The Illuminati was first seen in the 15th century by occultists proclaiming to have wisdom from a higher source. The secret society became strong in 18th century Germany. It adopted many different grades of Freemasonry. Conspiracies were spun about the forces of order, bureaucracy, and repression. People soon realized that espionage was their main focus, then the French Revolution arrived and changed the country.
The only people who mention the Illuminati anymore is the John Birch Society. Read more: http://www.meta-religion.com/Secret_societies/
The John Birch Society (JBS) is a conservative advocacy group supporting anti-communism; Robert W. Welch, Jr. (1899 - 1985) developed an organizational infrastructure in 1958 of chapters nationwide. Presidents: Robert W. Welch, Jr. (1958 - 1983), Larry McDonald (1983), a U.S. Representative who was killed in the KAL-007 shootdown incident; Robert W. Welch, Jr. (1983 - 1985). Korean Air Lines Flight 007 (also known as KAL007 and KE007) was a scheduled Korean Air Lines flight from New York City to Seoul via Anchorage. On September 1, 1983, the airliner serving the flight was shot down by a Soviet Su-15 interceptor, near Moneron Island west of Sakhalin in the Sea of Japan. All were killed, including Larry McDonald, a Representative from Georgia in the United States House of Representatives.
Arthur R. "Art" Thompson (born 1938 in Seattle) is the CEO of the John Birch Society, and took office in 2005. Thompson believes that Russian communism remains a serious threat to the USA, and is responsible for much global terrorism; Art resides in Appleton, Wisconsin.

The years 1740 - 1790, it's the beginning of the secret Masonic organizations in Germany, Ireland, France and Scotland, as well as in Russia, Poland, Austria.

Jean-Baptiste Willermoz (1730 - 1824) was a "French Freemason and Martinist who played an important role in the establishment of various systems of Masonic high-degrees in his time in both France and Germany". In Lyon he became Grand Master in 1761, also organized "Sovereign Chapter of Knights of the Black Eagle Rose-Cross", was admitted to first grade in the Order of the Elus Cohens at Versailles in 1767 by Martinez de Pasqually; in the 1770s, he came into contact with Baron von Hund and the German Order of the Order of Strict Observance which he joined in 1773; Willermoz introduced also at the Convention of Lyon the Regime Ecossais Rectifie (Rectified Scottish Rite), which combined Templar Freemasonry with the religious ceremonial of the Elect Coens; he defended the place of Martinist currents in the rite; "... he resumed his Masonic activities with a resurgence of the CBCS [the Beneficent Knights of the Holy City; in Lyon in 1778, constituted the Beneficent Knights of the Holy City] in 1804, and dedicated himself to this end until his death ... 1824".

The Rectified Scottish Rite, "also known as Order of Knights Beneficent of the Holy City is a Christian Masonic rite founded in Lyon (France) in 1778". It is derived from the Rite of Strict Observance erected in 1754, the foundation of which was attributed to Baron von Hund; it propounded a theory that freemasonry was developed directly from the Crusading Templars; the Rite was mainly elaborated by Jean-Baptiste Willermoz, including some items coming from the Elect Cohen Order and denying the Templar legacy.

The Elect Cohens, or the Ordre des Chevelier Macons Elus Cohen de L'Univers / Order of Knight-Masons Elect Priests of the Universe / The Martinist Order of the Elect-Cohens, which issued from the Traditional Martinist Order i.e. of the Elus Cohen of Martinez de Pasqually, and of the Order of the Rose-Croix of the Orient; the Elect Cohens, were a society of Cabbalists, organised on 'Scottish' Masonic lines, who were influenced by the Spanish Alumbrados / Sufi; "...they were the first group to be called the Illumines, or Illuminati, though their relatively conservative views were diametrically opposite to the Bavarian Illuminati ... founded in 1765 by the Freemason Jacques de Livron Joachim de la Tour de la Casa Martinez de Pasqually, of Grenoble, France, the Order was initially only open to Master Masons, but later became more open".

"The system of the Strict Observance grew out of what is known as Templarism. Templar Masonry commenced to grow up in France soon after true Freemasonry was introduced. This was about 1725. However, no Grand Lodge was established till 1752. ... The Hospitallers, known officially as Knights of the Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem, was founded at Jerusalem during the first Crusade. ... Some of the Knights went to Russia and elected the Emperor Paul I Grand Master ... In England the Order was never formally suppressed, and in 1888 Queen Victoria granted it a charter. In 1889 King Edward VII, then Prince of Wales was made Grand Prior. ... The Order of the Poor Knights of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon, or, as it is otherwise called, Knights Templar, was founded in Palestine in the 12th century by the Crusaders. ... The Rite of the Strict Observance is based on Templar Masonry. Its founders claimed that all Templars were Masons ... The truth is that all Templar Masonry is descended from a Kadosh degree invented in Lyons, France, in 1743.

... Nevertheless, about 1740, various Rites, or degrees, of Scots Masonry, did spring into existence, followed shortly afterwards by Scots Mother-Lodges controlling systems of subordinate Scots Lodges. ... In 1743 the Masons of Lyons invented the Kadosh degree, comprising the vengeance of the Templars, and thus laid the foundation for all the Templar Rites. It was at first called Junior Elect

... The Rite of Strict Observance was carried from France to Germany as early as 1749. Von Bieberstein, as Provincial Grand Master, was succeeded at his death, about 1750, by Karl Gotheif, Baron Von Hund, and Alten-Grotkau. He was made a Mason in 1742. A year or so afterwards he met at Paris Lord, Kilmarnock, who interested him in Templarism, and he was initiated into the Order of the Temple. He was given a patent and directed to report to the Prov. Grand Master, Von Bieberstein, of the 7th Province in Germany. ...

We can trace its beginnings back to Lord Kilmarnock, Grand Master of Scotland, in 1742 - 43. Kilmarnock in Scotland was made a barony ... In 1751 Von Hund began to give particular attention to the restoration of the Order of the Temple and evidently considered it his life work.
... In 1763 a fellow named Leucht, going under the name of Johnson, who had got hold of some Masonic papers relating to Masonry proper, as well as the high degrees, appeared at Jena where there was a Clermont Chapter practicing the Templar degrees in the Strict Observance system, and stated that he had a commission from the Sovereign Chapter in Scotland to reform the German Lodges and impart the true secrets of Masonry ...

An Order called the Clerics turned up and it was supposed for a time that the lost secrets were with it. ... This convention took place at Brunswick and was in session from May 23 to July 6, 1775. ... Baron Von Gugumos was at the Brunswick convention and told different members of it that they were all on the wrong track; that the Strict Observance was an imitation, or rather, only a branch of the true Order, and possessed none of the real secrets; ...

The Convention of Wiesbaden ... on Aug. 15, 1776, with the consent the Prince of Nassau-Usingen, but without that of the Duke of Brunswick. Among those present was the sovereign, the Duke of Nassau; also the Duke of Gotha, the Landgraves Ludwig and George, and many other nobles of lesser note. At one time there was not less than twelve reigning sovereign Princes of Germany members of the Rite of the Strict Observance ... Baron Von Hund died on Oct. 28, 1776 ... In 1782 the Rite of Strict Observance was reorganized by Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick, who was elected Grand Master General. The next year, however, the Lodge of the Three Globes of Berlin, with all of its subordinate lodges and the Hamburg Lodges, withdrew from the Strict Observance ...",
acc. to http://blog.templarhistory.com/ by Burton E. Bennett [born 1863 in North Brookfield, New York; 1887, United States, Attorney for Alaska].

