What is inversion of temperature? Discuss the various mechanisms of occurrence of this phenomenon along with its climatic and economic significance. [15m]
Temperature inversion is a reversal of the normal behavior of temperature in the troposphere, in which a layer of cool air at the surface is overlain by a layer of warmer air. (Under normal conditions, temperature usually decreases with height).
Mechanisms:
1) Surface Temperature Inversion: Surface temperature inversion develops when air is cooled by contact with a colder surface until it becomes cooler than the overlying atmosphere; this occurs most often on clear nights, when the ground cools off rapidly by radiation.
2) Upper Surface Temperature Inversion: When a widespread layer of air descends, it is compressed and heated by the resulting increase in atmospheric pressure, and as a result the lapse rate of temperature is reduced. The air at higher altitudes becomes warmer than at lower altitudes, producing a temperature inversion.
3) Air Drainage Type of Inversion: Sometimes, the temperature in the lower layers of air increases instead of decreasing with elevation. This happens commonly along a sloping surface. Here, the surface radiates heat back to space rapidly and cools down at a faster rate than the upper layers. As a result the lower cold layers get condensed and become heavy.
4) Frontal inversion: When the warm and cold fronts meet, then the warm front rises up and being heavier the cold front sinks down. It results in formation of Frontal Inversion.
Climatic significance:
1) Inversions play an important role in determining cloud forms, precipitation, and visibility.
2) In regions where a pronounced low-level inversion is present, convective clouds cannot grow high enough to produce showers.
3) Inversions also affect diurnal variations in temperature. Diurnal variations tend to be very small.
Economic Significance:
1) Sometimes, the temperature of the air at the valley bottom reaches below freezing point, whereas the air at higher altitude remains comparatively warm. As a result, the trees along the lower slopes are bitten by frost, whereas those at higher levels are free from it.
2) Due to inversion of temperature, air pollutants such as dust particles and smoke do not disperse in the valley bottoms. Because of these factors, houses and farms in intermontane valleys are usually situated along the upper slopes, avoiding the cold and foggy valley bottoms. For instance, coffee growers of Brazil and apple growers and hoteliers of mountain states of Himalayas in India avoid lower slopes.
3) Fog lowers visibility affecting vegetation and human settlements.
4) Less rainfall due to stable conditions.
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Temperature inversion is a reversal of the normal behavior of temperature in the troposphere, in which a layer of cool air at the surface is overlain by a layer of warmer air. (Under normal conditions, temperature usually decreases with height).
Mechanisms:
1) Surface Temperature Inversion: Surface temperature inversion develops when air is cooled by contact with a colder surface until it becomes cooler than the overlying atmosphere; this occurs most often on clear nights, when the ground cools off rapidly by radiation.
2) Upper Surface Temperature Inversion: When a widespread layer of air descends, it is compressed and heated by the resulting increase in atmospheric pressure, and as a result the lapse rate of temperature is reduced. The air at higher altitudes becomes warmer than at lower altitudes, producing a temperature inversion.
3) Air Drainage Type of Inversion: Sometimes, the temperature in the lower layers of air increases instead of decreasing with elevation. This happens commonly along a sloping surface. Here, the surface radiates heat back to space rapidly and cools down at a faster rate than the upper layers. As a result the lower cold layers get condensed and become heavy.
4) Frontal inversion: When the warm and cold fronts meet, then the warm front rises up and being heavier the cold front sinks down. It results in formation of Frontal Inversion.
Climatic significance:
1) Inversions play an important role in determining cloud forms, precipitation, and visibility.
2) In regions where a pronounced low-level inversion is present, convective clouds cannot grow high enough to produce showers.
3) Inversions also affect diurnal variations in temperature. Diurnal variations tend to be very small.
Economic Significance:
1) Sometimes, the temperature of the air at the valley bottom reaches below freezing point, whereas the air at higher altitude remains comparatively warm. As a result, the trees along the lower slopes are bitten by frost, whereas those at higher levels are free from it.
2) Due to inversion of temperature, air pollutants such as dust particles and smoke do not disperse in the valley bottoms. Because of these factors, houses and farms in intermontane valleys are usually situated along the upper slopes, avoiding the cold and foggy valley bottoms. For instance, coffee growers of Brazil and apple growers and hoteliers of mountain states of Himalayas in India avoid lower slopes.
3) Fog lowers visibility affecting vegetation and human settlements.
4) Less rainfall due to stable conditions.
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The Daily Answer Writing Practice
[Question 56, 07 September 2020]
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Please find below today’s question for Daily Answer Writing Practice
After remaining peripheral to India’s foreign policy priorities, the Indian Ocean has received some attention in recent years. Nonetheless, given the significance it holds, involvement of actors with diverse interests and existing challenges, it is imperative that India redoubles its efforts in shaping the future of the region. Discuss. [15marks, 250 words]
Model Answer would be posted after 8 pm today
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[Question 56, 07 September 2020]
Dear Students,
Please find below today’s question for Daily Answer Writing Practice
After remaining peripheral to India’s foreign policy priorities, the Indian Ocean has received some attention in recent years. Nonetheless, given the significance it holds, involvement of actors with diverse interests and existing challenges, it is imperative that India redoubles its efforts in shaping the future of the region. Discuss. [15marks, 250 words]
Model Answer would be posted after 8 pm today
#GS2 #International Relations
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The Daily Answer Writing Practice
[Question 56, 07 September 2020]
Dear Students,
Please find below today’s question for Daily Answer Writing Practice
Question 56: After remaining peripheral to India’s foreign policy priorities, the Indian Ocean has received some attention in recent years. Nonetheless, given the significance it holds, involvement of actors with diverse interests and existing challenges, it is imperative that India redoubles its efforts in shaping the future of the region. Discuss. [15marks, 250 words].
