Important Supreme Court Judgements | Landmark cases in India
✔️A.K. Gopalan vs The State Of Madras (1950)
✔️Romesh Thapar vs State of Madras (1950)
✔️Kedar Nath Singh vs State Of Bihar (1962)
✔️Shankari Prasad Singh Deo v. Union of India (1951)
✔️ Berubari Union case (1960)
✔️Golaknath Vs State of Punjab (1967)
✔️Rustom Cavasjee Cooper vs Union Of India 1970
✔️DC Wadhwa case 1987
✔️Kesavananda Bharati vs State of Kerala case ( 1973)
✔️Maneka Gandhi vs Uol case (1978)
✔️Minerva Mill vs Union of India (1980)
✔️Bachan Singh v. State of Punjab (1980)
✔️Krishna Kumar Singh vs State of Bihar 2017
source : twitter handle (X)
✔️A.K. Gopalan vs The State Of Madras (1950)
✔️Romesh Thapar vs State of Madras (1950)
✔️Kedar Nath Singh vs State Of Bihar (1962)
✔️Shankari Prasad Singh Deo v. Union of India (1951)
✔️ Berubari Union case (1960)
✔️Golaknath Vs State of Punjab (1967)
✔️Rustom Cavasjee Cooper vs Union Of India 1970
✔️DC Wadhwa case 1987
✔️Kesavananda Bharati vs State of Kerala case ( 1973)
✔️Maneka Gandhi vs Uol case (1978)
✔️Minerva Mill vs Union of India (1980)
✔️Bachan Singh v. State of Punjab (1980)
✔️Krishna Kumar Singh vs State of Bihar 2017
source : twitter handle (X)
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Agents of UPSC CAPF & CDS
✔️A.K. Gopalan vs The State Of Madras (1950
A.K. Gopalan vs The State Of Madras (1950)
Theme: Right to life
Judgement
Supreme Court of India contented that there was no violation of Fundamental Rights enshrined in Articles 13, 19, 21 and 22 under the provisions of the Preventive Detention Act, if the detention was as per the procedure established by law.
Here, the SC took a narrow view of Article 21. The majority opinion in the A.K. Gopalan case was that article 21 covering procedure established by law would simply mean the law established by the state.
Theme: Right to life
Judgement
Supreme Court of India contented that there was no violation of Fundamental Rights enshrined in Articles 13, 19, 21 and 22 under the provisions of the Preventive Detention Act, if the detention was as per the procedure established by law.
Here, the SC took a narrow view of Article 21. The majority opinion in the A.K. Gopalan case was that article 21 covering procedure established by law would simply mean the law established by the state.
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Agents of UPSC CAPF & CDS
✔️Romesh Thapar vs State of Madras (1950)
Romesh Thapar vs State of Madras (1950)
Theme: Freedom of speech and expression
Supreme Court of India ruled that freedom of speech lay at the foundation of all democratic organisations.
The full court ruled that the imposition of pre- censorship on a journal is a restriction on the liberty of the press, which is an essential part of the right to freedom of speech and expression under Article 19 (1)(a).
It said the freedom of speech and expression is one of the most valuable rights guaranteed to a citizen by the Constitution and should be jealously guarded by the courts.
The verdict added that free political discussion is essential for the proper functioning of a democratic government.
The rationale behind this judgement set a healthy precedent both in terms of protecting press freedom and defining the scope of reasonable restrictions on the fundamental rights as provided in Part III of the cons.
Theme: Freedom of speech and expression
Supreme Court of India ruled that freedom of speech lay at the foundation of all democratic organisations.
The full court ruled that the imposition of pre- censorship on a journal is a restriction on the liberty of the press, which is an essential part of the right to freedom of speech and expression under Article 19 (1)(a).
It said the freedom of speech and expression is one of the most valuable rights guaranteed to a citizen by the Constitution and should be jealously guarded by the courts.
The verdict added that free political discussion is essential for the proper functioning of a democratic government.
The rationale behind this judgement set a healthy precedent both in terms of protecting press freedom and defining the scope of reasonable restrictions on the fundamental rights as provided in Part III of the cons.
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Agents of UPSC CAPF & CDS
✔️Kedar Nath Singh vs State Of Bihar (1962)
Kedar Nath Singh vs State Of Bihar (1962)
Theme: Sedition Law
The Supreme Court of India upheld the constitutional validity of the provisions of the Indian Penal Code that penalized sedition.
Kedar Nath Singh had been convicted for sedition and inciting public mischief because of a speech in which he criticized the government and advocated for the Forward Communist Party.
The Supreme Court of India reasoned that the penalization of sedition is a constitutionally valid restriction on the right to freedom of expression only when the words are intended to disturb public peace by violence.
