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A Guideline on Writing a Research Proposal
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Step 1: Make a great introduction. The part that is designed to capture your readerโ€™s attention is the introduction to your master thesis proposal. It is a good idea to write it last, that way it is more likely to become interesting and you will sound like you know what to do. This recommendation might seem strange at first; however, itโ€™s perfectly logical because once everything has been researched, written and checked, you will have a good picture of what the end product is like. With this picture in mind, itโ€™s best to work on the introductory part of your paper last.
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Step 2: State the problem. Voice your research question. You might want to restate it in the form of the sentence so that your reader understands it better.
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Step 3: Provide background. Explain how the problem emerged. Give some background information on the issue you are going to research to substantiate the need for the problem resolution.
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Step 4: Declare the purpose. You should necessarily mention the purpose of your dissertation in the thesis proposal.
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Step 5: State significance. Mentioning the significance of the problem will add value to your research project.
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Step 6: Explain methods. Your reader should be aware of the methods your research project is going to utilize.
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Step 7: Review literature. A masterโ€™s research proposal is unthinkable without reviewing literature that is relevant to the topic of research. A thorough analysis of the literature sources should be conducted and clearly explained in the proposal. Do not forget to mention any alternative viewpoints on the topic; they might be useful in researching your question.
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Step 8: Formulate a clear hypothesis. Hypothesis section sets the goal for the thesis. If it is clear and understandable, the entire research project will become clear and easy to carry out.
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Step 9: Define your terms. Your proposal will be read by people who might not fully understand your dissertation and the terms it uses. You will need to provide a definition for every term you are using in your masterโ€™s thesis.
