BABINOWICZE / Babinavichy - in the 17th and 18th cent. belonged to OGINSKI. 1772 to Russia. Babinowicze, the Orsza county; by the Werchita River. Бабінавічы / Babinowicze in the ORSHA county - Babinowicze - south to Liozno, of the Vitebsk region of Belarus. North to ORSHA.

Józef Hurko-Romejko JUNIOR b. ca 1750/1760, was the son of SENIOR Jozef Hurko / JOZEF HURKO - ROMEJKO, born ca 1710 - in 1759-1780 the Vitebsk chamberlain.
Jozef Hurko / Gurko, senior, was maybe the son of JAN HURKO, born ca 1680 from KROTOWSZE-KRYNKI.

Christina Golynskaya (Krystyna Holynska) was the third daughter of Stephen Holynski. She gave her estate in will to her brother Kazimierz HOLYNSKI, and to her sister Frantiska.
In 1718, she sold the Chodun estate in the hands of the Order of Jesuits.
Frantisek Rogosa / Franciszek Rohoza Konstantynowicz with the Fox coat of arms, born ca 1670 - but not the Srzhenyava (Szreniawa) arms - was the first husband of KRYSTYNA HOLYNSKA; the second husband: Jan Gurko (Jan Hurko born ca 1680 of Krotowsze-Krynki) was the Vitebsk province clerk and was mentioned in 1714.

Acc. to 'Secret Memoirs of the Court of Petersburg...' Zachary Konstantynowicz / Constantinowitz in 1796 was a valet (servant) of Yekaterina Alexeevna or Catherine II the Great, Empress of Russia.

Stephen (Stefan) Golynsky (Stefan Kazimierz Holynski born ca 1630/1640) was the third son of Davyd / Dawid Holynski, owned the estate Soin (Soino, Soino Wielkie, Woronowe Slobody).
In 1663 Golynsky / Holynski mentioned, Mayor Zhmudsky, served in the regiment of Ilya Surin (mother of Stepan Holynski was kind of Surin ancestry).

On January 31, 1664 a priest of the Mstislavl Church, Herman Konstantynowicz filed a complaint against Paul Moskevich and Stephen Golynsky / Stefan Holynski for armed mob to his house, for loot his grain bread and torturing her daughters
(a data extracted from the Vitebsk and Mogilev documentary province books, stored in a central repository in Vitebsk, and published under the editorship of M. Verevkin, T. 24, Vitebsk 1893, p. 455-457).

Christina Golynskaya
(Krystyna Holynska born ca 1680)
was the third daughter of Stephen Holynski / STEFAN HOLYNSKI born 1630/1640. She gave her estate in will to her brother Kazimierz and to her sister Frantiska. In 1718, she sold the Chodun estate in the hands of the Order of Jesuits. Frantisek Rogosa / Franciszek Rohoza Konstantynowicz with the Fox coat of arms - but not the Srzhenyava (Szreniawa) arms - was her first husband; the second husband: Jan Gurko (Jan Hurko born ca 1680) was the Vitebsk province clerk and was mentioned in 1714
(I think that the above error about the Rohoza nickname arose from confusion between this nickname and surname Rahoza; for example Michał Rahoza with the Szreniawa coat of arms from Kiev in 1579).

Józef HURKO JUNIOR, had 2 sons:
Leopold Hurko (1783-1860) the Russian Major General;
Włodzimierz Hurko (1795-1852) the Russian General; and the daughter
Ewelina (d. 1821 in ROMA) - the wife of Tadeusz Niemirowicz-Szczytt, the POLOCK official (1778-1840), the son of Justynian Niemirowicz.

Włodzimierz [1795-1852], had a son {the grandson of Józef HURKO [died in 1811]} the Russian Field Marshal and the Warsaw governor, Józef Władimirowicz Hurko / Romeiko-Gourko / Иосиф Владимирович Гурко (1828-1901).

Zenaida Lubomirska nee Hołyńska, b. 1820 in Rowne / Rivne, was daughter of Michał Hołyński and Elżbieta Tolstoj; wife of Kazimierz Anastazy Karol Lubomirski
with children:
Stanisław Michał Henryk Michał Henryk Lubomirski [1838-1918],
and Marie Lannes de Montebello.

Above Michał Hołyński / Михаил Иванович Голынский, b. 1784, was son of Jan (Ivan) Hołyński and Barbara KASZYC.

Above Jan (Ivan) Hołyński b. 1746, was son of Józef Antoni Tadeusz Hołyński and Petronela ZUKOWSKA.

Above Józef Antoni Hołyński / Juozas Antanas Holinskis of the MSCISLAU province of POLAND, born ca 1720/1730, was son of Kazimierz Hołyński b. ca 1670, and Teofila MOSKIEWICZ.

Kazimierz Hołyński b. ca 1670 - the son of Stefan Kazimierz Hołyński and Izabela Ostankiewicz.

KAZIMIERZ of the MSCISLAU province was brother of
Franciszka Holynska born ca 1665;
Teofila Wojna;
Jan Michał Hołyński;
Krystyna Romeyko-Hurko - Konstantynowicz born ca 1680;
Jakub Hołyński;
and Barbara Romeyko-Hurko.

Note to above mentioned KAZIMIERZ Holynski b. ca 1670:

Franciszek Rohoza Konstantynowicz b. ca 1670/1680, near of kin with Holynski family from Soino (either Big Soino or Voronove Slobody near by a farm of Mielkovka = Mietkowka), and his siblings, and Hurko family also (from Krotowsza otherwise called Krynki or Krotovshe that belonged to Romejko - Hurko family in the Orsa district / JAN HURKO born ca 1670) were in trouble with Holynski

(Kazimierz Holynski born ca 1670, the son of Stefan Kazimierz Holynski from Chlyszczewo i.e. Chwostowo close by border between Belarus and Russia, from Soino and Uszpol, born ca 1630/1640)

family after 1714.

The above Soino is situated 18 km east away from Mscislau, at territory of Russia now i.e. 7 km from present border; it was the Grand duchy of Lithuania 1359 - 1772 and next in Russia: the Mstislavl district, Soino region = "volost" that is similar to county, in a parish of Mscislau (archbishopric of Mahileu, in the Mscislau - Klimavicy catholic area were three parishes: Lozovica, Mscislau and Smolensk in the 19th cent.);
one our leg lived in the territory of present Belarus, but the second one stood at the present land of Russia in borders after 1992.

A fortunes of Poles in this remote easterly territories of the former Both Nations Republic turned out differently than by Vistula, because not a few Poles had got to choose military service in the Russian Army since the end of the 18th cent. [see 1877/1878] or they worked as engineers in different corners of former Russia since second half of the 19th century.

George Washington and Thomas Jefferson closely connected with Bystrzanowski and Tadeusz Kosciuszko after 1776.

For the first time, by Polish, after about 240 years, I give one of the names, a person who accompanied Tadeusz Kosciuszko to Martynika in the summer of 1776.

We have two sources here by English, including one book from the first half of the 19th century.

The following layout, configuration is created:

Freemasonry and General George Washington / Jerzy Washington - Bystrzanowski Szafraniec or {B. Bystrzanowski / Bronislaw, acc. to me} Bystrzanowski / Br. Bystrzonowski {Br. = Brother ?}, a Polish soldier who came over to America, the US country, Freemason, together with Tadeusz Kosciuszko / Tadheus Kosciusko in the Summer of 1776

- the Bystrzanowski / Soltyk family from Sekursko - Trzebniow - Dabrowno {a line to Konarski and Kell - MI5 - more below !};

closely affiliated with the KIEDRZYNSKI family of KAMYK - Kiedrzyn near Czestochowa and Bleszynski of Wielgomlyny [in SEKURSKO of Bystrzanowski];

the Paszkowski family:
Jan Paszkowski [Dabrowno with Sebastian Bystrzanowski];

his sons: 1.
Wojciech Paszkowski

[Trzebniow belonged to Sebastian Bystrzanowski, and the estate was managed by Wojciech Paszkowski who was the friend to Artur Potocki - the bearer of the Templar degree of the Freemasonry +
General Franciszek Maksymilian Paszkowski in CRACOW in 1830/1832 + the Templars around General Franciszek Paszkowski in Cracow after 1840 - the line to Duke Kent in Scotland

- the line to Demonsi of KAZAN; Armand of Moscow {+ Maria Wilhelmina Paszkowska Armand + Anna Konstantynowicz / Lenin and Inessa Armand / Lenin};
Breguet {+ Kazan, St. Petersburg, Duflon, Venture de Paradise, Maleszewski - Poniatowski, Jozef Sulkowski};
Duflon {+ Drzewiecki + Martynov / Katenin / Orlov Denisov} + Konstantynowicz / Armand in Moscow, Swolna, Miezonka, Nomme-Tallinn];

2.
and next son General Franciszek Paszkowski + political relationships with General Stanislaw Fiszer + General Tadeusz Kosciuszko

[Kosciuszko - the friend of Thomas Jefferson - the ILLUMINATI - see Polish conspirators:
Szaniawski,
Horodyski,
Neyman,
Soltyk,
and MALESZEWSKI - 1789 in France and the ILLUMINATI - Breguet and KAZAN].