The Court emphasized that the phrase "Government established by law" under section 124A must be distinguished from criticism of a specific party or persons.
The purpose of the crime of sedition was to prevent the Government established by law from being subverted because "the continued existence of the Government established by law is an essential condition of the stability of the State".
Theme: Sedition Law
The Supreme Court of India upheld the constitutional validity of the provisions of the Indian Penal Code that penalized sedition.
Kedar Nath Singh had been convicted for sedition and inciting public mischief because of a speech in which he criticized the government and advocated for the Forward Communist Party.
The Supreme Court of India reasoned that the penalization of sedition is a constitutionally valid restriction on the right to freedom of expression only when the words are intended to disturb public peace by violence.
The Court emphasized that the phrase "Government established by law" under section 124A must be distinguished from criticism of a specific party or persons.
The purpose of the crime of sedition was to prevent the Government established by law from being subverted because "the continued existence of the Government established by law is an essential condition of the stability of the State".
Agents of UPSC CAPF & CDS
✔️Shankari Prasad Singh Deo v. Union of India (1951)
Shankari Prasad Singh Deo v. Union of India (1951)
Theme: Amendability of Fundamental Rights
This case dealt with the amendability of Fundamental Rights (the First Amendment's validity was challenged).
The Supreme Court of India contended that the Parliament's power to amend under Article 368 also includes the power to amend the Fundamental Rights guaranteed in Part III of the Constitution.
Further, it said that a constitutional amendment act enacted to abridge or take away the fundamental rights is not void of article 13(2).
Theme: Amendability of Fundamental Rights
This case dealt with the amendability of Fundamental Rights (the First Amendment's validity was challenged).
The Supreme Court of India contended that the Parliament's power to amend under Article 368 also includes the power to amend the Fundamental Rights guaranteed in Part III of the Constitution.
Further, it said that a constitutional amendment act enacted to abridge or take away the fundamental rights is not void of article 13(2).
Agents of UPSC CAPF & CDS
✔️ Berubari Union case (1960)
Berubari Union case (1960)
Theme: Article 3 related
Case was regarding the Parliament's power to transfer the territory of Berubari to Pakistan.
The Supreme Court examined Article 3 in detail and held that the Parliament cannot make laws under this article in order to execute the Nehru-Noon agreement. Hence, the 9th constitutional Amendment Act was passed to enforce the agreement.
Theme: Article 3 related
Case was regarding the Parliament's power to transfer the territory of Berubari to Pakistan.
The Supreme Court examined Article 3 in detail and held that the Parliament cannot make laws under this article in order to execute the Nehru-Noon agreement. Hence, the 9th constitutional Amendment Act was passed to enforce the agreement.
Agents of UPSC CAPF & CDS
✔️Golaknath Vs State of Punjab (1967)
Golaknath Vs State of Punjab (1967)
Theme: Right to Property is it a Fundamental Right?
Supreme Court of India ruled that Parliament doesn't have the power to restrict any of the Fundamental Rights enshrined in the Constitution.
Hence, State of Punjab couldn't take away Golaknath or any other citizen's land as Right to Property was deemed to be fundamental Beginning with its ruling in GOLAKNATH, the Court developed jurisprudence around what was known as the basic structure doctrine.
According to this doctrine, the Court was in charge of preventing the erosion of those enduring values that constitute the essence of constitutionalism.
Theme: Right to Property is it a Fundamental Right?
Supreme Court of India ruled that Parliament doesn't have the power to restrict any of the Fundamental Rights enshrined in the Constitution.
Hence, State of Punjab couldn't take away Golaknath or any other citizen's land as Right to Property was deemed to be fundamental Beginning with its ruling in GOLAKNATH, the Court developed jurisprudence around what was known as the basic structure doctrine.
According to this doctrine, the Court was in charge of preventing the erosion of those enduring values that constitute the essence of constitutionalism.
Agents of UPSC CAPF & CDS
✔️Rustom Cavasjee Cooper vs Union Of India 1970
✔️DC Wadhwa case 1987
✔️DC Wadhwa case 1987
Rustom Cavasjee Cooper vs Union Of India 1970
Theme: Ordinance making power
The ordinance making power of the president can be questioned if his satisfaction can be questioned on the grounds of malafide.
DC Wadhwa case 1987
Supreme Court of India held that re promulgation of ordinances with the same text, without giving any chance to house to pass it, would amount to a violation of the constitution and can be struck down.
Theme: Ordinance making power
The ordinance making power of the president can be questioned if his satisfaction can be questioned on the grounds of malafide.
DC Wadhwa case 1987
Supreme Court of India held that re promulgation of ordinances with the same text, without giving any chance to house to pass it, would amount to a violation of the constitution and can be struck down.
