a transformative step for urbanization because:
1) It unlocks huge parcel of land for development and reduces stress and price escalation of already developed area
2) It also promotes public-private partnership and trust due to wider community participation
3) Aggregates small land piece for bigger projects which leads to more efficient utilization of land.
4) Reduced initial cost for development authority as land acquisition cost is absent
5) Less conflict ridden compared to land acquisition process.
6) Original owners are happier as they are generally able to retain some of their land with them.

But the land pooling system suffers from a number of challenges currently:
- Poor System of land records->land pooling is dependent on the owner having proper land ownership documents.
- In case of land pooling for Amravati even fertile agricultural land was also pooled
- Absence of Social and environmental impact assessment
- Instances of mandatory land pooling (for e.g. in case of Navi Mumbai Airport Land Pooling)

Thus, there is a need of a transparent regulatory frameworks with statutory backing to ensure that the land pooling process is transparent, consensual and doesn't use agricultural or environmentally sensitive zones. Further, this framework should also provide for mandatory social and environmental impact assessments before the beginning of the developmental work.

#GS3 #Economy

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The Daily Answer Writing Practice
[Question 45, 25 August, 2020]

Dear Students,
Please find below today’s question for Daily Answer Writing Practice


“Equality is treating everyone the same, equity is giving everyone what they need so that they can be treated as same.” In the light of this statement explain with example why equity is ethically more desirable than equality.
(10 Marks, 150 Words)


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#GS4#Ethics

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The Daily Answer Writing Practice
[Question 43, 25August, 2020]

Dear Students, 
Please find below today’s answer for Daily Answer Writing Practice .

“Equality is treating everyone the same, equity is giving everyone what they need so that they can be treated as same.” In the light of this statement explain with example why equity is ethically more desirable than equality. (10 Marks, 150 Words)

Answer:
The Given statement explains about continuous efforts required for achieving an egalitarian society. For the same, we first need to accept the inherent inequality present in the society. Accepting this inherent inequality will guide us in behaving differently with people with different opportunities. The sentence differentiates between equality and equity.

When decisions are taken ignoring the existing inequality and by assuming that all are equal is called equality. Whereas, when this is taken into consideration it is called equity. Equity always recognises inherent inequality and strives to eliminate it. It seems as unequal treatment,but it is toward the goal of equality. In this case, efforts must focus on equality of opportunity. This means those who are less privileged must be given more than those of more privileged.

This makes equity ethically more desired as compared to equality. Because if decisions are made according to equality, we will end up discriminating against the weaker section. And this is unethical. It is against the idea of justice. So equality has a lot of aspirational value,but equity is very crucial in the functional arena.

For example, in Indian society, some groups of people are historically less privileged due to the prevalent caste system. They do not stand at the equal level as compared other castes with respect to privileges. To cure this inequality constitution of India provides for positive discrimination.This is upholding equity.This means a kind of unequal treatment for providing equality of opportunity to people from less privileged caste. Also,forinstance, many government commutative examinations, to facilitate equality of opportunity to women candidates, have waived examination fees for female candidates.In the absence of this equity, it will be an injustice against these underprivileged sections.

#GS4 #Ethics

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The Daily Answer Writing Practice
[Question 44, 26 August, 2020]

Dear Students,
Please find below today’s question for Daily Answer Writing Practice

“Keeping in mind the complexities of governance the Civil servants should be specialized generalists”. Illustrate. (10 Marks, 150 Words)

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#GS2#polity

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The Daily Answer Writing Practice
[Question 44, 26 August, 2020]

Dear Students, 
Please find below today’s answer for Daily Answer Writing Practice

“Keeping in mind the complexities of governance the Civil servants should be specialized generalists”. Illustrate. (10 Marks, 150 Words)