Tadeusz Kosciuszko, the hero of Poland and the United States, an honorary French citizen, happily saved from the maritime disaster, stayed in July 1776 at Martinique and moved to America to fight for the independence of the United States. Tadeusz Kosciuszko set off from France to America in July 1776. At the Martinique coast, the ship crashed on the reefs, but Kosciuszko and five other Poles survived - they flowed with him as volunteers to the American army. They spent a month in Martinique because no ships were traveling due to numerous storms. Unable to wait, they hired a small fishing boat and sailed to Miami [Spanish city].
Information about the catastrophe of the Kosciuszko ship was released only one year later in the 'Nowiny' newspaper. Kosciuszko was already a colonel of the American army. He was there for eight years, during which he fought for independence of the United States, he worked as an engineer.
Wanting to go to America, Kosciuszko probably came to a well-known French writer - Pierre Augustian de Beamarchais, who as a member of the French intelligence could help him on a trip to America. Probably in June 1776, he left the port of Le Havre.
The many dangers that he experienced during the cruise, the 'Nowiny' described on April 16, 1777.
During a voyage to America, a ship carrying Kosciuszko and five others, unknown Poles, turns off course during a storm and crashes near the island of Martinique.
One of the Poles was Bystrzanowski, maybe born ca 1745/1755.

We will venture to cite one other anecdote as indicative of the character of the american Masonic Lodges. It is, we believe, a well authenticated fact, that the presiding officer of the Lodge which held its meetings in that division of the army which was under the immediate command of General Washington, was a common soldier - an obscure Sergeant for his Worshipful Master, when he was as much the Dictator of his country as Caesar was of Rome!

St. John's Lodge in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, United States, is the oldest Masonic lodge in New Hampshire; it was founded either in 1734 or in 1736; a title also claimed by Solomon's Lodge in Savannah, Georgia, which was founded in 1734.
Soon after, the Grand Lodge of New Hampshire was formed and was finalized on April 8, 1790. Until that time, St. John's was under the Massachusetts Grand Lodge.

Masonry in America:
1717 - the regulation of Grand Lodge of England.
1720 - the first Charters and Dispensations issued by the Grand Lodge at London.
1733 - Boston: a Warrant by the Lord Viscount Montage of London.
1779 - General Sulivan in New Hampshire; at Tioga Point, the first Lodge of the Army was opened.

George Washington met the nineteen-year-old Marquis de Lafayette on August 5, 1777; The Marquis was recruited to serve in the American cause by Silas Deane, who headed an American effort in Paris to enlist French Army officers in the cause. Instead, Deane believed that Lafayette would be valuable to the American cause because of his connections to the Court of Louis XVI.
The nineteen-year-old received his Major General's sash on July 31. Five days later, he met George Washington who travelled to Philadelphia.

While he was commander in chief of the American armies during the Revolutionary War, Washington frequently attended the meetings of military lodges. He presided over Masonic ceremonies initiating his officers and frequently attended the Communications of the Brethren (lodge meetings).
It shows U. S. President George Washington presiding over a meeting of the Lodge of the Alexandria, Virginia Masonic Lodge.

Washington, the presiding officer of a lodge in the Army of the Revolution - it originally belonged to [Bronislaw ?] Bystrzanowski, a Polish soldier, who came over to this country with Kosciuszko, and served in the American army under Gen. Washington. Being a Mason, Bystrzanowski was associated with Washington in one of the army lodges, having authority to confer the mark degree, and over which George Washington presided for a time as Master.

George Washington joined the Masonic Lodge in Fredericksburg, Virginia, at the age of twenty in 1752. During the War for Independence, General Washington attended Masonic celebrations and religious observances in several states. He also supported Masonic lodges that formed within army regiments.
At his first inauguration in 1791, President Washington took his oath of office on a Bible from St. John's Lodge in New York. During his two terms, he visited Masons in North and South Carolina, and presided over the ceremony at the U.S. Capitol in 1793. In retirement, Washington became charter Master of the newly chartered Alexandria Lodge 22; and in death, was buried with Masonic honors.
Alexandria-Washington Lodge No. 22:
the Grand Lodge of Virginia having been formed, October 13, 1778, the Lodge withdrew from Pennsylvania obedience and received a Virginia charter dated April 28, 1788 as Alexandria Lodge No. 22. George Washington (later inaugurated as President of the United States on April 4, 1789) with his personal consent, was named Worshipful Master in the Virginia charter.

B. Bystrzanowski [= Br. Bystrzanowski], he came to North America during the War of Independence, he served in the American army; he had a Masons degree - Mark Mason - with the right to give it to others; it's the military Lodge to which George Washington belonged.
See: ... Free and Accepted Masons 1928 - 1953, New York 1953, p. 38. And L. Hass, Wolnomularze polscy w losach Zachodu ..., Ars Regia, R. 7/8 (1998/1999), s. 131 - 230.

The Knights Templar - The Order of Mark Master Masons:

Thomas Dunckerley (1724 - 1795) was "appointed Provincial Grand Master [the first in 1767] of several provinces [the Provincial Grand Master for Essex in 1776, and in 1786 the Provincial Grand Master for the County of Dorset], promoting Royal Arch masonry, introducing Mark Masonry to England, and instituting a national body for Templar masonry".
The first evidence of Mark Masonry is in 1769, when Dunckerley, at a Royal Arch Chapter, made several brethren Mark Masons and Mark Masters [Br. Bystrzanowski = B. Bystrzanowski = Szafraniec-Bystrzonowski in France in 1776 was MARK MASON, either he was Mark Mason before 1776 in UK or after 1776 in America he was Mark Mason/Mark Master]. "It is possible that Dunckerley created the degree", by Wikipedia.

The earliest records of a Mark degree in England are those of Royal Arch Chapter No 257 at Portsmouth in 1769. It was introduced by Thomas Dunkerley. It is clear that the Mark Degrees were worked in CRAFT LODGES and in Royal Arch Chapters up until 1813.

In 1791, Dunckerley became the Grand Master of the English Masonic Knights Templar;
by the Duke of Kent almost a decade later.

"... The Order of Mark Master Masons is an appendant order of Freemasonry that exists in some Masonic jurisdictions, and confers the degrees of Mark Mason and Mark Master".

Christopher Knight and Robert Lomas speculate "that the construction of the Rosslyn Chapel in Scotland (1440 - 1490) provided the interface between the Knights Templar and Freemasonry. According to that analysis, the first degree and Mark Masonry was introduced by William Sinclair, whom they claim was the first Grand Master and founder of Freemasonry ... The United Religious, Military and Masonic Orders of the Temple and of St John of Jerusalem, Palestine, Rhodes and Malta of England and Wales and Its Provinces Overseas, better known as the Knights Templar, is a Masonic body founded in its current form in 1895. ...

The specific "Knights Templar" fraternal order connected to Freemasonry originated from Thomas Dunckerley toward the end of the 18th century ...
... In 1751 Baron Karl Gotthelf von Hund und Altengrotkau began the Order of Strict Observance, which ritual he claimed to have received from the reconstituted Templar Order in 1743 in Paris. he was initiated, by Scottish knights, into the Order of the Knights Templar, and ... to have met two of the "unknown superiors" who directed all of masonry, one of whom was Prince Charles Edward Stuart. ... In 1779 the High Knights Templar of Ireland Lodge, Kilwinning, obtained a charter from Lodge Mother Kilwinning in Scotland..." - all above by Wikipedia and others webnet sources.