Br. Bystrzanowski, Thomas Dunckerley and Ebenezer Sibly - Illuminati and the Templars in UK, France and America - Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin and Alexander Hamilton:

Thomas Dunckerley, acted in the Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons, held at the Castle-Inn, Marlborough (1769) - at half way from Bristol to Reading.
William Wonnacott suggests Sibly may have first become acquainted with his future masonic patron Thomas Dunckerley (1720 - 1795) in Portsmouth.
Thomas Dunckerley known in 1766 and 1767 Chesterfield; also he known Sir Edward Walpole - early in the construction on his new identity - to support Dunckerley's attempt to be recognized as GEORGE II's son.

Ebenezer Sibly was deeply involved in occult, but his brother Manoah SIBLY was the member of the Swedenborgian Theosophical Society; and was living in London like Swedenborgian minister.

Manoah SIBLY thus provided a tangible connection between Ebenezer SIBLY / Ebenezer Sibley, and the Swedenborgian enthusiasts Philippe de LOUTHERBOURG, Peter Lambert de LINTOT and Charles RAINSFORD - and in ca 1776 to CAGLIOSTRO.
Above acc. to Susan Mitchell Sommers.

"... Likewise, we have given up presenting even less well-known but not uninteresting Masonic Brothers like Peter Lambert of Lintot, Ebenezer Sibley or Charles Rainsford because of a somewhat marginal aspect of their activity ('fringe masonry')...".

Thomas Dunckerley, a natural son of George II, was initiated into Masonry, in January 1754.

Acc. to 'HISTORY OF THE GRAND LODGE OF ENGLAND - 1723-60':
"... The first meeting of this Lodge, of which a record is preserved, took place, December 28, 1732. Present, the Master and Wardens, and seven 'members'.
No other titles are used. Among the 'members' were George Rainsford and Johnson Robinson, the former of whom is described as Master, and the latter as Pass'd Master, in the minutes of May 18, 1733. It is possible, to put it no higher, that these distinctive terms were employed because some of the members had graduated under the Grand Lodge system, whilst others had been admitted or passed to their degrees, according to the more homely usage which preceded it. The degree seems, however, to have become fairly well established by 1738, as the Constitutions of that year inform us that there were then eleven Masters' Lodges in the metropolis".

"... It is not clear where or how Cagliostro and Sibly crossed paths, but they did, and one result was that Ebenezer Sibly paid 300 guineas to copy the manuscript, called the Rotalo, which Cagliostro claimed to have used to hit the jackpot in the 1776 British lottery".

RAINSFORD, CHARLES (1728 - 1809), general, born at West Ham, was the only son of Francis Rainsford (d. 1770), by his wife Isabella, daughter of William Bale of Foston, Derbyshire. He was educated at Great Clacton, Essex, by a clerical friend of his father.
Acc. to P. Ashley, History of the Royal Cumberland Lodge, No. 41, 1873:
"...The distinction here drawn between the two sets of Masters, it is by no means easy to explain, but it appears to point to an epoch of confusion, when the old names had not yet been succeeded by the new, at least in the country Lodges. The first meeting of this Lodge, of which a record is preserved, took place, ... 1732 ...
Present, the Master and Wardens and seven members. No other titles are used. Among the members were George Rainsford and Johnson Robinson, the former of whom is described as Master, the latter as Pass'd Master, in the Minutes of May 18, 1733. ...
(Hughan, Origin of the English Rite, p. 25).
The Degree seems, however, to have become fairly well established by 1738, as the Constitutions of that year inform us that there were then eleven Masters' Lodges in the metropolis. One of these is described by Anderson as, "Black Posts in Maiden Lane, where there is also a Masters' Lodge." This was No. 163 on the General List, constituted Sept. 21, 1737. ...".

"... In November 1786 Admiral Sir Peter Parker was appointed to the office of Deputy Grand Master, which had become vacant by the death of Rowland Holt. ...
and it was resolved unanimously that the Rank of a Past Senior Grand Warden (with the Right of taking Place immediately next to the present Senior Grand Warden) be granted to Thomas Dunckerley, Esq., Provincial Grand Master for Dorset, Essex, Gloucester, Somerset and Southampton, with the City and County of Bristol and the Isle of Wight, in grateful Testimony of the high Sense the Grand Lodge entertains of his zealous and indefatigable Exertions, for many years, to promote the Honour and Interest of the Society.
The story of Dunckerley's life is not an easy one to relate. According to one set of biographers, his mother was the daughter of a physician (Freemasons' Magazine, vol. i, 1793, p. 378, vol. iv, 1796, p. 96) ... and, according to another,
she was a servant girl in the family of Sir Robert Walpole (Gentleman's Magazine, 1795 ...). By the former he is said to have been a natural son of King George II; whilst by the latter he is alleged to have availed himself of the remarkable likeness he bore to the Royal Family, to get it represented to George III that the previous king was in truth his father. These accounts of his parentage are irreconcilable and some other difficulties present themselves when the two biographies are collated. Certain facts, however, are free from dispute. Born October 23, 1724, he was apprenticed to a barber...
His mother's apartments at Somerset House ...
On May 7, 1767, a pension of Ł100 a year was assigned to him by the king ...
Dunckerley was told of his close relation to George II in 1760, by a Mrs. Pinkney, for many years his mother's neighbour in Somerset House, to whom the secret had been confided by the latter. He was then on leave of absence from H.M.S. Vanguard, which had just arrived from Quebec ...
sailed for the Mediterranean. According to his own account, he was appointed gunner of the Vanguard by Admiral Boscawen and to the same position in the Prince by Lord Anson. The dates he gives as to these appointments are a little confusing ...
and it is almost certain that some others of the latter character had accompanied the expedition under General Wolfe (1759).
Dunckerley, whilst on the North American station, indeed throughout the whole period of his service afloat - after his admission into the Craft - was doubtless an occasional visitor at Army Lodges. Most of these were under the Grand Lodge of Ireland, which issued no fewer than fifty-one military warrants ... and 1762 inclusive.

The profound knowledge, therefore, of Royal Arch Masonry, which has been traditionally ascribed to Thomas Dunckerley, may have been acquired in Irish Lodges ...
He was initiated into Masonry in January 1754 ...
On April 18, 1792, the Lodges were again ordered to be renumbered and, in the following May, at the Grand Feast, the Prince of Wales was installed Grand Master in the presence of the Duke of York, Lord Rawdon and a numerous company of Brethren. ...
The Jurisdiction of the Grand Lodge of Ireland was invaded by Mother Kilwinning in 1779, whose Grand Master, the Earl of Eglinton, granted a Warrant in that year to 'the High Knights' Templars of Ireland, Kilwinning Lodge', Dublin.
The members of this Scottish Lodge fully considered that they were justified in working the Knight Templar Degree by virtue of their Charter and actually did so as early as December 27, 1779.
Other Degrees were also wrought by the same body, such as the Royal Arch in 1781 and the Prince Rose Croix in 1782, whilst the Chair, the Excellent and the Super Excellent Degrees came in for a share of their attention.
From this Lodge arose the Early Grand Encampment of Ireland, which chartered over fifty Encampments - some having been for Scotland and England - whilst the present Kilwinning Preceptory, Dublin, is an offshoot of the year 1780.
When the rights of this Knight Templar Organization were disputed or questioned, their Sublime Commander (John Fowler) maintained that their Warrant was 'holden from the Royal Mother Lodge of Kilwinning of Scotland, the true source from which any legal authority could be obtained' and it was declared that 'the documents to support this statement are in the archives of the Chapter, ready for the inspection of such Knights Templar as choose to examine them'.
... The erection of this daughter Lodge encouraged, however, the belief
in Kilwinning, being a centre of the Higher Degrees.
In 1813 application was made to the Mother Lodge to authorize the transfer of a Black Warrant from Knights of the Temple and of Malta, in the Westmeath Militia, to Brethren in the same Degree serving in the Shropshire Militia.
...
Scotch Lodges owed their acquaintance with Knight Templarism. This order, then known as Black Masonry, was propagated, to a large extent, through Charters issued by the High Knights Templar of Ireland, Kilwinning Lodge - a body of Freemasons in Dublin, who were constituted by Mother Kilwinning in 1779, for the practice of the Craft Degrees.
... In 1834 scarcely eight Lodges met in Dublin. There was a great deal of Masonic enthusiasm in Ireland during the closing years of the eighteenth century. ...".

