Option (c) is Correct: Firoz Shah Tughlaq (ruled 1351-1388 CE) is credited with constructing the largest network of canals in medieval India, reflecting his focus on public welfare and agrarian reforms. He built and restored five major canals, notably from the Yamuna to Hissar and from the Ghaggar to Firozabad, facilitating irrigation in the arid zones of Haryana and Punjab. These initiatives improved agricultural productivity and stabilized rural economies. He also established new towns such as Firozabad and renovated tanks, wells, gardens and public buildings. Firoz Shah's state-sponsored irrigation policy was a landmark in medieval administrative planning and resource management.

Option (d) is Correct: Lord Cornwallis (1786-1793) Known as the Father of Civil Services in India, Lord Cornwallis laid the foundation of a structured and merit-based civil services system. He introduced a hierarchical administrative system, categorizing government employees into covenanted civil servants (higher posts filled by Europeans) and uncovenanted civil servants (lower posts often filled by Indians). Не focused on honesty, discipline and accountability in administration and raised salaries to discourage corruption. Cornwallis also laid down strict rules of conduct, making civil servants more professional and accountable. His reforms were part of the Cornwallis Code (1793)

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