India has long been preoccupied by continental considerations as such for most of the history of independent India the Indian Ocean received scant and sporadic attention. Focus on international normative issues such as non-alignment or preoccupation with South Asian neighborhood left little space for a systematic and sustained policy on Indian Ocean Even though the Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation (IO-ARC) was indeed set up in 1995, it became quickly neglected by India and other members.
In recent years, however, India has begun to re-evaluate its priorities and the Indian Ocean has been increasingly viewed through the prism of geography of opportunity, especially since the beginning of the 21st century. Following steps signal the significance accorded to the Indian Ocean by India:
• India published Indian maritime doctrine (2004) and India’s maritime military strategy (2007)
• Multilateral ‘Milan naval ‘exercises in the Bay of Bengal have been organized by India
• India took a leading role in setting up the Indian Ocean Naval Symposium (IONS) in 2008. This was a forum in which India immediately exerted a degree of unofficial pre-eminence.
A realization dawned upon that it is critical for the success for India’s ‘look east’, ‘look west’ and ‘look south’ policy. A major concern of India in the Indian Ocean is energy. India is almost 70 per cent dependent on oil import, major part of which comes from gulf region. Today, 95 per cent of India’s trade by volume and 68 per cent of trade by value come via the Indian Ocean. The following factors added to the importance of the region.
Diverse interests in IOR
• Filling up of void in the region by China. Now an even greater push is coming through the Maritime Silk Route (MSR), as part of the ‘Belt and Road’ initiative.
• Increased activities among multiple foreign navies for several reasons, including anti-piracy missions, protecting Sea Lines of Communication. Navies of more than 40 countries now operate in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR).
• In many areas the littoral countries lack a vision of the region as a common system in which they face shared risks and vulnerabilities.
The Indian Ocean can be India’s ocean if New Delhi works towards cooperation by working on issues of common concern.
• Preserving freedom of navigation for commercial shipping.
• Sustainably and equitably harnessing the Indian Ocean’s natural resources.
• Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR) operations Countering piracy, terrorism, smuggling, and illegal weapons proliferation.
• Managing international Naval competition.
For this, India needs to redouble its efforts and work with other like -minded countries operating in the region.
Model Answer would be posted after 8 pm today
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[Question 56, 07 September 2020]
Dear Students,
Please find below today’s question for Daily Answer Writing Practice
Question 56: After remaining peripheral to India’s foreign policy priorities, the Indian Ocean has received some attention in recent years. Nonetheless, given the significance it holds, involvement of actors with diverse interests and existing challenges, it is imperative that India redoubles its efforts in shaping the future of the region. Discuss. [15marks, 250 words].
India has long been preoccupied by continental considerations as such for most of the history of independent India the Indian Ocean received scant and sporadic attention. Focus on international normative issues such as non-alignment or preoccupation with South Asian neighborhood left little space for a systematic and sustained policy on Indian Ocean Even though the Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation (IO-ARC) was indeed set up in 1995, it became quickly neglected by India and other members.
In recent years, however, India has begun to re-evaluate its priorities and the Indian Ocean has been increasingly viewed through the prism of geography of opportunity, especially since the beginning of the 21st century. Following steps signal the significance accorded to the Indian Ocean by India:
• India published Indian maritime doctrine (2004) and India’s maritime military strategy (2007)
• Multilateral ‘Milan naval ‘exercises in the Bay of Bengal have been organized by India
• India took a leading role in setting up the Indian Ocean Naval Symposium (IONS) in 2008. This was a forum in which India immediately exerted a degree of unofficial pre-eminence.
A realization dawned upon that it is critical for the success for India’s ‘look east’, ‘look west’ and ‘look south’ policy. A major concern of India in the Indian Ocean is energy. India is almost 70 per cent dependent on oil import, major part of which comes from gulf region. Today, 95 per cent of India’s trade by volume and 68 per cent of trade by value come via the Indian Ocean. The following factors added to the importance of the region.
Diverse interests in IOR
• Filling up of void in the region by China. Now an even greater push is coming through the Maritime Silk Route (MSR), as part of the ‘Belt and Road’ initiative.
• Increased activities among multiple foreign navies for several reasons, including anti-piracy missions, protecting Sea Lines of Communication. Navies of more than 40 countries now operate in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR).
• In many areas the littoral countries lack a vision of the region as a common system in which they face shared risks and vulnerabilities.
The Indian Ocean can be India’s ocean if New Delhi works towards cooperation by working on issues of common concern.
• Preserving freedom of navigation for commercial shipping.
• Sustainably and equitably harnessing the Indian Ocean’s natural resources.
• Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR) operations Countering piracy, terrorism, smuggling, and illegal weapons proliferation.
• Managing international Naval competition.
For this, India needs to redouble its efforts and work with other like -minded countries operating in the region.