No Englishman or Scot was a member of the Illuminati, although General Rainsford was affiliated with them.

"... General Charles Rainsford was a remarkable man in many ways. A professional soldier, diplomat, politician and inveterate traveller, he was also a well-connected man of the enlightenment interested in many aspects of science. Fortunately Rainsford left behind a huge archive ...".
General Charles Rainsford (1728 - 1809) was a British Army officer. His uncle, also Charles Rainsford (died 1778), was deputy lieutenant of the Tower of London and used his influence to get him made second cornet in General Bland's 3rd dragoons in March 1744 ...
With his new unit he returned to England to face the Jacobite rising, rising to major of brigade and colonel's aide-de-camp. He then served as private secretary to Tyrawley, governor of Gibraltar (1756 - 1757) before returning to England again in 1760.
The following year he was given a company to command under Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick in Germany

{"... An even greater coup came from Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick, and freemasonry's Grand Master of the Order of Strict Observance, who had joined the Illuminati after he had convened the most important Congress of the 18th Century. He was to realise his mistake over ten years later in that he had unwittingly unleashed a pathogen within the ranks of freemasonry. In 1794 he expressed his shock and sadness at being duped by instigators of the French Revolution and the need to 'cut out to the roots the abuse and error' which he had allowed to infect the Order. ... In 1789 the journalist and essayist Marquis Jean-Pierre de Luchet published his Essai sur la secte des Illuminés, denouncing the leaders of the Bavarian Illuminati, their control of freemasonry in Europe and in particular his native home of France. ..." (copyright by M. K. Styllinski)}.

He was also elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1779. He was also a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London, a Rosicrucian, a freemason and a dabbler in alchemy.
In summer 1783 Rainsford and William Bousie, an Anglo-French merchant, began corresponding with the Parisian lodge of the Philalethes, preparatory to the Philalethes convention in Paris in April 1785 to review the rites of many para-Masonic and esoteric societies.
Rainsford provided information on Emanuel Swedenborg, Baal Shem of London and the Kabbalistic symbolism of higher degrees. He was then sent to be Robert Boyd's second-in-command at Gibraltar ...

Benedict Chastanier (1739 - ca 1816)
"was a French surgeon. In 1767 he founded a lodge of Illumines Theosophes, based on the anonymous writings of Emanuel Swedenborg.
In 1774 he migrated to England. In 1775 Chastanier and the Marquis de Thorn joined the Philalethes, a Masonic society founded by Savalette de Langes in Paris. In 1776 he founded Universal Society in London to disseminate Swedenborg's writing.
In 1782 Chastanier and Charles Rainsford reached out to kindred Illuminist groups in Berlin and Paris by publishing a brochure in French about degrees of the Universal Society.
Chastanier was in contact with the Illumines of Avignon".

William Wonnacott suggests Sibly may have first become acquainted with his future masonic patron Thomas Dunckerley in Portsmouth.

Ebenezer Sibly (1751 - ca 1799) was an English physician, astrologer and writer on the occult. He was the son of a mechanic, born in Bristol, and brother of Manoah Sibly. He studied surgery in London.
In 1794 he was living in Portsmouth, and became a Freemason there. In 1785 he was working as an astrologer in Bristol [see CASTLE-INN];
and by about 1788 had moved to London. In 1790 he was temporarily in Ipswich, supporting at the general election Sir John Hadley D'Oyly, the Whig member.
1792 he graduated at King's College, Aberdeen. ...
he became interested in the theories on animal magnetism of Anton Mesmer ...

It has been said that experts of the time would have seen that Sibly was not very discriminating about the sources he chose, and drew on unpublished translations that he had borrowed.
He knew the Book of Enoch via Charles Rainsford.

Emanuel Swedenborg born Emanuel Swedberg in 1688, was a Swedish Lutheran theologian, scientist, philosopher, and mystic who inspired Swedenborgianism.

General Rainsford was affiliated with the Illuminati through the lodge of Amis Reunis at Paris, which corresponded with the Bavarian Masons.
Whether the Illuminati affair had a role in the history of the Order of Knights Templar in England is difficult to determine,
but by 1791 the latter had decided to end their quasi-separate status and put themselves under the direction of a leading figure within the Grand Lodge. This was Thomas Dunckerley, the provincial grand Master.
Records of the Mark Degree date back to 1st September 1769 when the Provincial Grand Master Thomas Dunckerley made six Brethren of The Royal Arch Chapter of Friendship (originally No. 3 now No. 257) Mark Masons.
They were taught how to make their marks and were then made "Mark Masons and Mark Masters".
The Masonic Province of Hampshire came into being on February 28th 1767 with the appointment of Thomas Dunckerley.
The idea of holding an annual Provincial Grand Lodge seems to have been introduced by Thomas Dunckerley, who between 1767 and his death in 1795 was Provincial Grand Master for eight Provinces. He took his duties seriously, regularly visiting his charges to hold Provincial Grand Lodge meetings.
The Chapter of Friendship continued to work the Mark Degree until 1855. Mark Grand Lodge was formed in June 1856.

Although Crusader themes in Freemasonry were earlier initiated by the Jacobite, Andrew Michael Ramsay and continue to have some legacy in Scottish Rite freemasonry, the specific "Knights Templar" fraternal order connected to Freemasonry was originated from Thomas Dunckerley toward the end of the 18th century.

Bystrzonowski in France in 1776 was Mark Mason - with the right to give it to others. Br. Bystrzanowski was the friend of Tadeusz Kosciuszko [1776 - they sailed on the same ship to Martinique] and George Washington [Bystrzanowski / Bystrzonowski was a master of the Masonic Lodge, of which Washington was simple Brother]. Thomas Jefferson and Tadeusz Kosciuszko [see: General Fiszer and General Franciszek Paszkowski] were very close political collaborators.

Jefferson was sent by the Congress of the Confederation to join Benjamin Franklin and John Adams as ministers in Europe for negotiation of trade agreements with England, Spain, and France. During his five years in Paris Jefferson played a leading role in shaping the foreign policy of the United States.
He departed in July 1784, arriving in Paris the next month.
While in France, Jefferson became a regular companion of the Marquis de Lafayette, and Jefferson allowed his Paris residence, the Hotel de Langeac, to be used for meetings by Lafayette and other republicans. He was in Paris during the storming of the Bastille and consulted with Lafayette while the latter drafted the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen.
Jefferson left Paris for America in September 1789, intending to return soon; however, President George Washington appointed him the country's first Secretary of State.

Marie-Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette,
military officer who fought in the American Revolutionary War.
A close friend of George Washington, Alexander Hamilton, and Thomas Jefferson, Lafayette was a key figure in the French Revolution of 1789 and the July Revolution of 1830.
Lafayette returned to France, and
in 1787 was appointed to the Assembly of Notables, which was convened in response to the fiscal crisis. He was elected a member of the Estates-General of 1789.

He helped write the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, with Thomas Jefferson's assistance; inspired by the United States Declaration of Independence.

