🧬 CDS BIOLOGY | 12 TOPICS – 12 DAYS SERIES
📅 DAY 2: HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
📚 (NCERT Class 9–10 | PYQ Focused)



🔹 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM – OVERVIEW

🌳Digestion: Process of breaking complex food into simple, soluble substances

⭐Human digestive system consists of:

☘️Alimentary canal

🍀Digestive glands



📌 Most questions are enzyme + function based


🔹 ALIMENTARY CANAL (IN ORDER)👀

🌳Mouth → Oesophagus → Stomach → Small Intestine → Large Intestine → Rectum → Anus


🔹 DIGESTION IN MOUTH

🌴Teeth → mastication (chewing)

❄️Saliva contains Salivary amylase (ptyalin)

Function:

Converts starch → maltose


🌳Digestion of carbohydrates starts in mouth



🔹 OESOPHAGUS

🌿Food pipe

Transfers food by peristalsis

No digestion occurs here


🔹 DIGESTION IN STOMACH

🌿Secretes gastric juice containing:

❄️HCl → kills bacteria & provides acidic medium

🍀Pepsin → digests proteins

🌱Mucus → protects stomach lining

📌 Protein digestion starts in stomach


🔹 DIGESTION IN SMALL INTESTINE (MOST IMPORTANT)

🪴Longest part of alimentary canal

🌵🪴Complete digestion occurs here


☃️Digestive juices involved:

1️⃣ Bile juice (from liver)

Emulsifies fats

Makes medium alkaline


2️⃣ Pancreatic juice

Amylase → carbohydrates

Trypsin → proteins

Lipase → fats


3️⃣ Intestinal juice

Completes digestion of all food



🔹 ABSORPTION OF FOOD

🌱Occurs in small intestine

🍀Due to villi

🪴Villi increase surface area


🔹 LARGE INTESTINE

Absorption of:

🌊Water

🗡️Minerals


🌱Formation of faeces


🔹 DIGESTIVE GLANDS

🟡 Liver

Largest gland in human body

Produces bile juice

Bile does NOT contain enzymes

Stores glycogen


🟡 Pancreas

Both endocrine & exocrine gland

Secretes pancreatic juice

Also secretes insulin

🔹 IMPORTANT ENZYMES (EXAM GOLD)

Enzyme Acts On Converts Into

🪴Amylase / Starch/ Maltose

🪴Pepsin/ Protein /Peptides

🪴Trypsin /Protein /Amino acids

🌵Lipase/ Fat/Fatty acids + glycerol

🔹 CDS ONE-LINERS (VERY IMPORTANT)

🌲Digestion of protein starts in → Stomach

🌴Digestion of fat mainly occurs in → Small intestine

🌳Largest gland → Liver

🪨Enzyme absent in bile → All enzymes

🌊Absorption of digested food → Small intestine


Ye padhiye fir question solve krna .

☸️INS Sagardhwani 🛥️⛴️⛵

🌊Type: Oceanographic & underwater acoustic research vessel

🪴Commissioned: 1994

⚔️Built by: GRSE, Kolkata

⚓Operated by: Indian Navy for DRDO–NPOL


🌳Role & Importance

🍀Oceanographic and sonar research

🍀Supports indigenous ASW (Anti-Submarine Warfare) technology

🍀Enhances underwater domain awareness in the Indian Ocean


🌸Why in News (2026)

⚔️Flagged off from Kochi for Sagar Maitri–V mission

🌟Mission aims at scientific cooperation among Indian Ocean Rim countries

🌸Focus on collaborative marine and acoustic research


🏴‍☠️ One-liner

🌲INS Sagardhwani is a DRDO-NPOL research vessel used for underwater acoustic and sonar research; recently in news for the Sagar Maitri–V mission.

The Indian rupee hit a new record low of 91.74 against the US dollar.

Aajaooo🦦🐿️

10 soldiers lost their lives in this tragic accident


Om shanti🙏

Remembering the first Prime Minister of BhavyaBharath India 🇮🇳 and the true "Father of the Nation," Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose, 🙏🔥on his 129th birth anniversary!

He formed an army, trained soldiers, provided them with uniforms and ammunition, and managed to feed them daily. It is important to note that there was no government at the time, and he was an individual responsible for managing the military budget.

He had to raise funds from a colonized nation that naively believed non-violence would bring them freedom. He famously said, "If you follow me, I promise you death and India's freedom," and as a result, 80,000 joined the Indian National Army (INA).

Netaji derived strength by anchoring himself in the teachings of the Bhagavad Gita.

सादर नमन 🙏

Aajaiye

Hlo everyone ⚜️

For one last time ,

Kesi chal rahii aapki padhai ??
Score improve ho rha hai ??

Read it 🌳

🌲 Capf walo dhyan se padhna u can utilise it in:-

🌸Role of health security in national security
🌸Challenges of governance in urbanisation
🌸Civil–military cooperation in disaster & health response
🌸Examples of data, reports, government strategy = high marks

🇮🇳 Padma Awardee List: India’s Unsung Heroes

1.Anke Gowda
2.Armida Fernandez
3.Bhagwandas Raikwar
4.Bhiklya Ladakya Dhinda
5.Brij Lal Bhat
6.Budhri Tati
7.Charan Hembram
8.Chiranjee Lal Yadav
9.Dharmiklal Chunilal Pandya
10.Gafruddin Mewati Jogi
11.Hally War
12.Inderjit Singh Sidhu
13.K Pajanivel
14.Kailash Chandra Pant
15.Khem Raj Sundriyal
16.Kollakkayil Devaki Amma G
17.Kumarasamy Thangaraj
18.Mahendra Kumar Mishra
19.Mir Hajibhai Kasambhai
20.Mohan Nagar
21.Naresh Chandra Dev Varma
22.Nilesh Vinodchandra Mandlewala
23.Nuruddin Ahmed
24.Othuvar Thiruthani Swaminathan
25.Padma Gurmet
26.Pokhila Lekthepi
27.Punniamurthy Natesan
28.R Krishnan
29.Raghupat Singh
30.Raghuveer Tukaram Khedkar
31.Rajastapathi Kaliappa Goundar
32.Rama Reddy Mamidi
33.Ramchandra Godbole and Sunita Godbole
34.S G Susheelamma
35.Sangyusang S Pongener
36.Shafi Shauq
37.Shrirang Devaba Lad
38.Shyam Sundar
39.Simanchal Patro
40.Suresh Hanagavadi
41.Taga Ram Bheel
42.Techi Gubin
43.Thiruvaarur Bakthavathsalam
44.Vishwa Bandhu
45.Yumnam Jatra Singh

Happy 77th Republic Day to all

Bhārat above all and always ☀️🇮🇳