The Templar masonry in England and the Order of MALTA:

Thomas Dunckerley (1724 - 1795) was a Provincial Grand Master of several provinces, this was made possible by an annuity of Ł100, rising to Ł800, which he obtained in 1767 from King George III by claiming to be his illegitimate half brother - the Prince of Wales, later King George II, was Thomas' natural father.
At this time, in 1751 Baron Karl Gotthelf von Hund und Altengrotkau began the Order of Strict Observance [with the superior, Prince Charles Edward Stuart], which came from the reconstituted Templar Order in 1743 in Paris.

Charles Edward Louis John Casimir Sylvester Severino Maria Stuart (1720 - 1788), was the second Jacobite pretender to the thrones of England, Scotland, France and Ireland (as Charles III). In 1742, Lord Kilmarnock and other exiled Stuart participants received Karl Gotthelf, Baron Von Hund into the Order of the Temple in Paris showing the Jacobite Templar link still existed; and in 1745, Prince Charles Edward Stuart given a gala meeting for the Chivalry of the Order in Holyrood Palace, Edinburgh.

Jacobitism was a political movement in Great Britain and Ireland that aimed to restore the Roman Catholic Stuart King James II of England and his heirs to the thrones of England, Scotland and Ireland.

The next step was in 1779 when the High Knights Templar of Ireland Lodge, Kilwinning, obtained a charter from Lodge Mother Kilwinning in Scotland.
"This lodge now began to grant dispensations to other lodges to confer the Knights Templar Degree. Some time around 1790 the Early Grand Encampment of Ireland was formed, which began to warrant Templar Lodges, and evolved into the Supreme Grand Encampment in 1836". "The Templar degree had filtered into the lodges of the Antients from Ireland about 1780".

In 1791, Dunckerley became the Grand Master of the first national Grand Conclave of English Masonic Knights Templar; then followed, in 1805 by their Royal Patron, Duke of Kent, who became Grand Master himself. Kilwinning Abbey was a home to the Knights Templar and birthplace of the Freemasons.

In 1796 Alexander Deuchar becomes the Heritor to the Jacobite Templar legacy. Alexander Deuchar (1777 - 1844) stayed in Lyon, his family had been Jacobite; in 1807, Deuchar holds a meeting of Knights Templar in Edinburgh; the new Order started formally in 1805 "when a charter was issued to by the Early Grand Encampment of Ireland (previously the High Knight Templars of Ireland Lodge), under the title of the Edinburgh Encampment No 31" - it became the Grand Assembly of Knights Templar in Edinburgh; the charter was granted in 1811, for the Grand Conclave of Knights of the Holy Temple and Sepulcher, and of St. John of Jerusalem.
In 1813 Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex, became Grand Master of the Premier Grand Lodge of England, and in December 1813 - above Prince Edward became Grand Master of the Antient Grand Lodge of England.

Mentioned above the Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn / Edward Augustus, b. 1767, died in 1820, was the fifth child of King George III of the United Kingdom and the father of Queen Victoria! The Duke of Kent was appointed Field-Marshal of the Forces in 1805. His wife was Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld with daughter Victoria, Queen of the United Kingdom. His mother - Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz.

Martinism "as a mystical tradition, it was first transmitted through a masonic high-degree system established around 1740 in France by Martinez de Pasqually, and later propagated in different forms by his two students Louis Claude de Saint-Martin and Jean-Baptiste Willermoz". Or Martinism is a specific form of Christian mysticism, an esoteric Christianity; founded 1754 in Paris, by Martinez Paschalis, and
in 1775 by Louis Claude de Saint Martin, near to Illumine [Illuminate] - Jean Willermoz who voted the death of the King of France in 1782.

The Scottish Rectified Rite or Chevaliers Bienfaisants de la Cite-Sainte was originally a Masonic rite, a reformed variant of the Rite of Strict Observance,
which underlies both Martinism and the practices of the Elus-Cohens; was founded in the late 18th century by Jean-Baptiste Willermoz, who was a pupil of Martinez de Pasqually and a friend of Saint-Martin.

The Modern Martinist Order was established with three degrees in Paris.

Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick 1721 - 1792; Scottish Rite; he is the same Duke of Brunswick who was mentioned in Robison's secret Illuminati membership list, patron of the Asiatic Brethern, an Illuminati offshoot.

The Sabbatian Vienna Lodge of the Asiatic Brethren was founded by Jacob Frank's cousin, Moses Dobrushka, alias Von Schoenfeld.

Jonathan Eybeschütz born in Cracow in 1690, d. Altona, 1764, was a Talmudist, Rabbi of the "Three Communities": Altona, Hamburg and Wandsbek. According to Jacob Katz, Jonathan Eybeschütz's grandson was rumored to be Baron Thomas von Schoenfeld, an apostate Jew who inherited his grandfather's collection of Sabbatean kabbalistic works.
He eventually left the Sabbatean movement and founded a
Masonic lodge called the Asiatische Bruder, one of four Illuminati lodges in Vienna.
After his uncle's death in 1791, he was offered the leadership of the Frankist movement which he refused.

Above Ferdinand, Prince of Brunswick-Lüneburg b. 1721, Wolfenbüttel, was a German-Prussian field marshal (1758 - 1766) "known for his participation in the Seven Years' War. From 1757 to 1762 he led an Anglo-German army in Western Germany which successfully repelled French attempts to occupy Hanover...".

The vocation to live a few pseudo-secret organizations, very fast , with extremely strange names and rituals, names dating back to the deep Middle Ages, causes the astonishment and even awakens laughter. In the course of 50 years each of these organizations tried to take control of the other [1740-1790].

The United Kingdom, Russia and France sent out for supreme positions in these organizations, his trusted men, too. Only the United Kingdom has been successful taking over control of the Scottish mysterious structures, but it was in the years 1790-1800. A previously plan of mysterious brain was successful. From England broke away its colonies [without Canada] in the years around 1776-1785.

Blows from the inside hit in France and Poland [1780s] destroying the two countries; Poland disappeared from the map of the world for about 120 years, but France survived the chaos of the Jacobin revolution and Napoleonic wars.

It broke out a strange uprising in Russia, operettas and provoked, of the Decembrists, as if someone wanted to prove that Russia is not directed underground movements against Poland, Great Britain and France [and even earlier already against Bavaria; and later against the Papacy in Italy], and at the turn of the 19th and 20th century also against Turkey.

But it is Russia suffered the greatest benefits of the revolutionary turmoil in North America and France - but rather in the whole of central and Western Europe at the end of the 18th century.

Discussed below mysterious organization is nothing more than the 18-century intelligence agencies of a foreign power.

For Germany, England, France, and Poles and also for Baltic Germans, remained the hardest way - but also the way bringing the greatest benefits - take over the underground structures, when it takes on the momentum and becomes the might; best to immediately take over the head of structure - the supreme authority of underground networks and the supreme command of Russian intelligence.

It had to be, however, protect from the rear - creating from the ground up a modern counterintelligence of the Tsarist Russia, by the Baltic Germans already infiltrated from Ireland and Scotland.

Objectives were clear - the overthrow of the Romanov dynasty and abridgment of Russia to the national core [1917-1922]. The whole plan should have been conducted in Europe now plunged into chaos of war - it is the First World War [1914-1918]. So plan for dismantling of the colonial powers: England and France, ended with a defeat - and the same multi-level underground structure has become a tool of western intelligence services.

In this ensemble, ready to act, entered Polish independence movement of Pilsudski, using additional family connections with the Baltic Germans, Irish and Scots. This was the largest triumph of Poles in the period 1618 -2015 [11 November 1918 - Independence of Poland].
Pilsudski never could let - during his life - destroyed of this work [1926], as his successor Marshal Rydz Smigly [1939-1941].
Greatest defeat suffered Poles in the years 1937-1945, and to this day is difficult for them to get up.

Of course, already other countries took a leading role in this web network in the 20th century; only suggests - USA, Great Britain, Russia and Israel ...

Russia was the only country interested in depriving of England colonies in North America (1776), and in broken down of France from the core (1789); Russia, which began the race for colonies in the Central and North Asia (the way to India and China), and America (the 18th cent. - Alaska, Oregon, California);

Russia in the second half of the 18th century began conquer of the Central Europe, including the destruction of Poland (1795) and Turkey.

Secret societies were the Russian (Freemasonry, Illuminati, Templars) best tools in infiltrating opposition against the monarchs of England and France (and against the Catholic Church).