Lafayette left Boston for France on 18 December 1781.
On 11 July 1789, Lafayette presented a draft of the "Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen" to the Assembly, written by himself in consultation with Jefferson. Camille Desmoulins led an armed mob. The king had the royal army under the duc de Broglie surround Paris. On 14 July, the fortress known as the Bastille was stormed by the mob. On 15 July, Lafayette was acclaimed commander-in-chief of the National Guard of France, an armed force established to maintain order, and under the control of the Assembly.
On 19 October 1824, he was at Yorktown for the anniversary of Cornwallis's surrender, then journeyed to Monticello to meet with his old friend Jefferson - and Jefferson's successor, James Madison.
Lafayette had dined with the other living former president, 89-year-old John Adams.
One historiographical perspective suggests that the marquis was disposed to hate the British for killing his father.
Another notes that the marquis had recently become a Freemason, and talk of the rebellion "fired his chivalric - and now Masonic - imagination with descriptions of Americans as 'people fighting for liberty'."

Benjamin Franklin -
when Franklin went to France as America's first ambassador, there were two superpowers in Europe: England and France.
Franklin arrived in Paris in December, 1776.
"Benjamin Franklin contributed to the Mikveh Israel Jewish congregation in Philadelphia. But Franklin did not practice Judaism. He did practice the occult, and things that would be weird to Christians. He became
the head of the very occultic Grand Orient Freemasons when he was in France".

"... The possible connection between the American founding fathers, the Rothschild family and the Illuminati would be incomplete without taking into account a key figure: Benjamin Franklin.
He was also deeply involved in a variety of secret societies, not only in America, but also in Britain and France. Actually, he was a member of secret societies in the three countries involved in the American Revolution: England, France and the US.

Benjamin FRANKLIN was a member of the Hellfire Club in England ...
The Hellfire Club was created and presided by Sir Francis Dashwood; a member of the British Parliament and personal advisor to King George III. British Historian Richard Deacon affirms that the Hellfire club was a centre for English espionage, and claims that Franklin was a covert agent for the British government and for other secret powers based in Europe that worked towards the secret plan of all secret societies.
...
In 1776, year when the order of the Illuminati was created, Franklin visited King Louis XVI of France to seek funding for the American revolution, while at the same time
he was getting involved in the plot for the French revolution to overthrow the French monarchy. This took place inside the Paris lodge The Nine Sisters; which was part of the Grand Orient of France - connected to the Illuminati - of which Franklin was the Venerable Masters. This lodge was casually the exact place were the French revolution took off.
While in France, Franklin also initiated Voltaire into Freemasonry, whose writings would later inspire the French Revolution.
... My conclusion on the connection between the Rothschilds and the American Revolution: it did exist through Alexander Hamilton (who could only push the agenda for the first 20 years of independence), and also quite possibly through Solomon and Franklin; though it made no difference at the end.
It is true that the American Freemasons shared the same ideology that emerged from Jewish intellectuals in Germany and spread throughout secret societies;
but I'm having a hard time relating the founding fathers directly to the Rothschilds, with the exception of Franklin, who obviously had his hands in far too many pies to count as a confirmed agent for any side...".

Alexander Hamilton
- Hamilton has also become a favorite for conspiracy theorists who think
he was a tool for the New World Order, the Illuminati, and / or the Rothschild family, because of his support for a National Bank.
Hamilton, along with Benjamin Franklin, is one of the very few non-presidents to be portrayed on American money.
Alexander Hamilton married into the Rothschild family December 14, 1780.
Alexander Hamilton was born Alexander Levine, of Jewish lineage, in St. Croix, the West Indies. After changing his name ... he married Elizabeth Schuyler ...
John Paul Mitchell insist that Hamilton married into the Rothschild family.
Here's what we actually know about Hamilton's in-laws:
the father, Philip Schuyler, was a General during the Revolutionary War, while the mother Catherine instituted a scorched earth policy to deprive the British of food.

Philip John Schuyler was a general of the American Revolution and a United States Senator from New York. Come from the third generation of the Dutch family in America.
His daughter Elizabeth married Alexander Hamilton who was the first Secretary of the Treasury to the United States under George Washington.

Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton says the United States should pay its debts at par value, even though many speculators would profit by this. "Alexander Hamilton married into the Rothschild family December 14, 1780 [?]".

Alexander Hamilton was born Alexander Levine, of Jewish lineage, the son of a Jewish Merchant, in St. Croix, the West Indies. After changing his name and his geographical situs, he married Elizabeth Schuyler, the second daughter of Phillip Schuyler, at the bride's home in Albany, New York.

The bride's mother was Catherine Van Rensselaer,
daughter of Colonel John R. Van Rensselaer, who was the son of
Hendrik Van Rensselaer,
the grandson of Killiaen Van Rensselaer, the first partroon.
"... there are documents in the British museum that prove Alexander Hamilton received payment from the Rothschild's for his dastardly deeds. Could this payment have been for his involvement in the establishment of a foreign bank in this country, and for convincing Congress to assume the States debts,
which would have created a debt obligation binding the United States government and the States to the international bankers?"

Named Kiliaen van Rensselaer (born ca 1585 - died in 1643) -
a Dutch merchant, involved in the trade of colonial America. Initially, with diamond and pearl trade, then he became one of the founders and co-owner of the Dutch East India Company, a company founded in 1621. In 1629, Kiliaen Van Rensselaer purchased landed property in New Holland, then an American colony.
Rensselaerwyck was managed by his cousin Arent Van Curler.
Kiliaen Van Rensselear was one of the first founders of the Dutch east India Company. Before 1584 a state army of the Duke of Upper Saxony came to Hesseld. It's leader was Captain Johan Van Rensselaer who was from the town of Mijkerk. His twin brother, Hendrick was also in the Army. Hendrick married Maria Pafraet from Hesseld. Her father was Johan Pafraet. Johan and his brother Albert were printers.
Hendrick and Maria were Killiaen's parents.
Killean was born in 1586 [ca 1585] and baptized at St. Stephanuskerk.
Kiliaen also lived with his uncle, Wolfert Van Bijler (Byler) Wijnandsz, who had lived in London as a jeweler and with a capitol of 100000 guilders, moved to Amsterdam to join the South Netherlands diamond and pearl trade.

Kiliaen was the firm's agent to Royal Courts, traveling throughout Europe.
Kiliaen van Rensselaer was married twice:
Hillegonda van Byler (1598-1626);
and in 1626 he married Anna van Wely (1601-1670). The Van Wely's were jewelers to the Royal Court Prince Mauritius.

"In November 1658 the exiled king Charles II was visited by a young man from Amsterdam by the name of Nicolaes Van Rensselaer, who had some good news to tell him: within a year and a half the king would be restored to his father's throne, his restoration being requested by the English people. Furthermore, Van Rensselaer also prophesied that Charles Stuart's, or his son's, reign would be so glorious that under it the conversion of the Jews would take place".
"An interesting report of Nicolaes van Rensselaer and his visit to Brussels, which took place in November 1658, is given in a letter by his younger brother Richard, written on 30 November 1658 to Jeremias van Rensselaer in Rensselaerswyck.
Richard van Rensselaer informed his brother that Nicolaes van Rensselaer had gone to Brussels 'to see the king of Scotland, who granted him an audience'. Nicolaes van Rensselaer had delivered his letters and writings, which the king had examined.
As to his prophecy:
'many of those [present] believed it and others doubted it'.
As Jeremias van Rensselaer might wonder what business their brother had to see the king about, Richard would tell him. During his apprenticeship to Brughman Nicolaes had said all the time that he wished to go to England".

