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भारतीय संविधान के भाग

♦️भारतीय संविधान के 22 भाग है

◾️भाग 1 - संघ और उनका राज्यक्षेत्र

◾️भाग 2 - नागरिकता

◾️भाग 3 -  मूल अधिकार

◾️भाग 4 - राज्य की नीति के निर्देशक तत्व
🔺4 (क) मूल कर्तव्य

◾️भाग 5 - संघ

◾️भाग 6 - राज्य

◾️भाग 7 - निकाल दिया गया निरस्त कर दिया गया

◾️भाग 8 - संघ राज्य क्षेत्र

◾️भाग 9 - पंचायत

🔺9 (क) नगर पालिकाए
🔺9 (ख) सहकारी समितियां

◾️भाग - 10 - अनुसूचित जाति, जनजातीय क्षेत्र

◾️भाग 11 - संघ और राज्यों के बीच संबंध

◾️भाग - 12 - वित्त, संपत्ती, संविदाए और वाद

◾️भाग - 13 - भारत के राज्य क्षेत्र के भीतर व्यापार, वाणिज्य और समागम

◾️भाग - 14 - संघ और राज्यों के अधीन सेवाएं

🔺14 (क) अधिकरण

◾️भाग 15 - निर्वाचन

◾️भाग 16 - कुछ वर्गों के संबंध में विशेष उपबंध

◾️भाग 17 - राज्य भाषा

◾️भाग 18 - आपात उपबंध

◾️भाग 19 - प्रकीर्ण

◾️भाग 20 - संविधान का संशोधन

◾️भाग 21 - अस्थाई, संक्रमणकालीन और विशेष उपबंध

◾️भाग 22 - संक्षिप्त नाम, प्रारंभ, हिंदी में
प्राधिकृत पाठ और निरसन


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🔥CUET 2024 Chemistry🔥

🔥Increasings or Decreasing Order🔥

🔴 01. Melting point=
Li > Na > K > Rb > Cs

🔴 02. Colour of the flame=
Li-Red, Na-Golden, K-Violet, Rb-Red, Cs-Blue, Ca-Brick red, Sr-Blood red, Ba-Apple green

🔴 03. Stability of hydrides =
LiH > NaH > KH > RbH> CsH

🔴 04. Basic nature of hydroxides=
LIOH < NaOH < KOH < RbOH < CsOH

🔴 05. Hydration energy=
Li> Na > K> Rb > Cs

🔴 06. Reducing character=
Li > Cs > Rb > K > Na

🔴 07. Stability of +3 oxidation state=
B> Al > Ga > In > T1

🔴 08. Stability of +1 oxidation state= Ga < In < TI

🔴 09. Basic nature of the oxides and hydroxides=
B< Al< Ga < In < TI

🔴 10. Relative strength of Lewis acid= BF3 < BCl3 < BBr3 < BI3

🔴 11. Ionisation energy=
B> Al <Ga > In <TI

🔴 12. Reactivity=
C<Si< Ge < Sn <Pb

🔴 13. Metallic character=
C< Si < Ge < Sn < Pb

🔴 14. Acidic character of the oxides=
Co2 > SiO2 > Ge02 > SnO2 > PbO2

🔴 15. Reducing nature of hydrides=
CH4 < SiH4  < GeH4  < SnH4 < PbH4

🔴 16. Thermal stability of tetrahalides=
CCl4> SiCl4> GeCl4> SnCl4 > PbCl4

🔴 17. Oxidising character of M+4 species=
GeCl4 < SnCl4 < PbCl4

🔴 18. Ease of hydrolysis of tetrahalides=
SiCl4 < GeCl4 < SnCl4 < PbCI4

🔴 19. Acidic strength of trioxides=
N203 > P2O3 > As2O3

🔴 20. Acidic strength of pentoxides=
N2O2 > P2O2> As202 > Sb2O2 > Bi‌202

🔴 21. Acidic strength of oxides of nitrogen=
N2O < NO <N2O3 <N2O4 < N2O5

🔴 22. Basic nature/ bond angle/ thermal stability and dipole moment of hydrides=
NH3 > PH3 > AsH3 > SbH3 > BiH3

🔴 23. Stability of trihalides of nitrogen=
NF3 > NCl3 > NBr3

🔴 24.Lewis base strength=
NF3 <NCl3 <NBr3 < NI3


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♨️💢Classification of solids as ionic, metallic, molecular, network (covalent) or amorphous.