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Step 10: Tell your reader about your research assumptions. The research proposal for your masterโ€™s thesis should contain the basic assumptions you are making while working on the essay.
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Step 11: Define scope and limitations. Any research has its scope and limitations; you just canโ€™t cover everything with just one research project. Clearly, state the limitations and scope for your study and outline possibility for subsequent research.
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Step 12: Explain the procedure. Your reader should be aware of the procedure you are going to follow in the writing process. You will need to explain what and how will be done within the framework of your research.
@AMCstudents
SOURCE:https://www.privatewriting.com/blog/research-proposal-writing-effe
#แŽแˆฎแŽแˆญ

#แŽแˆฎแŽแˆญ แŠฅแŒ…แŒ แ‰ แŒฃแˆ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆˆแˆ˜แ‹ฐ แ‹จแ€แŒ‰แˆญ แ‰†แ‹ณ แ‰ฝแŒแˆญ แАแ‹แกแก แ‰ แ€แŒ‰แˆญ แ‰†แ‹ณ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแˆšแ‰ณแ‹ญ แАแŒญ แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹แ‰€ แ‹จแˆžแ‰ฐ แ‰†แ‹ณ แŽแˆฎแŽแˆญ แˆฒแˆ†แŠ• แŠ แˆแŽ แŠ แˆแŽแˆ แ‹จแˆ›แˆณแŠจแŠญ แˆแŠ”แ‰ณ แˆŠแŠ–แˆจแ‹ แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆแกแก
#แŽแˆฎแŽแˆญแŠ• #แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆตแŠจแ‰ตแˆ‰ #แˆแŠ”แ‰ณแ‹Žแ‰ฝ
๐Ÿ‘‰ แ‹ฐแˆจแ‰… แ‰†แ‹ณแก- แ‰ แ‰†แ‹ณ แˆ˜แ‹ตแˆจแ‰… แˆแŠญแŠ•แ‹ซแ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแˆ˜แŒฃ แŠจแ€แŒ‰แˆญ แ‰†แ‹ณ แ‰ แ‰ฐแŒจแˆ›แˆช แ‰ แŠฅแŒ… แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ แŠฅแŒแˆญ แ‰†แ‹ณแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆ‹แ‹ญแˆ แ‹ญแ‰ณแ‹ซแˆแกแก
๐Ÿ‘‰ แ‰…แ‰ฃแ‰ณแˆ› แ‹จแ‰†แ‹ณ แˆ˜แ‰†แŒฃแ‰ต แก- แ‹จแ‰†แ‹ณ แˆ˜แ‰…แˆ‹แ‰ตแฃแ‰…แ‰ฃแ‰ณแˆ› แ‰†แ‹ณ แ‰ แАแŒญ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ขแŒซ แ‰…แˆญแŠแ‰ต แˆ˜แˆณแ‹ญแˆ แАแŒˆแˆญแˆ แ‰ แ€แŒ‰แˆญ แ‰†แ‹ณ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹ญแ‰ณแ‹ซแˆแกแก แ‹ญแˆ… แ‹“แ‹ญแАแ‰ฑ แ‹จแŽแˆฎแŽแˆญ แ‹“แ‹ญแАแ‰ต แ‰ แ‰…แŠ•แ‹ตแ‰ฅ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ แŒ†แˆฎ แŒ€แˆญแ‰ฃ แˆ‹แ‹ญแˆ แ‹ญแŒˆแŠ›แˆแกแก
๐Ÿ‘‰แ‹จแ€แŒ‰แˆญ แŠ•แ…แˆ•แŠ“ แˆ›แŒฃแ‰ตแก- แ€แŒ‰แˆญแ‹ŽแŠ• แ‰ แˆ˜แ‹ฐแ‰ แŠ› แˆแŠ”แ‰ณ แ‹จแˆ›แ‹ญแ‰ณแŒ แ‰ก แŠจแˆ†แА แˆˆแŽแˆฎแŽแˆญ แ‰ฐแŒ‹แˆ‹แŒญ แ‹ญแˆ†แŠ“แˆ‰แกแก
๐Ÿ‘‰แˆแŠ•แŒˆแˆต แก- แ‰ แˆแŠ•แŒˆแˆต แˆแŠญแŠ•แ‹ซแ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแˆ˜แŒฃ แ‹จแŽแˆฎแŽแˆญ แ‹“แ‹ญแАแ‰ตแˆ แ‹ซแˆˆ แˆฒแˆ†แŠ• แŠ แŠ•แ‹ณแŠ•แ‹ถแ‰ฝ แˆˆแ‰†แ‹ณแ‰ธแ‹ แ‰ฐแˆตแˆ›แˆš แ‹ซแˆแˆ†แŠ‘ แ‹จแ€แŒ‰แˆญ แˆ˜แ‹‹แ‰ขแ‹ซแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰ แˆ˜แŒ แ‰€แˆ แˆแŠญแŠ•แ‹ซแ‰ต แ‹ญแŠจแˆฐแ‰ตแ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹‹แˆแกแก
#แˆˆแŽแˆฎแŽแˆญ #แ‰ฐแŒ‹แˆ‹แŒญแАแ‰ต #แ‹จแˆšแŒจแˆแˆฉ #แˆแŠ”แ‰ณแ‹Žแ‰ฝ
๐Ÿ‘‰แ‹•แ‹ตแˆœแก-แ‰ แŠ แ‰ฅแ‹›แŠ›แ‹ แ‰ แˆแŒ†แ‰ฝแŠ“ แ‰ แ‹ˆแŒฃแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹ญแ‰ณแ‹ซแˆแกแก