Nicholas van Rensselaer born in Amsterdam in September 1636; died in Albany, New York, in November 1678.
"He was the fourth son of Kiliaen van Rensselaer (1586-1643) and his second wife, Anna van Wely (1601-1670). His father was a Dutch diamond and pearl merchant from Amsterdam who was one of the founders and directors of the Dutch West India Company ... His eldest sibling, and the only child to live to adulthood from his father's first marriage to Hillegonda van Bijler, was Johan van Rensselaer (1625-1663), his half-brother. Together, his parents had eight children, including Jan Baptist van Rensselaer (1629-1678), and Jeremias van Rensselaer (1632-1674)".
In Brussels, Nicholas van Rensselaer met Charles II of England.
He subsequently went to England as chaplain to the Dutch embassy, and the king, recognizing him and recollecting his prediction, gave him a gold snuff box with his likeness in the lid.
"In 1674, after the end of the Third Anglo-Dutch War when Edmund Andros was commissioned governor of the New Netherland, Van Rensselaer accompanied him to North America, bearing a letter of recommendation from the Duke of York, son of Charles II who later became James II of England, in which he requested that Van Rensselaer be placed in charge of one of the Dutch churches in New York or Albany when there should be a vacancy".

Van Rensselaer's son, Jeremias Van Rensselaer [Jeremias van Rensselaer (1632-1674)], came to the New World and settled in Rensselaerwyck, giving birth to a prominent New York family.
The Manor of Rensselaerswyck, owned by the van Rensselaer family that was located in what is now mainly the Capital District of New York in the United States. The estate was originally deeded by the Dutch West India Company in 1630 to Kiliaen van Rensselaer, a Dutch merchant.

The estate was inherited by Kiliaen van Rensselaer's eldest son Jan Baptist [Jan Baptist van Rensselaer (1629- 1678)], who acquired the title of patroon. He died in 1658 or in 1678, and his younger brother Jeremias van Rensselaer became patroon.
Jeremias van Rensselaer took the oath of allegiance to the King of England.
Manor House, or Fort Crailo - Jeremias van Rensselaer died in 1674 and the estate was passed on to his oldest son, Kiliaen Van Rensselaer, junior, the grandson to the first patroon. Kiliaen van Rensselaer died in 1719 and the patroonship passed on to his oldest son Jeremias van Rensselaer junior.

Jeremias van Rensselaer junior died in 1745 and the estate passed to his brother Stephen van Rensselaer - who died two years later in 1747.

The estate was passed on to his son, Stephen van Rensselaer II. Stephen II was active in the Albany County Militia.

Stephen van Rensselaer III: Stephen II van Rensselaer died in 1769; the Manor passed on to his eldest son Stephen van Rensselaer III.
Stephen van Rensselaer III, in 1825, was elected Grand Master of the New York State Grand Masonic Lodge.
He was elected to the New York State Assembly in 1789.

Francis Dashwood, 11th Baron le Despencer (1708 - 1781) was an English Chancellor of the Exchequer (1762 - 1763) and founder of the Hellfire Club.
He was the only son of Sir Francis Dashwood, first baronet (d. 1724), and his wife Mary, the daughter of Vere Fane, baron Le Despencer and fourth earl of Westmorland.

Sir Francis Dashwood, first baronet [born ca 1658, a British merchant - family derived their wealth from trading silks in the Levant], was the son of Francis Dashwood, SENIOR [b. ca 1620 ?], a Turkey merchant and alderman of London [Francis Dashwood, Saddler and Turkey merchant, alderman of London in 1658 - a merchant trading with a Turkey], and brother of Sir Samuel Dashwood, lord mayor of London in 1702.
Sir Francis Dashwood, first baronet (d. 1724), was four times married, and by his third wife, Mary, daughter of Major King, was father of Sir John Dashwood-King (1716 - 1793), who succeeded his half-brother Lord Le Despencer as third baronet. He was a member of the Hellfire Club which his brother had founded.

Francis Dashwood, 11th Baron le Despencer -
in 1733 - between the visits to Italy - Dashwood accompanied George, Lord Forbes, envoy-extraordinary, to St Petersburg, stopping on the way at Copenhagen. Dashwood spent his early adulthood abroad travelling around Europe. He impersonated Charles XII while in Russia, in hopes of making Czarina Anne fall in love with him, and attempted to seduce Anna Ivanovna, the empress of Russia,
and was later expelled from the Papal states.
The member of The Monks of Medmenham Abbey / the Hellfire Club; during the 1750s and early 1760s, they met at the estate of Sir Francis Dashwood; Dashwood was travelling to France and Italy, but also to Russia and the Ottoman Empire.
"... On his Grand Tour in 1740, Dashwood was signing letters to his friends as 'St. Francis',
... He had travelled with Boyne on a tour to Italy in 1730-1731, and it is possible that this was a reference to their earlier revelries on the continent. ... The first certain evidence of the Monks of Medmenham Abbey meeting comes from a letter from Richard Grenville, Earl Temple to Dashwood from October 1754. He ... celebrated ... and sat together at a 'table of the Saints'. ...".
In Russia he masqueraded as Charles XII when he visited St. Petersburg in 1733.

Anna, in full Anna Ivanovna, born 1693, empress of Russia from 1730 to 1740. Anna was married to Frederick William, ruler of the Courland. Her favourites engaged Russia in the War of the Polish Succession (1733 - 1735), which placed a pro-Russian king on the Polish throne. In the former, Russia worked with Austria to support Augustus II's son Augustus against the candidacy of Stanislaw Leszczynski who was dependent on the French and amiable with Sweden and Ottoman.

Rachel Fanny Antonina Dashwood was the illegitimate daughter of Sir Francis Dashwood / Francis Dashwood, 11th Baron le Despencer. The eccentric woman, married ca 1794 to Matthew Allen Lee, Esq., separated in 1795.
Rachael Fanny Antonina Lee was living at her house in Bolton-row, Piccadilly.
She ran away with Matthew Allen Lee, Esq. and was married to him at Haddington, in Scotland.
She was later reported to be 'deplorably ignorant of English life and life universally'.
She was also the author of anticlerical tracts.
The papers of Mrs Racheal Frances Antonia Lee, the self-styled Baroness le Despenser, were "wrote under the nom-de-plume of 'Philopatria' (ca 1774 - 1829)"; 'Pedigree of Francis Baron le Despenser', 13th to early 19th centuries; 'Royal Descents of Francis late Baron le Despenser', from Edward I to late 18th century.

Rachel Fanny Antonina Lee or Rachel Fanny Antonina Dashwood, as Rachel Fanny Antonina Le Despencer - "Antonina apparently spent much of her adult life in an unsuccessful pursuit of the title Baroness Le Despencer".
In 1807 she moved back to London. Over the next few years she learnt Hebrew and she continued to publish her views.
She died in 1829. Lee wrote the following:
1.
The translation of the Hebrew epistle of Antonia Despenser, entitled, Hamzigeret ha-kmcolel Hamzel ha- Aynivrmcim; in 1821.
2.
An Investigation into the conduct of Lady Anne Dashwood and of Mr Delmar with respect to Antonina the Baroness Le Despenser about her sister-in-law's alleged covetousness of her possessions, in 1823.

Acc. to 'History and Antiquities of the Jews in England', by D'Blossiers Tovey:
in 1685 was enacted the Petition of Jewelry / Jeveral Merchants of London - and it was subscribed by Sir Samuel DASHWOOD, junior

[b. ca 1643, 1st son of Francis Dashwood, merchant, of London by 1st wife Alice.
Above Francis Dashwood, born in 1603 in London, England, d. 1683, was the son of Samuel Dashwood, of Rowden, b. 1574, senior.
Samuel Dashwood's {junior} grandfather was a Somerset yeoman {named above Samuel, senior - yeoman as "a commoner who cultivates his own land"}.
"His father Francis {Francis Dashwood, born in 1603 in London, England, d. 1683} established himself in business in London, and with Dashwood's uncle (the father of Sir Robert Dashwood) formed a syndicate to farm the excise in 1677. Dashwood himself {SAMUEL, b. ca 1643} was elected Tory sheriff of London in June 1683. ... Dashwood {Samuel, junior} was elected for London in 1685, and became a moderately active Member of James II's Parliament. He was appointed to six committees ... for the general naturalization of Huguenot refugees (1 July). ..."].