(i) Tetra phosphdecoxide(P4O10)  → Molecular

(ii) Ammonium phosphate(NH4)3PO4  → ionic

(iii) SiC → Network (Covalent)

(iv) I2 → molecular

(v) P4 → Molecular

(vi) Plastic → amorphous

(vii) Graphite → Network (Covalent)

(viii) Brass → metallic

(ix) Rb → metallic

(x) LiBR → ionic

(xi) Si → Network (Covalent)
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हाल ही में चर्चा में रहा पॉपोकैटेपेटल ज्वालामुखी किस देश में स्थित है ?
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🔰 Motion In A Straight Line 🔰

Motion in a straight line refers to the movement of an object along a single direction, such as along a straight path or a straight line. In physics, motion in a straight line is studied under the branch of mechanics. The following concepts are important in the study of motion in a straight line:

Distance: Distance is a scalar quantity that represents the length of the path covered by an object during its motion. It is represented by the symbol "d" and has units of meters (m).

Displacement: Displacement is a vector quantity that represents the change in position of an object from its initial position. It is represented by the symbol "Δd" or "d".

Velocity: Velocity is the rate of change of displacement and is also a vector quantity. It is represented by the symbol "v" and has units of meters per second (m/s).

Acceleration: Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity and is also a vector quantity. It is represented by the symbol "a" and has units of meters per second squared (m/s^2).

Motion Equations: Motion equations are mathematical relationships that describe the motion of an object in a straight line. These equations can be used to calculate unknown quantities such as velocity, acceleration, and displacement.
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Gaseous State Laws:

1. BLT--> pronounced as BOLT, here B stands for Boyle's, L stands for Law and T stands for temperature, we know that temperature is constant in Boyles law.

2. CLP--> pronounced as CLIP, here C for Charles, L for Law and P for Pressure, we all know in Charles law pressure is constant.

3. GLV--> pronounced as GLIVE, G for gay's, L for Law and V for Volume. We all know that in Gay's law volume isconstant.                                              
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Notes on s-Block Elements:

Physical Properties of Alkali Metals:

These are soft in nature and can be cut with the help of knife except the lithium. 
The atoms of alkali metals have the largest size in their respective periods.
The first ionization energy of the alkali metals are the lowest as compared to the elements in the other group.
The alkali metals show +1 oxidation state.
The alkali metals have low values of reduction potential (as shown in table-I) and therefore have a strong tendency to lose electrons and act as good reducing agents.
The melting and boiling points of alkali metals are very low because the intermetallic bonds in them are quite weak.

Hydroxides of Alkali Metals:

a)All the alkali metals, their oxides, peroxides and superoxides readily dissolve in water to produce corresponding hydroxides which are strong alkalies.

2Na + 2H2O → 2NaOH + H2                  

Na2O + 2H2O 2NaOH              

Na2O2 + 2H2O → 2NaOH + H2O2              

2KO2 + 2H2O → 2KOH + H2O2 + O2   

b) The basic strength of these hydroxides increases as we move  down the group Li to Cs.
c) All these hydroxides are highly soluble in water and thermally    stable except lithium hydroxide.
d) Alkali metals hydroxides being strongly basic react with all acids forming salts.

NaOH + HCI → NacI + H2O              
2NaOH + H2 SO4 → Na2SO4 + 2H2O     

Halides of Alkali metals:
M2O + 2HX → 2MX + H2O               
MOH + HX → MX + H2O              
M2CO3 + 2HX → 2MX + CO2 + H2O (M = Li, Na, K, Rb or Cs)

(X = F, Cl, Br or I)
ll the alkali metals form ionic (electrovalent) compounds.
The alkali metals are good conductors of heat and electricity.
Alkali metals (except Li) exhibit photoelectric effect
The alkali metals and their salts impart a characteristic colour to flame.
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