Model Answer would be posted after 8 pm today
#GS2 #International Relations
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The Daily Answer Writing Practice
[Question 57, 08 September 2020]
Dear Students,
Please find below today’s question for Daily Answer Writing Practice
Critically analyse the women’s movement in post independent era. [15marks, 250 words]
Model Answer would be posted after 8 pm today
#GS1 #Society
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[Question 57, 08 September 2020]
Dear Students,
Please find below today’s question for Daily Answer Writing Practice
Critically analyse the women’s movement in post independent era. [15marks, 250 words]
Model Answer would be posted after 8 pm today
#GS1 #Society
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The Daily Answer Writing Practice [Question 57, 08 September 2020]
Critically analyse the women’s movement in post independent era. [15marks, 250 words]
Answer:
After independence, the gender issues were subsumed in overbearing economic and development-related concerns.
The emergence of a welfare state affected the contours of Indian women’s movement. The constitution guaranteed equal rights and a series of legislations (e.g. Hindu Marriage Act, Dowry Prohibition Act and Equal Remuneration Act) were passed. However, the period from the late 1960s was marked by an economic crisis and stagnation leading to generalised discontent both in rural and urban areas which led to increased concern for equity and poverty alleviation. Thus, women participated (politically and otherwise) in general struggle of the rural poor, tribals and industrial working class. (e.g. Shramik Mahila Sangathana).
Since 1970s, India witnessed the emergence of autonomous women’s movement. NGOs started emphasising on women’s development and provided women avenues of collectively voicing their concerns. Grass root organisations started questioning the welfare approach and incorporated an empowerment-participatory approach. The myth of equality for women was shattered by the path breaking, Towards Equality Report of 1974. The year 1975 was also declared as the International Women’s Year (which was later extended to a decade).
Various kinds of women’s autonomous organisations have come up – for propaganda, awareness, research and documentation, for grass-root mobilisation, for service provisions, for providing professional help, political fronts etc. (e.g. Saheli, Manushi, Stri Shakti, Stri Mukti Sangathana, Pennurimai Iyyakam)
Equal wages in fields and workshops, working women’s hostels, legal facilities and trade union rights are not available to women. Mortality rate, violence against women due to dowry deaths, wife battering, mass rape during caste and communal riots were the issues that are being taken up. Along with these, poverty and deprivation affect the conditions of dalit and tribal women, many of whom are forced to prostitution.
In the academic field, women’s studies became an upcoming field since the 1970s. The autonomous movements besides creating general consciousness among women, exposed the conservatism of the judiciary as in the Mathura Rape case. These have also given rise to special interest groups involved in the anti-dowry and anti-rape campaigns. As a result of the pressure created by the women’s movements, amendments in the laws regarding rape, dowry, marriage etc. were made (e,g post-Nirbhaya Criminal Act Amendment).
During the post 1990s era, newer issues are coming up – identity politics, pulls of globalisation and neo-liberal reforms, sexual harassment and glass ceiling at modern workplaces, pink jobs and segmentation, LGBTQI, media objectification etc.
Women’s movement has been the force behind the long struggle of women’s advancement from subordination to gender equality and finally to women’s empowerment. Though a lot needs to be achieved, it has brought women’s issues centre stage and made them more visible.
#GS1 #Society
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Critically analyse the women’s movement in post independent era. [15marks, 250 words]
Answer:
After independence, the gender issues were subsumed in overbearing economic and development-related concerns.
The emergence of a welfare state affected the contours of Indian women’s movement. The constitution guaranteed equal rights and a series of legislations (e.g. Hindu Marriage Act, Dowry Prohibition Act and Equal Remuneration Act) were passed. However, the period from the late 1960s was marked by an economic crisis and stagnation leading to generalised discontent both in rural and urban areas which led to increased concern for equity and poverty alleviation. Thus, women participated (politically and otherwise) in general struggle of the rural poor, tribals and industrial working class. (e.g. Shramik Mahila Sangathana).
Since 1970s, India witnessed the emergence of autonomous women’s movement. NGOs started emphasising on women’s development and provided women avenues of collectively voicing their concerns. Grass root organisations started questioning the welfare approach and incorporated an empowerment-participatory approach. The myth of equality for women was shattered by the path breaking, Towards Equality Report of 1974. The year 1975 was also declared as the International Women’s Year (which was later extended to a decade).
Various kinds of women’s autonomous organisations have come up – for propaganda, awareness, research and documentation, for grass-root mobilisation, for service provisions, for providing professional help, political fronts etc. (e.g. Saheli, Manushi, Stri Shakti, Stri Mukti Sangathana, Pennurimai Iyyakam)
Equal wages in fields and workshops, working women’s hostels, legal facilities and trade union rights are not available to women. Mortality rate, violence against women due to dowry deaths, wife battering, mass rape during caste and communal riots were the issues that are being taken up. Along with these, poverty and deprivation affect the conditions of dalit and tribal women, many of whom are forced to prostitution.
In the academic field, women’s studies became an upcoming field since the 1970s. The autonomous movements besides creating general consciousness among women, exposed the conservatism of the judiciary as in the Mathura Rape case. These have also given rise to special interest groups involved in the anti-dowry and anti-rape campaigns. As a result of the pressure created by the women’s movements, amendments in the laws regarding rape, dowry, marriage etc. were made (e,g post-Nirbhaya Criminal Act Amendment).
During the post 1990s era, newer issues are coming up – identity politics, pulls of globalisation and neo-liberal reforms, sexual harassment and glass ceiling at modern workplaces, pink jobs and segmentation, LGBTQI, media objectification etc.
Women’s movement has been the force behind the long struggle of women’s advancement from subordination to gender equality and finally to women’s empowerment. Though a lot needs to be achieved, it has brought women’s issues centre stage and made them more visible.
#GS1 #Society
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Dear students, for today, we will not be able to upload a new question. The activities will continue usually from tomorrow..