The Masonic conspiracy theories said the
"...Freemasonry overlaps with, or is controlled by, the Illuminati, especially in the higher degrees; Illuminati Freemasons secretly control many major aspects of society and government and are working to establish the New World Order. Some conspiracy theories involving the Freemasons and the Illuminati also include the Knights Templar and Jews as part of the supposed plan for universal control of society. This type of conspiracy theory was described as early as 1792 ... the Masons are either intimately connected to or (conversely) in conflict with the Illuminati regarding a plot to control several countries."

"The first President of the United States, George Washington believed that the Illuminati intended to separate the people from their government in his letters in the Library of Congress. The original manuscript is on the Library of Congress website...", acc. to Greg Scott:
"Mount Vernon, October 24, 1798. Revd Sir: I ... It was not my intention to doubt that, the Doctrines of the Illuminati, and principles of Jacobinism had not spread in the United States. On the contrary, no one is more truly satisfied of this fact than I am. The idea that I meant to convey, was, that I did not believe that the Lodges of Free Masons in this Country had, as Societies, endeavoured to propagate the diabolical tenets of the first, or pernicious principles of the latter (if they are susceptible of seperation). That Individuals of them may have done it, or that the founder, or instrument employed to found, the Democratic Societies in the United States, may have had these objects; and actually had a seperation of the People from their Government in view, is too evident to be questioned".
Greg Scott:
"Essentially what he is saying is that he does not doubt that the doctrines of the Bavarian Illuminati, as created by Adam Weishaupt in 1776, (which was used to infiltrate Freemasonry) had spread in the United States in fact he says, 'On the contrary, no one is more truly satisfied of this fact than I am'...".
Matthew Dorry:
"This is a nonsense interpretation of the letter. George Washington's words, 'It was NOT my intention to doubt that, the Doctrines of the Illuminati, and principles of Jacobinism had NOT spread in the United States', were a double-negative, and express that he was dubious of the spread of the Illuminati and the Jacobins. And when he says, 'On the contrary, no one is more truly satisfied of this fact than I am', he's affirming that he's glad that the Illuminati and Jacobin ideals hadn't spread. This is directly confirmed by the very next paragraph that YOU quote, in which G. W. refers to the Doctrines of the Illuminati as 'diabolical tenets', and Jacobinism as having 'pernicious principles'. On the whole, he's expressing that although it cannot be doubted that certain individuals had entered Freemasonry lodges with the intent of spreading those principles, he didn't think that whole lodges in America were spreading them. He's making a very clear distinction between the Bavarian Illuminati and Jacobins, and American Freemasonry. So much for people reading these things only once and misunderstanding the language of the letter."
Above text under copyright by http://consciouslifenews.com/.

Thomas Jefferson on the Illuminati - a letter on January 31, 1800:
"I have lately by accident got a sight of a single volume ... of the Abbe Barruel's Antisocial conspiracy, which gives me the first idea I have ever had of what is meant by the Illuminatism against which 'illuminate Morse' as he is now called, and his ecclesiastical and monarchical associates have been making such a hue and cry. Barruel's own parts of the book are perfectly the ravings of a Bedlamite. But he quotes largely from Wishaupt whom he considers as the founder of what he calls the order. As you may not have had an opportunity of forming a judgment of this cry of 'mad dog' which has been raised against his doctrines, I will give you the idea I have formed from only an hour's reading of Barruel's quotations from him, which you may be sure are not the most favorable. Wishaupt seems to be an enthusiastic Philanthropist. ... As Wishaupt lived under the tyranny of a despot and priests, he knew that caution was necessary even in spreading information, and the principles of pure morality. He proposed therefore to lead the Free masons to adopt this object and to make the objects of their institution the diffusion of science and virtue. He proposed to initiate new members into his body by gradations proportioned to his fears of the thunderbolts of tyranny. This has given an air of mystery to his views, was the foundation of his banishment, the subversion of the masonic order, and is the colour for the ravings against him of Robinson, Barruel and Morse, whose real fears are that the craft would be endangered by the spreading of information, reason, and natural morality among men. This subject being new to me, I have imagined that if it be so to you also, you may receive the same satisfaction in seeing, which I have had in forming the analysis of it: and I believe you will think with me that if Wishaupt had written here, where no secrecy is necessary in our endeavors to render men wise and virtuous, he would not have thought of any secret machinery for that purpose."

It was a global political network of the Russian intelligence infiltrated by the British, French and Germans, and by the Polish independence conspiracy:
Lenin and Inessa Armand, Duflon, nobility from Scotland, Italy, Ireland, France, Switzerland, the German noble families in Estonia.

On October 15, 1817 Tadeusz Kosciuszko / Thaddeus Kosciusko died. But a underground movement led by Jozef Pilsudski had in that case great deals to take in hands, behind the scenes, all revolutionary Lenin movement of the Bolsheviks, between about 1909 - 1917, and even longer to 1920, when Inessa Armand perhaps was poisoned, and even to the year 1921, when it was still marked a influences of Bruevich brothers of noble Boncza arms.

Inessa Armand controlled all Bolshevik work as a lover and the secretary of Lenin and she has influence on the directions of philosophical - political considerations, which diverged from reality, and their possible introduction in the life would be - if not as an experiment - even doom for the Russian Empire.

The purpose of Jozef Pilsudski was not only gathering information about enemy - Russia, and not only the smuggling of weapons for his organization (Petersburg - Miezonka - Lodz - Cracow), but primarily for Pilsudski was the goal to Lenin seized power and overthrew the Tsarist authorities.

This was to allow the recovery of independence by Poland [11 November 1918 - Independence of Poland].

Stalin was here the enemy, because he wanted to rebuild the Russian empire, just as the Soviet Russia - a communist state.

Lenin wanted a European communism, the total fiction and the absurd. Pilsudski had to put Lenin at the head of the new Russia, and at least Pilsudski conducive to this Lenin's communist movement did not collapsed. Wrangel, Denikin, Kolchak were number one enemies.

This military - political intelligence network has a different appearance depending on, which side you watch from. It's like the external universe, which expands. It has a chaotic structure, but only to the viewers. For top executives of the network, it is extremely bright and clear. It works like clockwork.

Time passes, and this network is expanding, as the universe, at that time some stars turning pale, faded and disappeared.

The underground structure has clearly defined objectives at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries:

1. call up the chaos in Europe;
2. to bring the continental war;
3. overthrow of the Romanovs in Russia;
4. lead to anarchy in Russia;
5. starting the war between the invaders, who take away the Polish independence [11 November 1918 - Independence of Poland];
6. pulling the western countries into the war, and in due time also America.

The network in the 18th to 21st cent.
Overarching objectives are at the beginning of the 20th cent.:
1. Polish independence [11 November 1918 - Independence of Poland],
2. The independence of the Baltic States;
3. The creation of a Jewish state in Palestine.

Tools to achieve these goals are:
1. The money from the Scottish, Jewish and American banks; revenue from the Mediterranean trade - Marseille, Greece, Naples, Crimea; and plantations in Ceylon and from the Asian trade - Ceylon, India, Japan;
2. the use of secret non-goverment organisations (NGOs) in Europe and America;
3. The creation of favorable underground structures inside the intelligence networks of Western Europe and American countries.

Below we have the details of the movements of underground in Europe in the period 1740-1790, which also reached North America.

Robert Welch in 1956 used some of his money to fund various extreme right-wing causes. This included supporting the work of Joseph McCarthy and in 1958 he established the John Birch Society (JBS). In 1956 Welch wrote that top government officials such as John Foster Dulles and Allan W. Dulles were "communist tools". Welch made it clear he wanted a "secret, monolithic organization" that would "operate under completely autoritative control at all levels". British historian John Simkin adds important detail to the story of Ben Bradlee and CIA Counterintelligence Chief James Angleton after the assassination of President Kennedy.
At http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/ we read:
Dan Smoot, the author of The Invisible Government, wrote: "Somewhere at the top of the pyramid in the invisible government are a few sinister people who know exactly what they are doing: they want America to become part of a worldwide socialist dictatorship, under the control of the Kremlin".