Compare:
Sir James Dashwood, 2nd Baronet (1715 - 1779) was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1740 to 1768. He was the son of Robert Dashwood {born in 1687}, and his grandfather from whom he inherited the baronetcy was Sir Robert Dashwood, 1st Baronet.
He {James} inherited large estates in Oxfordshire, being on a Grand Tour when he came into them in 1734, and built an imposing house at Kirtlington.
In national politics was a Jacobite, and someone prepared to work against Catholic disabilities.
"... He {James} moved swiftly to call for the repeal of the Jewish Naturalization Act 1753 in October of the year of its passing (he had not previously made a speech on the House, and had not prepared the ground for this one)...".

Mentioned Robert Dashwood, b. 1687 in Kirtlington, Oxfordshire, England; the son of Sir Robert Dashwood, MP, 1st Baronet of Kirtlington Park and Penelope.
Above
Robert Dashwood, MP, 1st Baronet of Kirtlington Park, b. 1662 in Westminster, London. Robert was the son of George Dashwood and Margaret Perry.
Above
George Dashwood b. 1617 in London, England; George was the of Samuel Dashwood, of Rowden {mentioned above Samuel Dashwood, of Rowden, b. 1574, senior} and Elizabeth Sweeting.
Above
Samuel Dashwood, of Rowden, born in 1574 in Stogumber, Somerset, England. Son of Robert Dashwood and Philis. Father of Elizabeth Knight; Robert Dashwood {acc. to me not Robert. We know on George Dashwood b. 1617 in London}; Francis Dashwood [b. 1603 - see below !]; John Dashwood; Lewis Dashwood.

Now of famous Francis Dashwood, 2nd Bt, 15th Baron Le Despencer = Francis Dashwood, 11th Baron le Despencer = Francis Dashwood, 14th Baron le Despencer, PC, born Dec 1708

(1708 - 1781; Francis Dashwood, 11th Baron le Despencer succeeded as 15th Baron le Despencer in 1763. He was an English Chancellor of the Exchequer, in 1762 - 1763, and he was the founder of the Hellfire Club. On the death of the 14th Baron le Despencer in 1781 the barony fell into abeyance between his sister, Rachel, Lady Austin, and the descendants of his aunt, Lady Catherine Paul. On the death of his sister in 1788 the barony was called out of abeyance in favour of his first cousin twice removed, Thomas Stapleton, 15th Baron le Despencer born 10 Nov 1766.

Francis Dashwood, 2nd Bt, was in St Petersburg - 10 June until 30 June 1733; back to Gdansk and Bornholm.
Lord Forbes {Irish peerage} accompanied him on the way to Russia. Lord Forbes served in St. Petersburg for almost one year, from June of 1733 until May of 1734. The result of his efforts was the Anglo-Russian Commercial Treaty of 1734, recognized as the foundation of all subsequent eighteenth-century trade agreements between the two signatories.
He was George, Lord Forbes, who, in the same year that he obtained the chart, became the Third Earl of Granard.
"... Lord Forbes acquired this plan in St Petersburg, where he lived for a year as Great Britain's Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the court of the Empress Anna Ivanovna, ruled 1730- 1740. Lord Forbes was closely connected with the 2nd Duke of Argyll, to whom he owed his military career and whom he followed politically. ... In 1733 Lord Forbes went to St. Petersburg to conclude a trade treaty, making such a good impression on the Empress Anna that she later offered him the command of the Russian navy, which Lord Forbes rejected. ... In 1738, now Lord Granard, he refused the governorship of New York..."),
the son of
Francis Dashwood, MP, 1st Baronet of West Wycombe, b. ca 1658 in West Wycombe, Buckinghamshire; 1st Baronet Dashwood of West Wycombe was MP for Winchelsea

[Sir Francis Dashwood, 1st Baronet, died in 1724, younger, was a British merchant.
"...Francis Dashwood was the third son of Francis Dashwood, {older} a merchant trading with a Turkey, and an Alderman of London. His brother, Sir Samuel Dashwood, was Lord Mayor of London in 1702. Dashwood and his brother Samuel joined their father's business early and became leading silk importers, they were also members of the British East India Company and the Worshipful Company of Vintners. They prospered despite the disruption in trade caused by the Anglo-Dutch Wars, and sent a frigate to trade in China in 1700. ... In 1698, Sir Samuel and Francis bought the estate of West Wycombe from their brother-in-law Thomas Lewis; Francis eventually buying out his brothers' share. Francis was knighted in 1702, but a cooling of the relationship between the brothers had occurred, and they had ceased their joint business in 1704. ... His fourth and final wife was Lady Elizabeth Windsor (d. 1736), daughter of Thomas Hickman-Windsor, 1st Earl of Plymouth {he served as Governor of Jamaica}, whom he married on 21 July 1720"].
His father was Francis Dashwood, older, born in 1603 in London, England, d. 1683;
who was son of Samuel Dashwood, of Rowden b. 1574, and Elizabeth Sweeting [see above !! - George Dashwood b. 1617 in London, England; was also the son of Samuel Dashwood, of Rowden and Elizabeth Sweeting].

The imposition of taxes and new stamp fees on the American colonists was the biggest provocation of a structures of the Illuminati - exactly and accurately structures and people who will soon become the Illuminati Order.

Compare:

'NEW ENGLAND AND THE BAVARIAN ILLUMINATI', ed. by THE COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS; LONGMANS, GREEN & CO., in I9I8 by VERNON STAUFFER.

The London Parliament passed the Revenue Act of 1762 in an attempt to halt bribery as routinely practiced by colonists circumventing the Molasses Act. In 1762, Elizabeta dies and Russia switches alliance, joining Prussia.

The Treaty of Paris, in 1763, settled the terms of the peace - King George III made peace with France without informing King Frederick II, 1740 - 1786, of Prussia, leaving them to fight France alone.

In 1764 "Samuel Adams, a native of Boston, was a major propagandist, opposing British officials and policies, as well as British taxation in the colonies. In 1773, he participated in the planning of the Boston Tea Party. Adams also signed the Declaration of Independence in 1776. He served as delegate to the Continental Congress until 1781, eventually becoming governor of Massachusetts from 1794 to 1797.
He was a confirmed member of the Masons and Illuminati ["... and Samuel Adams, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and Thomas Paine - were not Masons", by David Morgan]".

Samuel Adams born in 1722, was a second cousin to fellow Founding Father, President John Adams.
Samuel was also a brewer with a family brewing tradition.
Samuel Adams wrote 'Instructions to Boston's Representatives', May 28, 1764 -
"... This letter of Instructions to Boston's Representatives to the Massachusetts Colonial Legislature from the Boston Town Meeting (a ruling council of local citizens) marks the first time a political body in the colonies declared that Parliament had no constitutional right to tax the colonists. The letter was written by Samuel Adams, who was appointed by the council to draft a letter of the councilmembers' concerns to be sent to their legislative representatives. Samuel Adams became a rising star in the protests against Great Britain, partly due to this letter.
The letter addresses the council's concerns about new taxes levied in the Sugar Act, as well as other issues such as upholding public morality reducing government spending".
Samuel's 1768 Massachusetts Circular Letter calling for colonial non-cooperation prompted the occupation of Boston by British soldiers, eventually resulting in the Boston Massacre of 1770.

"The Stamp Act in 1765 galvanized colonial society and engendered widespread resistance. ... David Ramsay, a patriot and historian from South Carolina, wrote of this phenomenon shortly after the American Revolution:
'It was fortunate for the liberties of America, that newspapers were the subject of a heavy stamp duty. Printers, when influenced by government, have genereally arranged themselves on the side of liberty, nor are they less remarkable for attention to the profits of their profession. A stamp duty, which openly invaded the first, and threatened a great diminution of the last, provoked their united zealous opposition'."