Hello All,
This is the updated schedule for our daily answer writing programme.
We were initially thinking to take a break for two weeks before Prelims. However, we have a sizeable number of aspirants preparing for 2021 as well. They need to continue their daily answer writing.
The updated schedule brings us till the Prelims.
Keep Writing.
This is the updated schedule for our daily answer writing programme.
We were initially thinking to take a break for two weeks before Prelims. However, we have a sizeable number of aspirants preparing for 2021 as well. They need to continue their daily answer writing.
The updated schedule brings us till the Prelims.
Keep Writing.
The Daily Answer Writing Practice
[Question 58, 10 September 2020]
Dear Students,
Please find below today’s question for Daily Answer Writing Practice
Describe the following in your own words-
1. Justice
2. Commitment
3. Rationality
4. Confession
[10marks, 150 words]
Model Answer would be posted after 8 pm today
#GS4 #ethics
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[Question 58, 10 September 2020]
Dear Students,
Please find below today’s question for Daily Answer Writing Practice
Describe the following in your own words-
1. Justice
2. Commitment
3. Rationality
4. Confession
[10marks, 150 words]
Model Answer would be posted after 8 pm today
#GS4 #ethics
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The Daily Answer Writing Practice
[Question 57, 10 September, 2020]
Dear Students,
Please find below today’s answer for Daily Answer Writing Practice
Q.1 – Describe the following terms in your own words. (10 Marks)
1. Justice:
It is equal and fair treatment. It is a value that is required to be maintained while taking a decision. Especially for the civil servant, because she holds a lot of authority, application of justice is the most important.
e.g., Affirmative actions in support of weaker sections is at of justice even though it means treating people unequally.
2. Commitment:
Commitment is the consistency and strength of a decision concerning something/someone. It depicts clarity and certainty in behaviour with respect to a thing I am committed to. It strengthens my confidence with respect to that thing. E.g. Bhagat Singh’s commitment to independence.
3. Rationality:
Rationality is a faculty of thinking wherein the prejudices, emotions and other outside influences have no place. It is a scientific approach to things. It helps us see things as it is and not adulterated by subjective opinions. It is the tool to bring objectivity in decision making. This instrument helps us discriminate between right and wrong, good and bad by their merits, E.g., If we think rationally we will never believe in gender bias traditions.
4. Confession:
Confession is when I accept the mistake/wrong I have done. It is the starting point of penance. It is the act that follows after the realization that I have one something immoral. It helps to purify my mind and strengthens my conscience.
E.g., I confessed to my mother when I had used the money given by her towards the wrong things.
#ethics #GS4
Model Answer would be posted after 8 pm today
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[Question 57, 10 September, 2020]
Dear Students,
Please find below today’s answer for Daily Answer Writing Practice
Q.1 – Describe the following terms in your own words. (10 Marks)
1. Justice:
It is equal and fair treatment. It is a value that is required to be maintained while taking a decision. Especially for the civil servant, because she holds a lot of authority, application of justice is the most important.
e.g., Affirmative actions in support of weaker sections is at of justice even though it means treating people unequally.
2. Commitment:
Commitment is the consistency and strength of a decision concerning something/someone. It depicts clarity and certainty in behaviour with respect to a thing I am committed to. It strengthens my confidence with respect to that thing. E.g. Bhagat Singh’s commitment to independence.
3. Rationality:
Rationality is a faculty of thinking wherein the prejudices, emotions and other outside influences have no place. It is a scientific approach to things. It helps us see things as it is and not adulterated by subjective opinions. It is the tool to bring objectivity in decision making. This instrument helps us discriminate between right and wrong, good and bad by their merits, E.g., If we think rationally we will never believe in gender bias traditions.
4. Confession:
Confession is when I accept the mistake/wrong I have done. It is the starting point of penance. It is the act that follows after the realization that I have one something immoral. It helps to purify my mind and strengthens my conscience.
E.g., I confessed to my mother when I had used the money given by her towards the wrong things.
#ethics #GS4
Model Answer would be posted after 8 pm today
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The Daily Answer Writing Practice
[Question 58, 11 September 2020]
Dear Students,
Please find below today’s question for Daily Answer Writing Practice
The importance of the India campaign of Alexander has been both under-estimated and exaggerated. Elaborate. [15 marks, 250 words]
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[Question 58, 11 September 2020]
Dear Students,
Please find below today’s question for Daily Answer Writing Practice
The importance of the India campaign of Alexander has been both under-estimated and exaggerated. Elaborate. [15 marks, 250 words]
Model Answer would be posted after 8 pm today
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14 Alexander India Campaign Importance.pdf
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[Question 58, 11 September 2020]
The importance of the India campaign of Alexander has been both under-estimated and exaggerated. Elaborate. [15 marks, 250 words]
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The importance of the India campaign of Alexander has been both under-estimated and exaggerated. Elaborate. [15 marks, 250 words]
#GS1 #History
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The Daily Answer Writing Practice
[Question 59, 12 September 2020]
Dear Students,
Please find below today’s question for Daily Answer Writing Practice
Write a note on the Dandi March and its impact on nationalist movement. [10 marks, 150 words]
Model Answer would be posted after 8 pm today
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[Question 59, 12 September 2020]
Dear Students,
Please find below today’s question for Daily Answer Writing Practice
Write a note on the Dandi March and its impact on nationalist movement. [10 marks, 150 words]
Model Answer would be posted after 8 pm today
#GS1 #History
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[Question 59, 12 September 2020]
Write a note on the Dandi March and its impact on nationalist movement. [10 marks, 150 words]
The Dandi march, which triggered the wider Civil Disobedience Movement, was an important part of the Indian independence movement. It was a campaign of non-violent protest against the British salt tax in colonial India which began with the Salt March to Dandi.