Answer: The genesis of Indian Civil Services lies in their generalized mode of functioning. The Britishers wanted an abled cadre to perform functions like revenue collection and maintenance of law & order.
The changing times have resulted in this abled cadre performing welfare-oriented functions, which no longer were simple or lucid. The elitist nature was to be changed overnight. These administrative officers of higher echelon are expected to be generalist as they must maintain harmony between parts, ensure cooperation amongst multiple actors and oversee implementation of policies.
But the present era produces complex problems which require specialist supervision. For e.g. growing cyber crimes and economic offences would be better addressed by a specialist then a generalist. This however cannot be confused with lessening importance of generalist in day-to-day functioning of the administration because of the drawbacks associated with specialist like tunnel vision, process oriented and insensitive.
The need of the hour is to increase the ambit of our generalist cadre or inculcate specialist in the higher ranks. The latter is too frequent nowadays, for e.g. RBI governor/ vice-chairman of NITI aayog /departmental secretary etc. are from private sector.
But this is not the solution as the deformities of specialist could not be overlooked and hence, we must create a recruitment policy whereby the generalist be rehearsed about the evolving issues and issue specific skills be inculcated in them.
Neither generalist or specialist, it has to be an specialist generalist (with the wisdom of generalist and in depth knowledge of the subject like specialist) to counter modern day governance challenges.

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The Daily Answer Writing Practice
[Question 45, 27 August, 2020]

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Please find below today’s question for Daily Answer Writing Practice

Discuss the importance of the documentation projects of the Colonial state in effecting the complete conquest of India. (15 Marks, 250 Words)

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#GS1 #History

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The Daily Answer Writing Practice
[Question 44, 26 August, 2020]

Discuss the importance of the documentation projects of the Colonial state in effecting the complete conquest of India.

Answer:

The quintessence of the colonial rule in India was control of its vast natural and human resources. A variety of activities and mechanisms ensured successful accomplishment of safeguard its economic and strategic interests. Military, legal, constitutional and bureaucratic institutions of the colonial state, as per British interests, selectively shaped various spheres of Indian economy, polity and society.

In order to govern a distant land and alien people, the colonial administration tried to acquire knowledge about its people through information-gathering in various forms. Therefore, the colonial project of conquering and controlling-governing India required colonial knowledge.

This knowledge encompassed various facets such as information about geography, minerals, languages, school surveys, population census, documentation of manuscripts, classification of archaeological specimens, collection of oral histories, customs and local histories, reformulation of legal codes, publishing gazetteers, etc.

1. Colin Mackenzie's Surveys and Historical Collections – the mechanism of surveying served as a useful tool in acquiring territorial-political control first and social control later.

2. The 'Martial Races' and Military Recruitment Policy – social classification as loyal and disloyal populations and sowing the seeds of social disunity through divide and rule policy

3. Identifying the 'Criminal Castes and Tribes' – ethnographic construction of Indian society by a colonial state to enhance policing and control nomadic population

4. Census and Social Ordering – bureaucratic classification of Indian castes and varna into hierarchical and competing social groups which lent administrative-statistical form to orientalist vision of Indian society.

All these attempts were not only academic exercises. The collected data was documented, classified based on ideological vision and put to colonial use by the colonial institutions. The cultural construction resulting from the collection and classification of this kind of knowledge helped the British in preserving their rule in India. The colonial intervention in the social sphere led to the classification and categorisation of Indian society into various ethnic groupings which helped the British in controlling India. They created "loyal citizens" in India not only based on their allegiance but on behaviour and attitudes also. And thus, the task of cultural colonisation after military conquest of India was effected.

#GS1 #History
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Additional Information 1

Colin Mackenzie's Surveys and Historical Collections

Colin Mackenzie spent most of his long career in peninsular India as a cartographer and surveyor, but he also collected every historical record and artefact he could find. He amassed a huge collection, relying exclusively on Indian assistants and informants concerning the social and political history of peninsular India. In addition to the usual statistical tables, Mackenzie collected numerous historical memoirs of the royal families of each region.

Mackenzie and his assistants collected every historical, ethnographic and religious text, tradition and document they could find. They also collected copies of inscriptions, coins, and images and drew sketches. The sketches and drawing reflected a quest for local knowledge, and included sketches of agricultural implements, buildings, landscape and ethnographic drawings, i.e., pictures of 'typical' representatives of different groups, castes and tribes.

In the late nineteenth century, Mackenzie's collection was a source of reference for the origin stories of local castes that were documented in the large number of manuals and gazetteers produced by district-level administration.

The career of Mackenzie reveals that colonial conquest was effected (brought about) through the mechanism of surveying which served as a useful tool in acquiring territories and political control over India. The nature of information gathering varied from surveying with extensive statistical tables and classification to acquiring command over the Indian languages and remoulding the legal system etc. and slowly and steadily the company state with commercial motives was transformed into the colonial state enjoying complete political control.