"...The United States fought the American Revolution primarily over King George III's Currency act, which forced the colonists to conduct their business only using printed bank notes borrowed from the Bank of England at interest. After the revolution, the new United States adopted a radically different economic system in which the government issued its own value-based money ...
'The refusal of King George 3rd to allow the colonies to operate an honest money system, which freed the ordinary man from the clutches of the money manipulators, was probably the prime cause of the revolution' - Benjamin Franklin, U.S. Founding Father.

But bankers are nothing if not dedicated to their schemes to acquire your wealth, and know full well how easy it is to corrupt a nation's leaders. Just one year after Mayer Amschel Rothschild had uttered his infamous 'Let me issue and control a nation's money and I care not who makes the laws', the bankers succeeded in setting up a new Private Central Bank called the First Bank of the United States, largely through the efforts of the Rothschild's chief US supporter, Alexander Hamilton. Founded in 1791, by the end of its twenty year charter the First Bank of the United States had almost ruined the nation's economy ...

This resulted in a threat from Nathan Mayer Rothschild against the US Government ...
Congress still refused to renew the charter for the First Bank of the United States, whereupon Nathan Mayer Rothschild railed, 'Teach those impudent Americans a lesson! Bring them back to colonial status!'
Financed by the Rothschild controlled Bank of England, Britain then launched the war of 1812 to recolonize the United States and force them back into the slavery of the Bank of England ...",
copyright by LORDLANGERZ.

The Great provocation in 1765 - the Stamp Act:

George III had mild bouts of illness early in his reign, but his health significantly deteriorated from the 1780s.
Modern medicine may help us to discover the real reasons behind King George III's erratic behaviour, writes historian Lucy Worsley - copyright by: bbc.co.uk/news/ -
" ... George III is well known in children's history books for being the "mad king who lost America". These are features that can be seen today in the writing and speech of patients experiencing the manic phase of psychiatric illnesses such as bipolar disorder. ... Mania, or harmful euphoria, is at one end of a spectrum of mood disorders, with sadness, or depression, at the other. George's being in a manic state would also match contemporary descriptions of his illness by witnesses...".

It was enough to use it.

The Sugar Act announced further legislative steps against the colonies. Less than a year later, in March 1765, King George III signed the Stamp Act, which was a novelty on American soil. The then prime minister, Lord Grenville, said that Americans in exchange for security are obliged to pay debts incurred during the Anglo-French conflict

{George Grenville, born 1712, London, d. 1770; British politician who in 1763-1765 was the prime minister of Great Britain. He was in 1763 the First Lord of the Treasury and the Chancellor of the Exchequer.
GEORGE's brother was Richard Grenville - Temple, 2nd Earl Temple, b. 1711.

Richard Grenville, "Lord Temple was a great intriguer, and is said to have been the author of several anonymous libels, and the inspirer of many more. Macaulay's well-known comparison of him with a mole working below 'in some foul, crooked labyrinth whenever a heap of dirt was flung up', which perpetuates the spleen of Horace Walpole, perhaps exceeds the justice of the case; but his character was rated very low by his contemporaries".

George Grenville b. 1712:
"his best known policy is the Stamp Act, a common tax in Great Britain onto the colonies in America, which instigated widespread opposition in Britain's American colonies and was later repealed. It was met with general outrage and resulted in public acts of disobedience and rioting throughout the colonies in America. ... During his administration Britain's international isolation increased, as Britain failed to secure alliances with other major European powers, a situation that subsequent governments were unable to reverse leading to Britain fighting several countries during the American War of Independence without a major ally. ...
Grenville had increasingly strained relations with his colleagues and the King, and in 1765 he was dismissed by George III and replaced by Lord Rockingham.
For the last five years of his life Grenville led a group of his supporters in opposition and staged a public reconciliation with Pitt..."}.

Already at that time, some theoretical considerations about the future of the relationship between American colonies and England were made. Lord Camden, a member of the British Parliament, made prophetic visions of the collapse of the empire. In numerous conversations with Benjamin Franklin who was in London at the time, he admitted that the tense situation prevailing at that time would ultimately lead to the escalation of the conflict.

In 1761 a popular lawyer from Boston, James Otis, made a speech in which he declared that "taxation without representation is tyranny". He was tied with John Adams.

Patrick Henry made a historic speech in which he condemned the actions of the English king and demanded full independence for Virginia. The speech made a great impression on the future author of the Declaration of Independence, Thomas Jefferson.

Mentioned LORD CAMDEN, that is Charles Pratt, 1st Earl Camden, b. 1714, died in 1794, an English lawyer, he was a leading proponent of civil liberties. He was a confidant of Pitt the Elder, supporting Pitt in the controversies over John Wilkes and American independence.
Pratt became involved in the group that met at the Leicester House home of George Prince of Wales;
named Leicester House itself was an imposing residence, at now Leicester Square. Both George II, when prince of Wales, and his son Frederick were obstructed and frustrated by their respective fathers' refusal to increase their incomes or allow them any responsibility in running the country. During the 'Whig Schism' of 1717-20, the then prince of Wales (the future George II) actively welcomed both Tories and discontented Whigs to his Leicester House court. George II's son Frederick proved a much more active politician. In 1737 Frederick set himself up in opposition, initially over his father's refusal to increase his income. Above named Frederick, Prince of Wales, b. 1707, the son of King George II and Caroline.

As Attorney-General, Pratt prosecuted Florence Hensey, an Irishman who had spied for France. On 17 July 1765, Pratt was created Baron Camden, becoming a member of the House of Lords. "Camden insisted that taxation was predicated on consent and that consent needed representation. However, when he came to support the government over the Act's repeal, he rather unconvincingly purported to base his opinion on the actual hardship caused by the Act rather than its constitutional basis".

Mentioned
George III / George William Frederick, b. 1738, died in 1820, was King of Great Britain and King of Ireland from 25 October 1760 until the union of the two countries on 1 January 1801, after which he was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland until his death; Duke and prince-elector of Brunswick-Lüneburg / Hanover, becoming King of Hanover on 12 October 1814.

Above Benjamin FRANKLIN in 1757, "was sent to England by the Pennsylvania Assembly as a colonial agent to protest against the political influence of the Penn family, the proprietors of the colony. He remained there for five years. In London, Franklin opposed the 1765 Stamp Act. Unable to prevent its passage, he made another political miscalculation and recommended a friend to the post of stamp distributor for Pennsylvania". With this,
Franklin suddenly emerged as the leading spokesman for American interests in England.
"During his stays there, he developed a close friendship with his landlady, Margaret Stevenson, and her circle of friends ... house, which he used on various lengthy missions from 1757 to 1775 ... He belonged to a gentleman's club, which included members such as Richard Price, the minister of Newington Green Unitarian Church who ignited the Revolution Controversy, and Andrew Kippis.
In Scotland, in November 1771, Benjamin Franklin spent five days with Lord Kames near Stirling [!] at Blair-Drummond, by then the property of Lord and Lady Kames, and stayed for three weeks with David Hume in Edinburgh. In 1759, he visited Edinburgh with his son.

David Hume / David Home, b. 1711.

Lord Kames near Stirling - Henry Home, Lord Kames; 1696 - 1782, a Scottish judge and writer;
"... a central figure of the Scottish Enlightenment, a founder member of the Philosophical Society of Edinburgh, and active in the Select Society, his proteges included David Hume, Adam Smith, and James Boswell.

Patrick Henry (1736-1799), "... a lawyer, orator, and statesman ... an early critic of British authority and leader in the movement toward independence, ... a member of the House of Burgesses (1765-1774)...".
The Virginia House of Burgesses, was the first legislative assembly of elected representatives in North America. The House was established by the Virginia Company.