The Dandi March – Symbolism
• Gandhi conceived of a brilliant plan to begin the Civil Disobedience with defiance of salt laws. Salt tax was a concern of every poor man. Gandhi’s appeal to Irwin referred to the salt tax: ‘I regard this tax to be the most iniquitous of all from the poor man’s standpoint. As the Independence movement is essentially for the poorest in the land, the beginning will be made with this evil.’ It was an ingenious choice because every peasant and every aristocrat understood the necessity of salt in everyday life.
• It also did not alienate Congress moderates while simultaneously being an issue of enough importance to mobilize a mass following. Non-violent nature additionally helped make it a mass-movement.
• Gandhi chose April 6 to launch it for a symbolic reason—it was the first day of ‘National Week’, begun in 1919 when Gandhi conceived of the national hartal (strike) against the Rowlatt Act.
The Dandi March – Planning and Propaganda
• Gandhi prepared the worldwide media for the march by issuing regular statements from Sabarmati, at his regular prayer meetings and through direct contact with the press.
• For strict discipline and adherence to Satyagraha and ahimsa, he recruited the marchers not from Congress, but from his own ashram, who were trained in discipline.
• The route of the march and each stopping place was planned ahead of time based on recruitment potential, past contacts, and timing. Gandhi sent scouts to each village ahead to plan his talks based on the local needs.
The Dandi March – Mass Mobilisation and Participation
• Gandhi and approximately 78 male Satyagrahis set out, on foot, for the coastal village of Dandi some 240 miles from Sabarmati. As they entered each village, Gandhi gave speeches attacking the salt tax as inhuman, and the Salt Satyagraha as a ‘poor man’s battle’.
• Each night they slept in the open, asking villagers for simple food. Gandhi felt that this would bring the poor into the battle for independence, necessary for eventual victory.
• He implored his thousands of followers to begin to make salt wherever, along the seashore. There were also simultaneous boycotts of cloth and khaddar. Salt was sold, illegally, all over the seacoast of India.
The Dandi March – Significance
• It was the most significant organised challenge to British authority since NCM
• Dandi march was followed by the defiance of Salt laws all over country. (Rajagopalachari, K. Kelappan, Sarojini Naidu etc.) But salt Satyagraha was only a beginning for varied forms of defiance of British authority – boycott of foreign clothes and liquor, non-payment of Chowkidari tax, defiance of forest laws, it marked a new stage in the anti-imperialist struggle of Indian people.
• With this, Gandhi reasserted his leadership after a gap in which Congress was internally divided into Swarajist and No-changers.
• By 1934 when the Civil Disobedience Movement finally ended, the Congress had mobilised great political support and gained a moral authority, which were converted into a massive electoral victory in 1937. The vertical and horizontal reach of Congress had grown stronger in 1930s as compared to its position in early 1920s.
• The logic of Civil disobedience itself emphasised the need for combining nationalism with radical social and economic programmes. Hereafter, the Congress drifted towards greater radicalisation. (Karachi Resolution, Gandhi-Irwin Pact and later land reforms included in the official Congress programme).
Write a note on the Dandi March and its impact on nationalist movement. [10 marks, 150 words]
The Dandi march, which triggered the wider Civil Disobedience Movement, was an important part of the Indian independence movement. It was a campaign of non-violent protest against the British salt tax in colonial India which began with the Salt March to Dandi.
The Dandi March – Symbolism
• Gandhi conceived of a brilliant plan to begin the Civil Disobedience with defiance of salt laws. Salt tax was a concern of every poor man. Gandhi’s appeal to Irwin referred to the salt tax: ‘I regard this tax to be the most iniquitous of all from the poor man’s standpoint. As the Independence movement is essentially for the poorest in the land, the beginning will be made with this evil.’ It was an ingenious choice because every peasant and every aristocrat understood the necessity of salt in everyday life.
• It also did not alienate Congress moderates while simultaneously being an issue of enough importance to mobilize a mass following. Non-violent nature additionally helped make it a mass-movement.
• Gandhi chose April 6 to launch it for a symbolic reason—it was the first day of ‘National Week’, begun in 1919 when Gandhi conceived of the national hartal (strike) against the Rowlatt Act.
The Dandi March – Planning and Propaganda
• Gandhi prepared the worldwide media for the march by issuing regular statements from Sabarmati, at his regular prayer meetings and through direct contact with the press.
• For strict discipline and adherence to Satyagraha and ahimsa, he recruited the marchers not from Congress, but from his own ashram, who were trained in discipline.
• The route of the march and each stopping place was planned ahead of time based on recruitment potential, past contacts, and timing. Gandhi sent scouts to each village ahead to plan his talks based on the local needs.
The Dandi March – Mass Mobilisation and Participation
• Gandhi and approximately 78 male Satyagrahis set out, on foot, for the coastal village of Dandi some 240 miles from Sabarmati. As they entered each village, Gandhi gave speeches attacking the salt tax as inhuman, and the Salt Satyagraha as a ‘poor man’s battle’.
• Each night they slept in the open, asking villagers for simple food. Gandhi felt that this would bring the poor into the battle for independence, necessary for eventual victory.