Another important supporter of the JBS was William F. Buckley. In April 1961 Major General Edwin Walker, commander of the 24th Infantry Division in Europe and stationed in Augsburg, Germany was accused of indoctrinating his troops with right-wing literature from the John Birch Society.
On 10th April, 1963, Edwin Walker was victim of an assassination attempt while he sat at a desk in his Dallas home. It was later claimed that Lee Harvey Oswald had taken the shot at Walker. Marina Oswald reported that she "asked him what happened, and he said that he just tried to shoot General Walker...".
Haley also suggested that Johnson might have been responsible for the death of John F. Kennedy. Robert W. Welch died on 6th January, 1965 and Lawrence P. McDonald replaced him as chairman of the John Birch Society. "...Interestingly, McDonald was on board the Korean Air Flight KAL-007 when it was shot down by Soviet fighters on 1st September, 1983. He therefore became the first and only congressman ever killed by the Soviets during the Cold War. Some people, including Jesse Helms and Jerry Falwell, believe that McDonald was targeted by the Soviets".

The Illuminati was first seen in the 15th century by occultists proclaiming to have wisdom from a higher source. The secret society became strong in 18th century Germany. It adopted many different grades of Freemasonry. Conspiracies were spun about the forces of order, bureaucracy, and repression. People soon realized that espionage was their main focus, then the French Revolution arrived and changed the country.
The only people who mention the Illuminati anymore is the John Birch Society. Read more: http://www.meta-religion.com/Secret_societies/
The John Birch Society (JBS) is a conservative advocacy group supporting anti-communism; Robert W. Welch, Jr. (1899 - 1985) developed an organizational infrastructure in 1958 of chapters nationwide. Presidents: Robert W. Welch, Jr. (1958 - 1983), Larry McDonald (1983), a U.S. Representative who was killed in the KAL-007 shootdown incident; Robert W. Welch, Jr. (1983 - 1985). Korean Air Lines Flight 007 (also known as KAL007 and KE007) was a scheduled Korean Air Lines flight from New York City to Seoul via Anchorage. On September 1, 1983, the airliner serving the flight was shot down by a Soviet Su-15 interceptor, near Moneron Island west of Sakhalin in the Sea of Japan. All were killed, including Larry McDonald, a Representative from Georgia in the United States House of Representatives.
Arthur R. "Art" Thompson (born 1938 in Seattle) is the CEO of the John Birch Society, and took office in 2005. Thompson believes that Russian communism remains a serious threat to the USA, and is responsible for much global terrorism; Art resides in Appleton, Wisconsin.

The years 1740 - 1790, it's the beginning of the secret Masonic organizations in Germany, Ireland, France and Scotland, as well as in Russia, Poland, Austria.

Jean-Baptiste Willermoz (1730 - 1824) was a "French Freemason and Martinist who played an important role in the establishment of various systems of Masonic high-degrees in his time in both France and Germany". In Lyon he became Grand Master in 1761, also organized "Sovereign Chapter of Knights of the Black Eagle Rose-Cross", was admitted to first grade in the Order of the Elus Cohens at Versailles in 1767 by Martinez de Pasqually; in the 1770s, he came into contact with Baron von Hund and the German Order of the Order of Strict Observance which he joined in 1773; Willermoz introduced also at the Convention of Lyon the Regime Ecossais Rectifie (Rectified Scottish Rite), which combined Templar Freemasonry with the religious ceremonial of the Elect Coens; he defended the place of Martinist currents in the rite; "... he resumed his Masonic activities with a resurgence of the CBCS [the Beneficent Knights of the Holy City; in Lyon in 1778, constituted the Beneficent Knights of the Holy City] in 1804, and dedicated himself to this end until his death ... 1824".

The Rectified Scottish Rite, "also known as Order of Knights Beneficent of the Holy City is a Christian Masonic rite founded in Lyon (France) in 1778". It is derived from the Rite of Strict Observance erected in 1754, the foundation of which was attributed to Baron von Hund; it propounded a theory that freemasonry was developed directly from the Crusading Templars; the Rite was mainly elaborated by Jean-Baptiste Willermoz, including some items coming from the Elect Cohen Order and denying the Templar legacy.

The Elect Cohens, or the Ordre des Chevelier Macons Elus Cohen de L'Univers / Order of Knight-Masons Elect Priests of the Universe / The Martinist Order of the Elect-Cohens, which issued from the Traditional Martinist Order i.e. of the Elus Cohen of Martinez de Pasqually, and of the Order of the Rose-Croix of the Orient; the Elect Cohens, were a society of Cabbalists, organised on 'Scottish' Masonic lines, who were influenced by the Spanish Alumbrados / Sufi; "...they were the first group to be called the Illumines, or Illuminati, though their relatively conservative views were diametrically opposite to the Bavarian Illuminati ... founded in 1765 by the Freemason Jacques de Livron Joachim de la Tour de la Casa Martinez de Pasqually, of Grenoble, France, the Order was initially only open to Master Masons, but later became more open".

"The system of the Strict Observance grew out of what is known as Templarism. Templar Masonry commenced to grow up in France soon after true Freemasonry was introduced. This was about 1725. However, no Grand Lodge was established till 1752. ... The Hospitallers, known officially as Knights of the Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem, was founded at Jerusalem during the first Crusade. ... Some of the Knights went to Russia and elected the Emperor Paul I Grand Master ... In England the Order was never formally suppressed, and in 1888 Queen Victoria granted it a charter. In 1889 King Edward VII, then Prince of Wales was made Grand Prior. ... The Order of the Poor Knights of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon, or, as it is otherwise called, Knights Templar, was founded in Palestine in the 12th century by the Crusaders. ... The Rite of the Strict Observance is based on Templar Masonry. Its founders claimed that all Templars were Masons ... The truth is that all Templar Masonry is descended from a Kadosh degree invented in Lyons, France, in 1743.

... Nevertheless, about 1740, various Rites, or degrees, of Scots Masonry, did spring into existence, followed shortly afterwards by Scots Mother-Lodges controlling systems of subordinate Scots Lodges. ... In 1743 the Masons of Lyons invented the Kadosh degree, comprising the vengeance of the Templars, and thus laid the foundation for all the Templar Rites. It was at first called Junior Elect

... The Rite of Strict Observance was carried from France to Germany as early as 1749. Von Bieberstein, as Provincial Grand Master, was succeeded at his death, about 1750, by Karl Gotheif, Baron Von Hund, and Alten-Grotkau. He was made a Mason in 1742. A year or so afterwards he met at Paris Lord, Kilmarnock, who interested him in Templarism, and he was initiated into the Order of the Temple. He was given a patent and directed to report to the Prov. Grand Master, Von Bieberstein, of the 7th Province in Germany. ...

We can trace its beginnings back to Lord Kilmarnock, Grand Master of Scotland, in 1742 - 43. Kilmarnock in Scotland was made a barony ... In 1751 Von Hund began to give particular attention to the restoration of the Order of the Temple and evidently considered it his life work.
... In 1763 a fellow named Leucht, going under the name of Johnson, who had got hold of some Masonic papers relating to Masonry proper, as well as the high degrees, appeared at Jena where there was a Clermont Chapter practicing the Templar degrees in the Strict Observance system, and stated that he had a commission from the Sovereign Chapter in Scotland to reform the German Lodges and impart the true secrets of Masonry ...

An Order called the Clerics turned up and it was supposed for a time that the lost secrets were with it. ... This convention took place at Brunswick and was in session from May 23 to July 6, 1775. ... Baron Von Gugumos was at the Brunswick convention and told different members of it that they were all on the wrong track; that the Strict Observance was an imitation, or rather, only a branch of the true Order, and possessed none of the real secrets; ...

The Convention of Wiesbaden ... on Aug. 15, 1776, with the consent the Prince of Nassau-Usingen, but without that of the Duke of Brunswick. Among those present was the sovereign, the Duke of Nassau; also the Duke of Gotha, the Landgraves Ludwig and George, and many other nobles of lesser note. At one time there was not less than twelve reigning sovereign Princes of Germany members of the Rite of the Strict Observance ... Baron Von Hund died on Oct. 28, 1776 ... In 1782 the Rite of Strict Observance was reorganized by Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick, who was elected Grand Master General. The next year, however, the Lodge of the Three Globes of Berlin, with all of its subordinate lodges and the Hamburg Lodges, withdrew from the Strict Observance ...",
acc. to http://blog.templarhistory.com/ by Burton E. Bennett [born 1863 in North Brookfield, New York; 1887, United States, Attorney for Alaska].