Named above STIRLING in SCOTLAND:

1.
David Carnegie Jr b. 1813 and died in 1890 in Stirling, Scotland; son of James Carnegie and Margaret Gillespie;
above James Carnegie b. 1773 and died 1851 was son of George Carnegie and Susan Scott; husband of Margaret Gillespie; father of mentioned above David Carnegie Jr.
Susan Mary Ann Carnegie 1819 - died 1859, daughter of above named David Carnegie Senior and Anna Christina Beckman; wife of above David Carnegie Jr.
Above David Carnegie Senior born in 1772 in Charleton, Fife, Scotland; died 1837 in Göteborg;
son of George Carnegie and Susan Scott;
husband of Anna Christina Beckman; father of Susan Mary Ann Carnegie; George Carnegie; David Carnegie and Maria Mathilda Carnegie; brother of James Carnegie and John Carnegie.

See: Fife, Scotland at my domain:
Andrew Carnegie b. 1835, a Scottish-American industrialist. Born in Dunfermline, Fife, Scotland; he built Pittsburgh's Carnegie Steel Company, which he sold to J. P. Morgan in 1901; starting in 1853, Thomas A. Scott of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company employed Carnegie as a secretary / telegraph operator;

Thomas Alexander Scott b. 1823, an American businessman, railroad executive, was appointed in 1861 by President Abraham Lincoln as the U.S. Assistant Secretary of War during the American Civil War; Scott's protege Andrew Carnegie later challenged the Rockefeller monopoly in petroleum from his dominance of the steel industry.

More on Fife [south of Perth, and north of Edinburgh; east of Stirling!] and Stirling
[RUTHERFORD; John Robison (1739 - 1805); Alexander Ramsay, Lieutenant to the 57th Bengal Native Infantry; Colin McVean and Mary Wood Cowan; Tillicoultry is located 18 km east of Stirling! Whitehill - 15 km south-east of Edinburgh],
Scotland at my
http://konstantynowicz.info/Bogdan_Konstantynowicz_encyklopedia_Polski_Niepodleglej/index.html.

2.
Balcarres Dalrymple Wardlaw Ramsay, Lieutenant-Colonel, died on 26th January 1885 in Rome, Italy; b. 17 Sept. 1822, son of Robert Wardlaw Ramsay of Tillicoultry and of Whitehill

{Tillicoultry is located 18 km east of Stirling! Whitehill - 15 km south-east of Edinburgh [see ROSSLYN]};

Bonn Univ.; Lt.-Col. of the 75th Regt. in 1870; A.D.C. to Sir George Arthur, Gov. of Bombay, and to Sir Colin Campbell in India; ret. in 1877. Married in 1851 to Anne, daughter of Edward Collins of Frowlesworth, Leicestershire.

3.
George Spottisworde Ramsay, Lieutenant of the Royal Artillery, died 7th June 1873 in Bangalore.

4.
Laurence Oliphant b. 1829, d. 1888, was a British diplomat; was Member of Parliament for Stirling Burghs.
His father Anthony Oliphant (1793 - 1859) was Chief Justice of Ceylon and Attorney General in the Cape Colony; grew up at Condie House / Newton of Condie in Forgandenny, Perthshire.
His eldest brother, Laurence Oliphant, 8th of Condie was Member of the House of Commons for Perth, whose son was General Sir Laurence Oliphant 9th of Condie.
Another brothers:
Col. James Oliphant was Chairman of the Honourable East India Company,
a third brother was the artist.

Mentioned Newton of Condie is situated in the parish of Forgandenny and the county of Perthshire. FORGANDENNY, a parish in the district of Eastern Perth, county Perth, and county Kinross, Scotland, 7 km or 4 miles S.S.W. of Perth. Freeland is the seat of Lord Ruthven, Rossie - 6 km south of above FORGANDENNY - that of the Oliphants, and Condie of the Oliphants, which families are here the principal proprietors. Anthony lived in Maha Nuge Gardens in Colpetty - Colombo [see tea].

5.
Famous Ernest Rutherford, 1st Baron Rutherford of Nelson, b. 1871, was a New Zealand-born British physicist who became known as the father of nuclear physics. Rutherford moved in 1907 to the Victoria University of Manchester; was the son of James Rutherford, who had emigrated to New Zealand from Perth - 53 km north-east of Stirling, Scotland.

The Rutherford family comes from an area of the Scottish Borders called Roxburghshire [see Rosslyn also]; south from Jedburgh, - ca 130 km south-east of Stirling, because all Scottish Rutherfords share roots in Roxburghshire. To 1706 / 1707, the Rutherfords moved into other areas of Scotland, such as, Ayrshire and Perth - 48 km north-east of Stirling, and south into Northumberland, to Sweden, France and the Netherlands.

6.
Edward Sterling (1773 - 1847) - a British journalist. He went from Ireland {he comes from William Sterling of Munster province in Ireland, who was brother of
ROBERT STERLING, Colonel, from STIRLING of KEIR}.

In Scotland in 1771, Benjamin Franklin spent five days with Lord Kames near Stirling [!] in Blair Drummond, and stayed for three weeks with David Hume in Edinburgh. In 1759, he visited Edinburgh with his son. And in 1759, on the return journey to England the Franklins stayed with Lord and Lady Kames at Kames in Berwickshire.

Note on Kames in Berwickshire:
1.
Edward Sterling (1773 - 1847), traced descent from William, younger brother of Sir Robert Sterling, who had served under Gustavus Adolphus, and, subsequently attaching himself to James Butler, first duke of Ormonde, was knighted in 1649.
Edward, born at Waterford on 27 Feb. 1773; educated in Dublin; he migrated to Kames Castle and then to Llanblethian, near Cowbridge, Glamorganshire.
1814 - 1815 he was at Paris, and on his return to England he became a regular member of the 'Times' staff.

2.
Hester Coningham, married to EDWARD Sterling on 5th April 1804; Hester was only daughter of John Coningham, merchant in Derry, and Elizabeth Campbell, of the Campbells of Sunderlaud in Isle.
Hester's 3 sons:
Anthony [b. 1805],
John Sterling (m. Susannah Barton with three sons: Edward 1831, Charles b. 1839, John 1840) d. 1844, and
Edward [Edward Sterling / Esterling (b. ca 1807/1809) m. Elena Shtaal / Elena Staal from Riga and Livland],
and a one daughter!

Waterford - here above Sterling was born on 27th February, 1773; this family resided in the Deanery House, kinsmen the Beresfords generally, whose grand house of Curraghmore, near by Waterford; Curraghmore - 5 km north-west of Portlaw; 20 km north-west of Waterford; east of Clonmel, southern Ireland.

See:
the MacSwiney family of Macroom; and the Lucas family, the Konarskis and Taaffe; the Nugent family and Sidney Reilly who was son of George and Pauline Reilly of the Irish town of Clonmel.

We back now to Edward Sterling (1773 - 1847) who was a British journalist. He went from Ireland

{he came from William Sterling of Munster province in Ireland, who was brother of ROBERT STERLING, Colonel, from STIRLING of KEIR. We know on John STIRLING 6th of Kippendavie, b. 1742 in Kippendavie, close to Dunblane, the Perth county, in Scotland, died in 1816 in Kippenross, Dunblane, Perth; John succeeded his brother Patrick in the lands in 1775; he acquired the estate of Kippenross from William Pearson in 1778, and the superiority of Kippendavie, Lanrick, Auchinbie, Shanraw, and Woodland from James Stirling of Keir in 1813. His parents: Patrick STIRLING 4th of Kippendavie b. 1704 in Kippendavie, Dunblane, Perth, and Margaret DOUGLAS b. 1708 in Of Aberdeen, Scotland; John m. Mary GRAHAM}