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Agents of UPSC CAPF & CDS
✔️Kesavananda Bharati vs State of Kerala case ( 1973)
Kesavananda Bharati vs State of Kerala case ( 1973)
Theme: Basic structure of the Constitution
Supreme Court of India said that the Article 31C of the constitution which was inserted by 24th Constitutional amendment to give unrestricted powers to parliament in enacting a law, is against judicial review.
Supreme Court felt that judicial review is the basic structure of the constitution and is amendable even under Article 368.
It opened the floodgates for interpretation of what constitutes the basic structure of the constitution which is discussed over many cases.
Theme: Basic structure of the Constitution
Supreme Court of India said that the Article 31C of the constitution which was inserted by 24th Constitutional amendment to give unrestricted powers to parliament in enacting a law, is against judicial review.
Supreme Court felt that judicial review is the basic structure of the constitution and is amendable even under Article 368.
It opened the floodgates for interpretation of what constitutes the basic structure of the constitution which is discussed over many cases.
Agents of UPSC CAPF & CDS
✔️Maneka Gandhi vs Uol case (1978)
Maneka Gandhi vs Uol case (1978)
Theme: Expansion of rights under Article 21
The Supreme Court of India reiterated that the term 'personal liberty' is of "the widest amplitude and it covers a variety of rights which go to constitute the personal liberty of a man."
SC held that 'Procedure established by law' is within the meaning of Article 21 and must be 'right and just and fair' and 'not arbitrary, fanciful or oppressive' otherwise, it would be no procedure at all and the requirement of Article 21 would not be satisfied.
Theme: Expansion of rights under Article 21
The Supreme Court of India reiterated that the term 'personal liberty' is of "the widest amplitude and it covers a variety of rights which go to constitute the personal liberty of a man."
SC held that 'Procedure established by law' is within the meaning of Article 21 and must be 'right and just and fair' and 'not arbitrary, fanciful or oppressive' otherwise, it would be no procedure at all and the requirement of Article 21 would not be satisfied.
Thus the 'procedure established by law' has acquired the same significance in India as the due process of law'
clause in America.
Agents of UPSC CAPF & CDS
✔️Minerva Mill vs Union of India (1980)
Minerva Mill vs Union of India (1980)
Theme: Basic Structure of the Constitution
The validity of 42nd amendment Act was challenged on the ground that they are destructive of the 'basie structure' of the Constitution SC said that a limited amending power itself is a basic feature of the Constitution.
Supreme Court of India ruled that Fundamental Rights and the Directive Principles are required to be viewed as the two sides. of the same coin. Both should be complementary to each other and there should be no confrontation between them.
Therefore, SC evolved the basic structure doctrine of the Constitution of India and provided key clarifications on the interpretation of the basic structure doctrine.
Theme: Basic Structure of the Constitution
The validity of 42nd amendment Act was challenged on the ground that they are destructive of the 'basie structure' of the Constitution SC said that a limited amending power itself is a basic feature of the Constitution.
Supreme Court of India ruled that Fundamental Rights and the Directive Principles are required to be viewed as the two sides. of the same coin. Both should be complementary to each other and there should be no confrontation between them.
Therefore, SC evolved the basic structure doctrine of the Constitution of India and provided key clarifications on the interpretation of the basic structure doctrine.
Agents of UPSC CAPF & CDS
✔️Bachan Singh v. State of Punjab (1980)
Bachan Singh v. State of Punjab (1980)
Theme: Death Penalty
The Supreme Court, , had laid down that life imprisonment is the rule and death sentence is an exception and thus, certain guidelines should be followed before a court may award death penalty: Only in the gravest cases of extreme culpability, this extreme penalty of death may be awarded;
The circumstances of the offender along with the circumstances of the crime have to be taken into consideration.
Theme: Death Penalty
The Supreme Court, , had laid down that life imprisonment is the rule and death sentence is an exception and thus, certain guidelines should be followed before a court may award death penalty: Only in the gravest cases of extreme culpability, this extreme penalty of death may be awarded;
The circumstances of the offender along with the circumstances of the crime have to be taken into consideration.
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Agents of UPSC CAPF & CDS
✔️Krishna Kumar Singh vs State of Bihar 2017
Krishna Kumar Singh vs State of Bihar 2017
Supreme Court of India ruled that ordinances are subject to judicial review, and do not automatically create enduring effects.
ordinance
Supreme Court of India ruled that ordinances are subject to judicial review, and do not automatically create enduring effects.
ordinance
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Musi River, which was seen in the news, is a tributary of which river?