Br. Bystrzanowski, Thomas Dunckerley and Ebenezer Sibly - Illuminati and the Templars in UK, France and America - Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin and Alexander Hamilton:

Thomas Dunckerley, acted in the Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons, held at the Castle-Inn, Marlborough (1769) - at half way from Bristol to Reading.
William Wonnacott suggests Sibly may have first become acquainted with his future masonic patron Thomas Dunckerley (1720 - 1795) in Portsmouth.
Thomas Dunckerley known in 1766 and 1767 Chesterfield; also he known Sir Edward Walpole - early in the construction on his new identity - to support Dunckerley's attempt to be recognized as GEORGE II's son.

Ebenezer Sibly was deeply involved in occult, but his brother Manoah SIBLY was the member of the Swedenborgian Theosophical Society; and was living in London like Swedenborgian minister.

Manoah SIBLY thus provided a tangible connection between Ebenezer SIBLY / Ebenezer Sibley, and the Swedenborgian enthusiasts Philippe de LOUTHERBOURG, Peter Lambert de LINTOT and Charles RAINSFORD - and in ca 1776 to CAGLIOSTRO.
Above acc. to Susan Mitchell Sommers.

"... Likewise, we have given up presenting even less well-known but not uninteresting Masonic Brothers like Peter Lambert of Lintot, Ebenezer Sibley or Charles Rainsford because of a somewhat marginal aspect of their activity ('fringe masonry')...".

Thomas Dunckerley, a natural son of George II, was initiated into Masonry, in January 1754.

Acc. to 'HISTORY OF THE GRAND LODGE OF ENGLAND - 1723-60':
"... The first meeting of this Lodge, of which a record is preserved, took place, December 28, 1732. Present, the Master and Wardens, and seven 'members'.
No other titles are used. Among the 'members' were George Rainsford and Johnson Robinson, the former of whom is described as Master, and the latter as Pass'd Master, in the minutes of May 18, 1733. It is possible, to put it no higher, that these distinctive terms were employed because some of the members had graduated under the Grand Lodge system, whilst others had been admitted or passed to their degrees, according to the more homely usage which preceded it. The degree seems, however, to have become fairly well established by 1738, as the Constitutions of that year inform us that there were then eleven Masters' Lodges in the metropolis".

"... It is not clear where or how Cagliostro and Sibly crossed paths, but they did, and one result was that Ebenezer Sibly paid 300 guineas to copy the manuscript, called the Rotalo, which Cagliostro claimed to have used to hit the jackpot in the 1776 British lottery".

RAINSFORD, CHARLES (1728 - 1809), general, born at West Ham, was the only son of Francis Rainsford (d. 1770), by his wife Isabella, daughter of William Bale of Foston, Derbyshire. He was educated at Great Clacton, Essex, by a clerical friend of his father.
Acc. to P. Ashley, History of the Royal Cumberland Lodge, No. 41, 1873:
"...The distinction here drawn between the two sets of Masters, it is by no means easy to explain, but it appears to point to an epoch of confusion, when the old names had not yet been succeeded by the new, at least in the country Lodges. The first meeting of this Lodge, of which a record is preserved, took place, ... 1732 ...
Present, the Master and Wardens and seven members. No other titles are used. Among the members were George Rainsford and Johnson Robinson, the former of whom is described as Master, the latter as Pass'd Master, in the Minutes of May 18, 1733. ...
(Hughan, Origin of the English Rite, p. 25).
The Degree seems, however, to have become fairly well established by 1738, as the Constitutions of that year inform us that there were then eleven Masters' Lodges in the metropolis. One of these is described by Anderson as, "Black Posts in Maiden Lane, where there is also a Masters' Lodge." This was No. 163 on the General List, constituted Sept. 21, 1737. ...".

"... In November 1786 Admiral Sir Peter Parker was appointed to the office of Deputy Grand Master, which had become vacant by the death of Rowland Holt. ...
and it was resolved unanimously that the Rank of a Past Senior Grand Warden (with the Right of taking Place immediately next to the present Senior Grand Warden) be granted to Thomas Dunckerley, Esq., Provincial Grand Master for Dorset, Essex, Gloucester, Somerset and Southampton, with the City and County of Bristol and the Isle of Wight, in grateful Testimony of the high Sense the Grand Lodge entertains of his zealous and indefatigable Exertions, for many years, to promote the Honour and Interest of the Society.
The story of Dunckerley's life is not an easy one to relate. According to one set of biographers, his mother was the daughter of a physician (Freemasons' Magazine, vol. i, 1793, p. 378, vol. iv, 1796, p. 96) ... and, according to another,
she was a servant girl in the family of Sir Robert Walpole (Gentleman's Magazine, 1795 ...). By the former he is said to have been a natural son of King George II; whilst by the latter he is alleged to have availed himself of the remarkable likeness he bore to the Royal Family, to get it represented to George III that the previous king was in truth his father. These accounts of his parentage are irreconcilable and some other difficulties present themselves when the two biographies are collated. Certain facts, however, are free from dispute. Born October 23, 1724, he was apprenticed to a barber...
His mother's apartments at Somerset House ...
On May 7, 1767, a pension of Ł100 a year was assigned to him by the king ...
Dunckerley was told of his close relation to George II in 1760, by a Mrs. Pinkney, for many years his mother's neighbour in Somerset House, to whom the secret had been confided by the latter. He was then on leave of absence from H.M.S. Vanguard, which had just arrived from Quebec ...
sailed for the Mediterranean. According to his own account, he was appointed gunner of the Vanguard by Admiral Boscawen and to the same position in the Prince by Lord Anson. The dates he gives as to these appointments are a little confusing ...
and it is almost certain that some others of the latter character had accompanied the expedition under General Wolfe (1759).
Dunckerley, whilst on the North American station, indeed throughout the whole period of his service afloat - after his admission into the Craft - was doubtless an occasional visitor at Army Lodges. Most of these were under the Grand Lodge of Ireland, which issued no fewer than fifty-one military warrants ... and 1762 inclusive.

The profound knowledge, therefore, of Royal Arch Masonry, which has been traditionally ascribed to Thomas Dunckerley, may have been acquired in Irish Lodges ...
He was initiated into Masonry in January 1754 ...
On April 18, 1792, the Lodges were again ordered to be renumbered and, in the following May, at the Grand Feast, the Prince of Wales was installed Grand Master in the presence of the Duke of York, Lord Rawdon and a numerous company of Brethren. ...
The Jurisdiction of the Grand Lodge of Ireland was invaded by Mother Kilwinning in 1779, whose Grand Master, the Earl of Eglinton, granted a Warrant in that year to 'the High Knights' Templars of Ireland, Kilwinning Lodge', Dublin.
The members of this Scottish Lodge fully considered that they were justified in working the Knight Templar Degree by virtue of their Charter and actually did so as early as December 27, 1779.
Other Degrees were also wrought by the same body, such as the Royal Arch in 1781 and the Prince Rose Croix in 1782, whilst the Chair, the Excellent and the Super Excellent Degrees came in for a share of their attention.
From this Lodge arose the Early Grand Encampment of Ireland, which chartered over fifty Encampments - some having been for Scotland and England - whilst the present Kilwinning Preceptory, Dublin, is an offshoot of the year 1780.
When the rights of this Knight Templar Organization were disputed or questioned, their Sublime Commander (John Fowler) maintained that their Warrant was 'holden from the Royal Mother Lodge of Kilwinning of Scotland, the true source from which any legal authority could be obtained' and it was declared that 'the documents to support this statement are in the archives of the Chapter, ready for the inspection of such Knights Templar as choose to examine them'.
... The erection of this daughter Lodge encouraged, however, the belief
in Kilwinning, being a centre of the Higher Degrees.
In 1813 application was made to the Mother Lodge to authorize the transfer of a Black Warrant from Knights of the Temple and of Malta, in the Westmeath Militia, to Brethren in the same Degree serving in the Shropshire Militia.
...
Scotch Lodges owed their acquaintance with Knight Templarism. This order, then known as Black Masonry, was propagated, to a large extent, through Charters issued by the High Knights Templar of Ireland, Kilwinning Lodge - a body of Freemasons in Dublin, who were constituted by Mother Kilwinning in 1779, for the practice of the Craft Degrees.
... In 1834 scarcely eight Lodges met in Dublin. There was a great deal of Masonic enthusiasm in Ireland during the closing years of the eighteenth century. ...".

No Englishman or Scot was a member of the Illuminati, although General Rainsford was affiliated with them.