• He implored his thousands of followers to begin to make salt wherever, along the seashore. There were also simultaneous boycotts of cloth and khaddar. Salt was sold, illegally, all over the seacoast of India.
The Dandi March – Significance
• It was the most significant organised challenge to British authority since NCM
• Dandi march was followed by the defiance of Salt laws all over country. (Rajagopalachari, K. Kelappan, Sarojini Naidu etc.) But salt Satyagraha was only a beginning for varied forms of defiance of British authority – boycott of foreign clothes and liquor, non-payment of Chowkidari tax, defiance of forest laws, it marked a new stage in the anti-imperialist struggle of Indian people.
• With this, Gandhi reasserted his leadership after a gap in which Congress was internally divided into Swarajist and No-changers.
• By 1934 when the Civil Disobedience Movement finally ended, the Congress had mobilised great political support and gained a moral authority, which were converted into a massive electoral victory in 1937. The vertical and horizontal reach of Congress had grown stronger in 1930s as compared to its position in early 1920s.
• The logic of Civil disobedience itself emphasised the need for combining nationalism with radical social and economic programmes. Hereafter, the Congress drifted towards greater radicalisation. (Karachi Resolution, Gandhi-Irwin Pact and later land reforms included in the official Congress programme).
The Daily Answer Writing Practice [Question 60, 13 September 2020]
Dear Students,
Please find below today’s question for Daily Answer Writing Practice
Do you think that the nationalist movement was responsible for evolving a policy framework for economic development in independent India? Discuss. [15 marks, 250 words]
Model Answer would be posted after 8 pm today
#GS1 #History
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Dear Students,
Please find below today’s question for Daily Answer Writing Practice
Do you think that the nationalist movement was responsible for evolving a policy framework for economic development in independent India? Discuss. [15 marks, 250 words]
Model Answer would be posted after 8 pm today
#GS1 #History
For Daily Answer Writing Practice for Mains 2020 join: https://t.me/AnswerWritingDaily
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The Daily Answer Writing Practice [Question 60, 13 September 2020]
Do you think that the nationalist movement was responsible for evolving a policy framework for economic development in independent India? Discuss. [15 marks, 250 words]
Answer:
Almost from the very beginning of the national movement, the leadership developed a vision of a future India as a modern industrial society and economy.
Overall Perspective –
The economy was to be based on industrialism making full use of modern science and technology, as had happened in Europe. In fact, their blueprint of India of the future was that of a country which would resemble a European country. As this vision developed in the 20th century, it assigned a central role to the State in leading India’s transformation to an affluent industrial society. This vision was codified in the famous Congress resolution on fundamental rights and economic programme, passed at its Karachi session in 1931.
Capitalist vs Socialist –
There was a substantial consensus within Congress that Independent India would strive to become a modern democratic industrial society. However, there existed two rival perspectives on the future – socialist economic development as against a capitalist one.
Socialist perspective developed by Nehru and other Left-wing leaders in 1930s. According to them, India was to develop as a modern industrial society, without a dominant role by the capitalist class. The economic policies would be in the interests of peasants and workers. The excessive concentration of wealth would be discouraged. Socialism meant “the ending of private property, except in a restricted sense… nationalization of the instrument of production and distribution.”
However, this view was held only by some people. Many others in the leadership advocated the development of India as a modern capitalist society (e.g. Sardar Patel).
The consensus that emerged on the common points, namely, modern industrial development based on science and technology and an important role for the State in promoting key sectors of the economy. It reflected in the formation of a National Planning Committee in 1938 under the chairmanship of Nehru which was a precursor to the National Planning. It was also shared by large sections of capitalists in the Bombay Plan.
Gandhian Perspective –
It was based on decentralisation of resources, minimal use of modern technology, autonomy for the villages and the creation of rural industries. Gandhi often showed his reservations for modern economic development based on science and technology. However, he did not insist on an inclusion of his views into the mainstream economic policy. The famous Karachi resolution was moved in the open session by Gandhi himself!
This mainstream view on economic development constituted an important legacy of the national movement for the economic development of independent India.
#GS1 #History
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Do you think that the nationalist movement was responsible for evolving a policy framework for economic development in independent India? Discuss. [15 marks, 250 words]
Answer:
Almost from the very beginning of the national movement, the leadership developed a vision of a future India as a modern industrial society and economy.
Overall Perspective –
The economy was to be based on industrialism making full use of modern science and technology, as had happened in Europe. In fact, their blueprint of India of the future was that of a country which would resemble a European country. As this vision developed in the 20th century, it assigned a central role to the State in leading India’s transformation to an affluent industrial society. This vision was codified in the famous Congress resolution on fundamental rights and economic programme, passed at its Karachi session in 1931.
Capitalist vs Socialist –
There was a substantial consensus within Congress that Independent India would strive to become a modern democratic industrial society. However, there existed two rival perspectives on the future – socialist economic development as against a capitalist one.
Socialist perspective developed by Nehru and other Left-wing leaders in 1930s. According to them, India was to develop as a modern industrial society, without a dominant role by the capitalist class. The economic policies would be in the interests of peasants and workers. The excessive concentration of wealth would be discouraged. Socialism meant “the ending of private property, except in a restricted sense… nationalization of the instrument of production and distribution.”
However, this view was held only by some people. Many others in the leadership advocated the development of India as a modern capitalist society (e.g. Sardar Patel).