Anonymous Quiz
21%
Godavari River
42%
Krishna River
18%
Kaveri River
20%
Narmada River
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The central bank’s price worries may be warranted but growth concerns are emerging
https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/taking-guard-the-hindu-editorial-on-the-rbi-and-growth-concerns/article68752786.ece
https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/taking-guard-the-hindu-editorial-on-the-rbi-and-growth-concerns/article68752786.ece
The Hindu
Taking guard: On the RBI and growth concerns
Though the RBI remains more bullish than most agencies on India’s growth trajectory, there are clear signs of a cooling in economic activity
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Kalleshwar Temple
Why in the News:
A 13th-century stone inscription, or Veeragallu, has been uncovered in Davanagere district during the renovation of the ancient Kalleshwar Temple
About the Temple:
✔️Kalleshwar Temple is located in Bagali, a town in the Davangere district of Karnataka.
✔️The temple is dedicated to Lord Shiva and is considered one of the oldest temples in the region.
✔️ Its construction spans the rule of two prominent Kannada dynasties: the Rashtrakuta Dynasty in the mid-10th century and the Western Chalukya Empireduring the reign of King Tailapa II around 987 AD.
✔️ The temple is recognized as a monument of national importance by the Archaeological Survey of India.
✔️The temple is designed as a single-shrine structure with an adjoining hall (mantapa).
✔️It faces east and includes several interconnected sections:
✔️ Sanctum (garbhagriha) where the main deity resides.
✔️ Antechamber (antarala), which connects the sanctum to the gathering hall. This chamber features a sukhanasi, a small tower above it.
✔️Sabhamantapa, a hall used for gatherings and rituals.
✔️ Mukhamantapa, the main entrance hall.
✔️The Shikara (temple tower) is a classic example of early Cholan architecture.
✔️The temple houses a large Shivalinga, believed to be more than 1,000 years old.
https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/13thcentury-stone-inscription-discovered-in-davanagere-district-101728845554484.html
#Art_culture
Why in the News:
A 13th-century stone inscription, or Veeragallu, has been uncovered in Davanagere district during the renovation of the ancient Kalleshwar Temple
About the Temple:
✔️Kalleshwar Temple is located in Bagali, a town in the Davangere district of Karnataka.
✔️The temple is dedicated to Lord Shiva and is considered one of the oldest temples in the region.
✔️ Its construction spans the rule of two prominent Kannada dynasties: the Rashtrakuta Dynasty in the mid-10th century and the Western Chalukya Empireduring the reign of King Tailapa II around 987 AD.
✔️ The temple is recognized as a monument of national importance by the Archaeological Survey of India.
✔️The temple is designed as a single-shrine structure with an adjoining hall (mantapa).
✔️It faces east and includes several interconnected sections:
✔️ Sanctum (garbhagriha) where the main deity resides.
✔️ Antechamber (antarala), which connects the sanctum to the gathering hall. This chamber features a sukhanasi, a small tower above it.
✔️Sabhamantapa, a hall used for gatherings and rituals.
✔️ Mukhamantapa, the main entrance hall.
✔️The Shikara (temple tower) is a classic example of early Cholan architecture.
✔️The temple houses a large Shivalinga, believed to be more than 1,000 years old.
https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/13thcentury-stone-inscription-discovered-in-davanagere-district-101728845554484.html
#Art_culture
Hindustan Times
13th-century stone inscription discovered in Davanagere district
A 13th-century stone inscription, or Veeragallu, has been uncovered in Davanagere district during the renovation of the ancient Kalleshwar temple
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Hurricane Milton
Why in the news: Hurricane Milton has left Florida facing billions of dollars in damage and widespread power outages.
🌟The storm originated as a tropical depression within the Gulf of Mexico.
🌟On October 7, it escalated from a Category 1 hurricane to a severe Category 5 storm in just 12 hours.
Hurricanes, also known as tropical cyclones or typhoons depending on the region, are intense tropical storms characterized by sustained winds of at least 119 km/h (74 mph)
#Geo
https://www.nytimes.com/live/2024/10/11/weather/hurricane-milton-florida-news
Why in the news: Hurricane Milton has left Florida facing billions of dollars in damage and widespread power outages.
🌟The storm originated as a tropical depression within the Gulf of Mexico.
🌟On October 7, it escalated from a Category 1 hurricane to a severe Category 5 storm in just 12 hours.
Hurricanes, also known as tropical cyclones or typhoons depending on the region, are intense tropical storms characterized by sustained winds of at least 119 km/h (74 mph)
#Geo
https://www.nytimes.com/live/2024/10/11/weather/hurricane-milton-florida-news
Nytimes
Hurricane Milton Live Updates: Millions in Florida Are Still Without Power
The state’s preparations probably limited the impact of the storm, one of the strongest to ever hit the state. At least 12 deaths were tied to the hurricane.
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