"... General Charles Rainsford was a remarkable man in many ways. A professional soldier, diplomat, politician and inveterate traveller, he was also a well-connected man of the enlightenment interested in many aspects of science. Fortunately Rainsford left behind a huge archive ...".
General Charles Rainsford (1728 - 1809) was a British Army officer. His uncle, also Charles Rainsford (died 1778), was deputy lieutenant of the Tower of London and used his influence to get him made second cornet in General Bland's 3rd dragoons in March 1744 ...
With his new unit he returned to England to face the Jacobite rising, rising to major of brigade and colonel's aide-de-camp. He then served as private secretary to Tyrawley, governor of Gibraltar (1756 - 1757) before returning to England again in 1760.
The following year he was given a company to command under Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick in Germany

{"... An even greater coup came from Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick, and freemasonry's Grand Master of the Order of Strict Observance, who had joined the Illuminati after he had convened the most important Congress of the 18th Century. He was to realise his mistake over ten years later in that he had unwittingly unleashed a pathogen within the ranks of freemasonry. In 1794 he expressed his shock and sadness at being duped by instigators of the French Revolution and the need to 'cut out to the roots the abuse and error' which he had allowed to infect the Order. ... In 1789 the journalist and essayist Marquis Jean-Pierre de Luchet published his Essai sur la secte des Illuminés, denouncing the leaders of the Bavarian Illuminati, their control of freemasonry in Europe and in particular his native home of France. ..." (copyright by M. K. Styllinski)}.

He was also elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1779. He was also a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London, a Rosicrucian, a freemason and a dabbler in alchemy.
In summer 1783 Rainsford and William Bousie, an Anglo-French merchant, began corresponding with the Parisian lodge of the Philalethes, preparatory to the Philalethes convention in Paris in April 1785 to review the rites of many para-Masonic and esoteric societies.
Rainsford provided information on Emanuel Swedenborg, Baal Shem of London and the Kabbalistic symbolism of higher degrees. He was then sent to be Robert Boyd's second-in-command at Gibraltar ...

Benedict Chastanier (1739 - ca 1816)
"was a French surgeon. In 1767 he founded a lodge of Illumines Theosophes, based on the anonymous writings of Emanuel Swedenborg.
In 1774 he migrated to England. In 1775 Chastanier and the Marquis de Thorn joined the Philalethes, a Masonic society founded by Savalette de Langes in Paris. In 1776 he founded Universal Society in London to disseminate Swedenborg's writing.
In 1782 Chastanier and Charles Rainsford reached out to kindred Illuminist groups in Berlin and Paris by publishing a brochure in French about degrees of the Universal Society.
Chastanier was in contact with the Illumines of Avignon".

William Wonnacott suggests Sibly may have first become acquainted with his future masonic patron Thomas Dunckerley in Portsmouth.

Ebenezer Sibly (1751 - ca 1799) was an English physician, astrologer and writer on the occult. He was the son of a mechanic, born in Bristol, and brother of Manoah Sibly. He studied surgery in London.
In 1794 he was living in Portsmouth, and became a Freemason there. In 1785 he was working as an astrologer in Bristol [see CASTLE-INN];
and by about 1788 had moved to London. In 1790 he was temporarily in Ipswich, supporting at the general election Sir John Hadley D'Oyly, the Whig member.
1792 he graduated at King's College, Aberdeen. ...
he became interested in the theories on animal magnetism of Anton Mesmer ...

It has been said that experts of the time would have seen that Sibly was not very discriminating about the sources he chose, and drew on unpublished translations that he had borrowed.
He knew the Book of Enoch via Charles Rainsford.

Emanuel Swedenborg born Emanuel Swedberg in 1688, was a Swedish Lutheran theologian, scientist, philosopher, and mystic who inspired Swedenborgianism.

General Rainsford was affiliated with the Illuminati through the lodge of Amis Reunis at Paris, which corresponded with the Bavarian Masons.
Whether the Illuminati affair had a role in the history of the Order of Knights Templar in England is difficult to determine,
but by 1791 the latter had decided to end their quasi-separate status and put themselves under the direction of a leading figure within the Grand Lodge. This was Thomas Dunckerley, the provincial grand Master.
Records of the Mark Degree date back to 1st September 1769 when the Provincial Grand Master Thomas Dunckerley made six Brethren of The Royal Arch Chapter of Friendship (originally No. 3 now No. 257) Mark Masons.
They were taught how to make their marks and were then made "Mark Masons and Mark Masters".
The Masonic Province of Hampshire came into being on February 28th 1767 with the appointment of Thomas Dunckerley.
The idea of holding an annual Provincial Grand Lodge seems to have been introduced by Thomas Dunckerley, who between 1767 and his death in 1795 was Provincial Grand Master for eight Provinces. He took his duties seriously, regularly visiting his charges to hold Provincial Grand Lodge meetings.
The Chapter of Friendship continued to work the Mark Degree until 1855. Mark Grand Lodge was formed in June 1856.

Although Crusader themes in Freemasonry were earlier initiated by the Jacobite, Andrew Michael Ramsay and continue to have some legacy in Scottish Rite freemasonry, the specific "Knights Templar" fraternal order connected to Freemasonry was originated from Thomas Dunckerley toward the end of the 18th century.

Bystrzonowski in France in 1776 was Mark Mason - with the right to give it to others. Br. Bystrzanowski was the friend of Tadeusz Kosciuszko [1776 - they sailed on the same ship to Martinique] and George Washington [Bystrzanowski / Bystrzonowski was a master of the Masonic Lodge, of which Washington was simple Brother]. Thomas Jefferson and Tadeusz Kosciuszko [see: General Fiszer and General Franciszek Paszkowski] were very close political collaborators.

Jefferson was sent by the Congress of the Confederation to join Benjamin Franklin and John Adams as ministers in Europe for negotiation of trade agreements with England, Spain, and France. During his five years in Paris Jefferson played a leading role in shaping the foreign policy of the United States.
He departed in July 1784, arriving in Paris the next month.
While in France, Jefferson became a regular companion of the Marquis de Lafayette, and Jefferson allowed his Paris residence, the Hotel de Langeac, to be used for meetings by Lafayette and other republicans. He was in Paris during the storming of the Bastille and consulted with Lafayette while the latter drafted the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen.
Jefferson left Paris for America in September 1789, intending to return soon; however, President George Washington appointed him the country's first Secretary of State.

Marie-Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette,
military officer who fought in the American Revolutionary War.
A close friend of George Washington, Alexander Hamilton, and Thomas Jefferson, Lafayette was a key figure in the French Revolution of 1789 and the July Revolution of 1830.
Lafayette returned to France, and
in 1787 was appointed to the Assembly of Notables, which was convened in response to the fiscal crisis. He was elected a member of the Estates-General of 1789.

He helped write the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, with Thomas Jefferson's assistance; inspired by the United States Declaration of Independence.

Lafayette left Boston for France on 18 December 1781.
On 11 July 1789, Lafayette presented a draft of the "Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen" to the Assembly, written by himself in consultation with Jefferson. Camille Desmoulins led an armed mob. The king had the royal army under the duc de Broglie surround Paris. On 14 July, the fortress known as the Bastille was stormed by the mob. On 15 July, Lafayette was acclaimed commander-in-chief of the National Guard of France, an armed force established to maintain order, and under the control of the Assembly.
On 19 October 1824, he was at Yorktown for the anniversary of Cornwallis's surrender, then journeyed to Monticello to meet with his old friend Jefferson - and Jefferson's successor, James Madison.
Lafayette had dined with the other living former president, 89-year-old John Adams.
One historiographical perspective suggests that the marquis was disposed to hate the British for killing his father.
Another notes that the marquis had recently become a Freemason, and talk of the rebellion "fired his chivalric - and now Masonic - imagination with descriptions of Americans as 'people fighting for liberty'."

Benjamin Franklin -
when Franklin went to France as America's first ambassador, there were two superpowers in Europe: England and France.
Franklin arrived in Paris in December, 1776.
"Benjamin Franklin contributed to the Mikveh Israel Jewish congregation in Philadelphia. But Franklin did not practice Judaism. He did practice the occult, and things that would be weird to Christians. He became
the head of the very occultic Grand Orient Freemasons when he was in France".

"... The possible connection between the American founding fathers, the Rothschild family and the Illuminati would be incomplete without taking into account a key figure: Benjamin Franklin.
He was also deeply involved in a variety of secret societies, not only in America, but also in Britain and France. Actually, he was a member of secret societies in the three countries involved in the American Revolution: England, France and the US.