The consensus that emerged on the common points, namely, modern industrial development based on science and technology and an important role for the State in promoting key sectors of the economy. It reflected in the formation of a National Planning Committee in 1938 under the chairmanship of Nehru which was a precursor to the National Planning. It was also shared by large sections of capitalists in the Bombay Plan.
Gandhian Perspective –
It was based on decentralisation of resources, minimal use of modern technology, autonomy for the villages and the creation of rural industries. Gandhi often showed his reservations for modern economic development based on science and technology. However, he did not insist on an inclusion of his views into the mainstream economic policy. The famous Karachi resolution was moved in the open session by Gandhi himself!
This mainstream view on economic development constituted an important legacy of the national movement for the economic development of independent India.
#GS1 #History
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The Daily Answer Writing Practice
[Question 61, 14 September, 2020]
Dear Students,
Please find below today’s question for Daily Answer Writing Practice
Indian electoral system needs the proportional representation system to minimize the inherent limitations of the first-past-the-post voting system in India. Do you agree? (15 Marks, 250 Words)
#polity #GS2
Model Answer would be posted after 8 pm today
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[Question 61, 14 September, 2020]
Dear Students,
Please find below today’s question for Daily Answer Writing Practice
Indian electoral system needs the proportional representation system to minimize the inherent limitations of the first-past-the-post voting system in India. Do you agree? (15 Marks, 250 Words)
#polity #GS2
Model Answer would be posted after 8 pm today
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Through this channel we will provide one question everyday at 10 am. Students can discuss answers and give feedback to each other through the associated group.
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The Daily Answer Writing Practice
[Question 61, 14 September, 2020]
Dear Students,
Please find below today’s answer for Daily Answer Writing Practice
Indian electoral system needs the proportional representation system to minimize the inherent limitations of the first-past-the-post voting system in India. Do you agree? (15 Marks, 250 Words)
Answer:
In First Past The Post (FPTP) system the country is divided into constituencies and the candidate securing maximum number of votes wins the election whereas in Proportional Representation System (PRS), the country may or may not be divided into constituencies and the available seats are allocated to contesting parties in the proportion of votes won by them.
Inherent limitations of FPTP:
• Leads to the exclusion of small, minority or regional parties from the Parliament.
• Votes of those who voted for opposition candidates are wasted
• Slight changes in vote share can cause dramatic change in the vote share.
• Election expenditure is higher.
• Sometimes the winning candidate wins only about 20-30% of the votes thus defeating majoritarian government concept.
• It often encourages caste, religion, Ethnicity and regional politics.
• Since there is delimitation of boundaries, cases of gerrymandering can occur.
• Results in Two Party system in effect
Merits of PRS:
• Faithfully translate votes cast into seats won.
• Give rise to very few wasted votes, depending on the threshold.
• Facilitate minority parties’ access to representationdepending on the district magnitude.
• Restrict the growth of ‘regional fiefdoms’.
• Election expenditure per constituency would be minimized
• People can approach any candidates from the list for their problems.
Thus PRS can tackle only few of the limitations associated with FPTP system.
However, there are other serious limitations in PRS also:
• Candidates can simply focus on select groups.
• Stability would be compromised, coalitions becomes inevitable.
• Breaks the candidate — people relation.
• Chances of party power to be concentrated with the few.
• The inability of the voter to enforce accountability by throwing a party out of power or a particular candidate out of office.
• Difficulties either for voters to understand or for the electoral administration to implement depending on voter’s education and training of poll workers.
Also there are many merits of FPTP system:
• Simple and uncomplicated, illiterate persons could easily understand.
• It ensures the stable governmentin such a diverse country.
• Voting based on the merit of the candidates.
• Candidates are linked with constituencies.
• Candidates have to reach to all the communities.
• Encourages political parties themselves to have more broad-based participation.
• It allows voters to choose both party and candidate.
• Gives chance to popular candidate to get elected even without party backing.
Way forward
• Both electoral systems (Proportional Representation and FPTP) come with their own merits and demerits. The German Hybrid representation model which incorporates the advantages of both is suitable for India.
• Recommendations of the Law Commission’s 170th and 255th report were also supportive of Hybrid Model Idea and should be implemented, at least on pilot basis.
#polity # GS2
Model Answer would be posted after 8 pm today
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[Question 61, 14 September, 2020]
Dear Students,
Please find below today’s answer for Daily Answer Writing Practice
Indian electoral system needs the proportional representation system to minimize the inherent limitations of the first-past-the-post voting system in India. Do you agree? (15 Marks, 250 Words)
Answer:
In First Past The Post (FPTP) system the country is divided into constituencies and the candidate securing maximum number of votes wins the election whereas in Proportional Representation System (PRS), the country may or may not be divided into constituencies and the available seats are allocated to contesting parties in the proportion of votes won by them.
Inherent limitations of FPTP:
• Leads to the exclusion of small, minority or regional parties from the Parliament.
• Votes of those who voted for opposition candidates are wasted
• Slight changes in vote share can cause dramatic change in the vote share.
• Election expenditure is higher.
• Sometimes the winning candidate wins only about 20-30% of the votes thus defeating majoritarian government concept.
• It often encourages caste, religion, Ethnicity and regional politics.
• Since there is delimitation of boundaries, cases of gerrymandering can occur.
• Results in Two Party system in effect
Merits of PRS:
• Faithfully translate votes cast into seats won.
• Give rise to very few wasted votes, depending on the threshold.
• Facilitate minority parties’ access to representationdepending on the district magnitude.
• Restrict the growth of ‘regional fiefdoms’.
• Election expenditure per constituency would be minimized
• People can approach any candidates from the list for their problems.