#GS1 #History
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Additional Information 2

The 'Martial Races' and Military Recruitment Policy

Concerns about military recruitment in the years after the rebellion of 1857 led to a consolidation of various colonial theories about the so-called martial races of India. The colonial administrators believed that certain castes and ethnic groups were particularly suitable for military endeavours. As a result of this belief, military recruitment policy became specifically linked to ethnographic classification. The 'martial races' were seen as devoted to military discipline and loyal to the Crown. In the wake of 1857 rebellion, recruitment of Punjabis, especially Sikhs, became important for the colonial army. Subsequently Sikhs and Gorkhas, constituted the core of the 'martial races'. These so-called martial races were identified as a group which could provide useful service as soldiers with a deep sense of loyalty and a natural respect for authority and discipline.

Lord Roberts, Commander-in-Chief of the Indian army from 1885 to 1893 and a leading exponent of the idea of martial races, believed that "the people of Southern India lacked military ability and competence". As a result of this official ethnography, in 1882 eight out of the forty Madras infantry battalions were disbanded. By the turn of the century, their strength was further reduced to 25 battalions. From the late 1890s, martial race theory was codified in a series of official manuals. These handbooks, usually written by British officers with long field experience, guided army recruitment policy until the start of the Second World War. This, again was a continuation of the policy of divide and rule.

#GS1 #History
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Additional Information 3

Identifying the 'Criminal Castes and Tribes'

From its inception, the colonial state used surveillance and mechanisms of social ordering and code which defined certain groups as barbaric and beyond the bound of civility.

The British tradition of associating forests with crimes and outlaws lent support to the 'criminal ethnography' constructed by the British. The belief in the professional and hereditary character of crime was common among the colonial administrators of nineteenth century. A variety of ideological strands contributed to the construction of ethnography of criminal tribes and castes. These additional elements were: (i) the fear of nomadic and wandering groups among the Brahmin subordinates of British, (ii) the cultivators' apprehension of hunting-gathering people and (iii) the high castes' dread of people outside the institutional framework of caste.

In 1835 a special Thagi and Dacoity Department was set up to investigate and punish gang robberies and murders. Later on an increasing number of people, groups, communities and tribes were stigmatised as 'the criminal tribes'. The legal code of the colonial rule was used to chastise a wide variety of marginal groups who did not conform to the pattern of settled agriculture and wage labour, especially nomadic, pastoral communities and the forest-dwelling tribes. The Criminal Tribes Act (1871) provided for registration of all or any members of such tribes who were notified as 'criminal tribes'. The registered members had to report themselves to the local police authority at fixed intervals and notify their place of residence or any intended change of residence. Any contraventions of these legal provisions invited severe punitive measures. After 1857, many castes that had opposed British authority were also declared "criminals".

The identification of certain castes by the British as 'criminal castes' was part of a larger discourse in which caste determined the occupational profile as well as social and moral stature of all its members. The 'criminal castes' were branded simultaneously as typical and deviant. The theories about criminal castes also partake of a set of late-nineteenth century notions of biological and racial disposition of criminality, which in case of India were applied to an entire group.

Frederick S. Mullaly, a senior police officer in the Madras police, wrote Notes on Criminal Classes of Madras Presidency (1892) on the basis of earlier ethnographic texts prepared by colonial administrators in nineteenth century and various district gazetteers compiled from 1860s onwards. These notes were prepared to guide police officials in dealing with the 'criminal castes'.
Anthropometry or measurement of various physical indices such as average height and weight, shape and size of skull, the relation of head size to body size, the relative sizes of different body parts assumed importance in the 1890s under the influence of H.H. Risley. The basic assumption of colonial sociology was that most of the crimes were committed by habitual groups and communities that moved from place to place and were able to conceal their identities. Anthropometry seemed to be the perfect means to pick up the principal suspects. It was, therefore, quickly adopted first in Bengal and then in Madras.

In the last decade of nineteenth century, fingerprinting replaced anthropometry as a means of criminal identification as it proved to be error-free, cheap and an efficient method of classifying criminals. Fingerprinting quickly established itself as a universal system of criminal identification. In testing technologies of policing, as in many other areas, colonies served as an important experimental laboratory for the British state. The colonial police and bureaucracy could easily identify and control, by making use of scientific fingerprinting, even the poorest villagers and nomads.

#GS1 #History
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