Benjamin FRANKLIN was a member of the Hellfire Club in England ...
The Hellfire Club was created and presided by Sir Francis Dashwood; a member of the British Parliament and personal advisor to King George III. British Historian Richard Deacon affirms that the Hellfire club was a centre for English espionage, and claims that Franklin was a covert agent for the British government and for other secret powers based in Europe that worked towards the secret plan of all secret societies.
...
In 1776, year when the order of the Illuminati was created, Franklin visited King Louis XVI of France to seek funding for the American revolution, while at the same time
he was getting involved in the plot for the French revolution to overthrow the French monarchy. This took place inside the Paris lodge The Nine Sisters; which was part of the Grand Orient of France - connected to the Illuminati - of which Franklin was the Venerable Masters. This lodge was casually the exact place were the French revolution took off.
While in France, Franklin also initiated Voltaire into Freemasonry, whose writings would later inspire the French Revolution.
... My conclusion on the connection between the Rothschilds and the American Revolution: it did exist through Alexander Hamilton (who could only push the agenda for the first 20 years of independence), and also quite possibly through Solomon and Franklin; though it made no difference at the end.
It is true that the American Freemasons shared the same ideology that emerged from Jewish intellectuals in Germany and spread throughout secret societies;
but I'm having a hard time relating the founding fathers directly to the Rothschilds, with the exception of Franklin, who obviously had his hands in far too many pies to count as a confirmed agent for any side...".

Alexander Hamilton
- Hamilton has also become a favorite for conspiracy theorists who think
he was a tool for the New World Order, the Illuminati, and / or the Rothschild family, because of his support for a National Bank.
Hamilton, along with Benjamin Franklin, is one of the very few non-presidents to be portrayed on American money.
Alexander Hamilton married into the Rothschild family December 14, 1780.
Alexander Hamilton was born Alexander Levine, of Jewish lineage, in St. Croix, the West Indies. After changing his name ... he married Elizabeth Schuyler ...
John Paul Mitchell insist that Hamilton married into the Rothschild family.
Here's what we actually know about Hamilton's in-laws:
the father, Philip Schuyler, was a General during the Revolutionary War, while the mother Catherine instituted a scorched earth policy to deprive the British of food.

Philip John Schuyler was a general of the American Revolution and a United States Senator from New York. Come from the third generation of the Dutch family in America.
His daughter Elizabeth married Alexander Hamilton who was the first Secretary of the Treasury to the United States under George Washington.

Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton says the United States should pay its debts at par value, even though many speculators would profit by this. "Alexander Hamilton married into the Rothschild family December 14, 1780 [?]".

Alexander Hamilton was born Alexander Levine, of Jewish lineage, the son of a Jewish Merchant, in St. Croix, the West Indies. After changing his name and his geographical situs, he married Elizabeth Schuyler, the second daughter of Phillip Schuyler, at the bride's home in Albany, New York.

The bride's mother was Catherine Van Rensselaer,
daughter of Colonel John R. Van Rensselaer, who was the son of
Hendrik Van Rensselaer,
the grandson of Killiaen Van Rensselaer, the first partroon.
"... there are documents in the British museum that prove Alexander Hamilton received payment from the Rothschild's for his dastardly deeds. Could this payment have been for his involvement in the establishment of a foreign bank in this country, and for convincing Congress to assume the States debts,
which would have created a debt obligation binding the United States government and the States to the international bankers?"

Named Kiliaen van Rensselaer (born ca 1585 - died in 1643) -
a Dutch merchant, involved in the trade of colonial America. Initially, with diamond and pearl trade, then he became one of the founders and co-owner of the Dutch East India Company, a company founded in 1621. In 1629, Kiliaen Van Rensselaer purchased landed property in New Holland, then an American colony.
Rensselaerwyck was managed by his cousin Arent Van Curler.
Kiliaen Van Rensselear was one of the first founders of the Dutch east India Company. Before 1584 a state army of the Duke of Upper Saxony came to Hesseld. It's leader was Captain Johan Van Rensselaer who was from the town of Mijkerk. His twin brother, Hendrick was also in the Army. Hendrick married Maria Pafraet from Hesseld. Her father was Johan Pafraet. Johan and his brother Albert were printers.
Hendrick and Maria were Killiaen's parents.
Killean was born in 1586 [ca 1585] and baptized at St. Stephanuskerk.
Kiliaen also lived with his uncle, Wolfert Van Bijler (Byler) Wijnandsz, who had lived in London as a jeweler and with a capitol of 100000 guilders, moved to Amsterdam to join the South Netherlands diamond and pearl trade.

Kiliaen was the firm's agent to Royal Courts, traveling throughout Europe.
Kiliaen van Rensselaer was married twice:
Hillegonda van Byler (1598-1626);
and in 1626 he married Anna van Wely (1601-1670). The Van Wely's were jewelers to the Royal Court Prince Mauritius.

"In November 1658 the exiled king Charles II was visited by a young man from Amsterdam by the name of Nicolaes Van Rensselaer, who had some good news to tell him: within a year and a half the king would be restored to his father's throne, his restoration being requested by the English people. Furthermore, Van Rensselaer also prophesied that Charles Stuart's, or his son's, reign would be so glorious that under it the conversion of the Jews would take place".
"An interesting report of Nicolaes van Rensselaer and his visit to Brussels, which took place in November 1658, is given in a letter by his younger brother Richard, written on 30 November 1658 to Jeremias van Rensselaer in Rensselaerswyck.
Richard van Rensselaer informed his brother that Nicolaes van Rensselaer had gone to Brussels 'to see the king of Scotland, who granted him an audience'. Nicolaes van Rensselaer had delivered his letters and writings, which the king had examined.
As to his prophecy:
'many of those [present] believed it and others doubted it'.
As Jeremias van Rensselaer might wonder what business their brother had to see the king about, Richard would tell him. During his apprenticeship to Brughman Nicolaes had said all the time that he wished to go to England".

Nicholas van Rensselaer born in Amsterdam in September 1636; died in Albany, New York, in November 1678.
"He was the fourth son of Kiliaen van Rensselaer (1586-1643) and his second wife, Anna van Wely (1601-1670). His father was a Dutch diamond and pearl merchant from Amsterdam who was one of the founders and directors of the Dutch West India Company ... His eldest sibling, and the only child to live to adulthood from his father's first marriage to Hillegonda van Bijler, was Johan van Rensselaer (1625-1663), his half-brother. Together, his parents had eight children, including Jan Baptist van Rensselaer (1629-1678), and Jeremias van Rensselaer (1632-1674)".
In Brussels, Nicholas van Rensselaer met Charles II of England.
He subsequently went to England as chaplain to the Dutch embassy, and the king, recognizing him and recollecting his prediction, gave him a gold snuff box with his likeness in the lid.
"In 1674, after the end of the Third Anglo-Dutch War when Edmund Andros was commissioned governor of the New Netherland, Van Rensselaer accompanied him to North America, bearing a letter of recommendation from the Duke of York, son of Charles II who later became James II of England, in which he requested that Van Rensselaer be placed in charge of one of the Dutch churches in New York or Albany when there should be a vacancy".

Van Rensselaer's son, Jeremias Van Rensselaer [Jeremias van Rensselaer (1632-1674)], came to the New World and settled in Rensselaerwyck, giving birth to a prominent New York family.
The Manor of Rensselaerswyck, owned by the van Rensselaer family that was located in what is now mainly the Capital District of New York in the United States. The estate was originally deeded by the Dutch West India Company in 1630 to Kiliaen van Rensselaer, a Dutch merchant.

The estate was inherited by Kiliaen van Rensselaer's eldest son Jan Baptist [Jan Baptist van Rensselaer (1629- 1678)], who acquired the title of patroon. He died in 1658 or in 1678, and his younger brother Jeremias van Rensselaer became patroon.
Jeremias van Rensselaer took the oath of allegiance to the King of England.
Manor House, or Fort Crailo - Jeremias van Rensselaer died in 1674 and the estate was passed on to his oldest son, Kiliaen Van Rensselaer, junior, the grandson to the first patroon. Kiliaen van Rensselaer died in 1719 and the patroonship passed on to his oldest son Jeremias van Rensselaer junior.

Jeremias van Rensselaer junior died in 1745 and the estate passed to his brother Stephen van Rensselaer - who died two years later in 1747.

The estate was passed on to his son, Stephen van Rensselaer II. Stephen II was active in the Albany County Militia.