Thus PRS can tackle only few of the limitations associated with FPTP system.
However, there are other serious limitations in PRS also:
• Candidates can simply focus on select groups.
• Stability would be compromised, coalitions becomes inevitable.
• Breaks the candidate — people relation.
• Chances of party power to be concentrated with the few.
• The inability of the voter to enforce accountability by throwing a party out of power or a particular candidate out of office.
• Difficulties either for voters to understand or for the electoral administration to implement depending on voter’s education and training of poll workers.
Also there are many merits of FPTP system:
• Simple and uncomplicated, illiterate persons could easily understand.
• It ensures the stable governmentin such a diverse country.
• Voting based on the merit of the candidates.
• Candidates are linked with constituencies.
• Candidates have to reach to all the communities.
• Encourages political parties themselves to have more broad-based participation.
• It allows voters to choose both party and candidate.
• Gives chance to popular candidate to get elected even without party backing.
Way forward
• Both electoral systems (Proportional Representation and FPTP) come with their own merits and demerits. The German Hybrid representation model which incorporates the advantages of both is suitable for India.
• Recommendations of the Law Commission’s 170th and 255th report were also supportive of Hybrid Model Idea and should be implemented, at least on pilot basis.
#polity # GS2
Model Answer would be posted after 8 pm today
For Daily Answer Writing Practice for Mains 2020 join: https://t.me/AnswerWritingDaily
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The Daily Answer Writing Practice
[Question 62, 15 September, 2020]
Dear Students,
Please find below today’s question for Daily Answer Writing Practice
"This is a moral universe and that there are moral laws of the universe just as abiding as the physical laws." Do you agree? (10 Marks, 150 words)
#Ethics # GS4
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[Question 62, 15 September, 2020]
Dear Students,
Please find below today’s question for Daily Answer Writing Practice
"This is a moral universe and that there are moral laws of the universe just as abiding as the physical laws." Do you agree? (10 Marks, 150 words)
#Ethics # GS4
Model Answer would be posted after 8 pm today
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The Daily Answer Writing Practice
[Question 62, 15 September, 2020]
Dear Students,
Please find below today’ answer for Daily Answer Writing Practice
"This is a moral universe and that there are moral laws of the universe just as abiding as the physical laws." Do you agree? (10 Marks, 150 words)
Answer –
The universe is the entire collectivity of things and phenomenon around us. Human acts consciously within a physical structure that is beyond their control. Human consciousness gives them agency to choose their goals and means as per their meanings and motives. This choice is governed by the moral universe, which is as binding and as constraining the humans as the physical universe.
Just as the physical universe is sui-generis, universal and obligatory on human beings, so is the moral universe comprising of moral principles (human values). Both are indispensable and external to humans.
Human consciousness is like the fundamental forces of physics. It is derived from ethical values and guides human action.
Moral universe helps in maintaining order in the society. Violation of moral values can lead to violence, lawlessness and disaster, e.g. just like a man would die if he tries to jump from the roof of a building to defy gravity, he would also be tortured by his conscience on speaking lies. Also, moral values also help to smoothen human interaction and build relationships.
Thus, human should act consciously in line with core human values just as they act in consonance with the laws of physics to lead to social stability and prosperity.
Importance of morality for human existence:
1. Morality brings predictability in the society
2. It also brings peace and order in the society
3. It smoothens the interaction and dealing between persons
4. It also provides a sense of worth for the one who does a moral act.
#Ethics # GS4
Model Answer would be posted after 8 pm today
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[Question 62, 15 September, 2020]
Dear Students,
Please find below today’ answer for Daily Answer Writing Practice
"This is a moral universe and that there are moral laws of the universe just as abiding as the physical laws." Do you agree? (10 Marks, 150 words)
Answer –
The universe is the entire collectivity of things and phenomenon around us. Human acts consciously within a physical structure that is beyond their control. Human consciousness gives them agency to choose their goals and means as per their meanings and motives. This choice is governed by the moral universe, which is as binding and as constraining the humans as the physical universe.
Just as the physical universe is sui-generis, universal and obligatory on human beings, so is the moral universe comprising of moral principles (human values). Both are indispensable and external to humans.
Human consciousness is like the fundamental forces of physics. It is derived from ethical values and guides human action.
Moral universe helps in maintaining order in the society. Violation of moral values can lead to violence, lawlessness and disaster, e.g. just like a man would die if he tries to jump from the roof of a building to defy gravity, he would also be tortured by his conscience on speaking lies. Also, moral values also help to smoothen human interaction and build relationships.
Thus, human should act consciously in line with core human values just as they act in consonance with the laws of physics to lead to social stability and prosperity.
Importance of morality for human existence:
1. Morality brings predictability in the society
2. It also brings peace and order in the society
3. It smoothens the interaction and dealing between persons
4. It also provides a sense of worth for the one who does a moral act.
#Ethics # GS4
Model Answer would be posted after 8 pm today
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The Daily Answer Writing Practice
[Question 63, 16 September, 2020]
Dear Students,
Please find below today’s question for Daily Answer Writing Practice
In what ways religious philosophy of the Upanishads differs from the early Vedic religion. (10 Marks, 150 words)
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[Question 63, 16 September, 2020]
Dear Students,
Please find below today’s question for Daily Answer Writing Practice
In what ways religious philosophy of the Upanishads differs from the early Vedic religion. (10 Marks, 150 words)
#History #GS1
Model Answer would be posted after 8 pm today
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