๐Ÿ‘‰แ†แ‰ณแก- แŠ แŠ•แ‹ณแŠ•แ‹ต แŒฅแŠ“แ‰ถแ‰ฝ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆšแ‹ซแˆณแ‹ฉแ‰ต แŠจแˆ†แА แ‰ แ‹ˆแŠ•แ‹ถแ‰ฝ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ แ‰ฅแ‹›แ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแŠจแˆฐแ‰ต แ‰ฃแˆ…แˆญแ‹ญ แŠ แˆˆแ‹แกแก
๐Ÿ‘‰ แ‰ฐแŒ“แ‹ณแŠ แ‰ แˆฝแ‰ณแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆ˜แŠ–แˆญ แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹‰แกแก
#แŽแˆฎแŽแˆญแŠ• #แˆˆแˆ˜แŠจแˆ‹แŠจแˆ
๐Ÿ‘‰ แ‰ แˆ˜แ‹ฐแ‰ แŠ› แˆแŠ”แ‰ณ แ‹จแ€แŒ‰แˆญ แŠ•แ…แˆ•แŠ“ แˆ˜แŒ แ‰ แ‰…
๐Ÿ‘‰แˆˆแ€แŒ‰แˆญแ‹Ž แ‹จแˆšแŒ แ‰€แˆ™แ‰ตแŠ• แˆ˜แ‹‹แ‰ขแ‹ซแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆ˜แ‰€แАแˆต
๐Ÿ‘‰แŽแˆฎแŽแˆญ แ‰ แŠ แ‰ฅแ‹›แŠ›แ‹ แŠ•แ…แˆ•แŠ“แŠ• แ‰ แˆ˜แŒ แ‰ แ‰… แŠฅแŠ“ แŠ แˆ˜แŒ‹แŒˆแ‰ฅแŠ• แ‰ แˆ›แˆตแ‰ฐแŠจแŠซแˆ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ตแŠ• แˆฒแˆ†แŠ• แ‰ฝแŒแˆฉ แˆˆแˆณแˆแŠ•แ‰ณแ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแ‰†แ‹ญแฃแ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆณแŠญแŠญ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ แ€แˆจ แŽแˆฎแŽแˆญ แ‹จแˆ›แ‹ญแ‰ณแŒˆแˆต แŠจแˆ†แА แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แˆแŠชแˆ แ‰ แˆ˜แˆ„แ‹ต แˆ•แŠญแˆแŠ“ แˆ›แŒแŠ˜แ‰ต แ‰ฐแŒˆแ‰ข แАแ‹แกแก แˆ•แŠญแˆแŠ“แ‹แŠ•แˆ แ‰ แˆแŠชแˆแ‹Ž แ‰ตแ‹•แ‹›แ‹ แˆ˜แˆ แˆจแ‰ต แ‰ แˆ˜แŒ แ‰€แˆ แŠจแŽแˆฎแŽแˆญ แАแƒ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ• แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆ‰แกแก

#แˆ˜แˆแŠซแˆ #แŒคแŠ“
แ‹จแ‰€แ‹ตแˆž แ‹จแŠขแŒแ‹ฒแˆช แ•แˆฌแ‹แ‹ณแŠ•แ‰ต แŒแˆญแˆ› แ‹ˆแˆแ‹ฐแŒŠแ‹ฎแˆญแŒŠแˆต แ‰ แˆ…แ‹ญแ‹ˆแ‰ต แ‹˜แˆ˜แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹ แ‹จแŠ แ‹ญแŠ• แ‰ฅแˆŒแŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แˆˆแˆ˜แˆˆแŒˆแˆต แ‰ƒแˆ แ‰ แŒˆแ‰กแ‰ต แˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ต แ‰ฐแˆแŒปแˆš แˆ†แАแข
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แ‹จแ‰€แ‹ตแˆž แŠ˜แˆฌแ‹แ‹ณแŠ•แ‰ต แŒแˆญแˆ› แ‹ˆแˆแ‹ฐแŒŠแ‹ฎแˆญแŒŠแˆต แ‹จแŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แ‹จแ‹“แ‹ญแŠ• แ‰ฃแŠ•แŠญ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแ‰‹แ‰‹แˆ แ‰ตแˆแ‰… แ‹ตแˆญแˆป แŠ แ‰ แˆญแŠญแ‰ฐแ‹‹แˆแกแก แŠจแ‹šแˆ…แˆ แ‰ แ‰ฐแŒจแˆ›แˆชแˆ แ‹จแŠ แ‹ญแŠ• แ‰ฅแˆŒแŠ“แ‰ธแ‹ แˆˆแˆ˜แˆˆแŒˆแˆต แ‰ƒแˆˆ แ‹จแŒˆแ‰ก แ‹จแˆ˜แŒ€แˆ˜แˆชแ‹ซแ‹ แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซแ‹Š แАแ‰ แˆฉแกแก
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แ‹จแ‰€แ‹ตแˆž แ‹จแŠขแŒแ‹ฒแˆช แŠ˜แˆฌแ‹แ‹ณแŠ•แ‰ต แŒแˆญแˆ› แ‹ˆแˆแ‹ฐแŒŠแ‹ฎแˆญแŒŠแˆต แˆˆแŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แ‹จแ‹“แ‹ญแŠ• แ‰ฃแŠ•แŠญ แˆ‹แ‰ แˆจแŠจแ‰ฑแ‰ต แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹‹แŒฝแŠฆ แˆแˆตแŒ‹แŠ“ แ‹จแ‰€แˆจแ‰  แˆฒแˆ†แŠ• แ‰ แˆ…แˆแˆแ‰ฐ แˆ•แ‹ญแ‹ˆแ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆฐแˆ›แ‹แŠ• แŒฅแˆแ‰… แˆ€แ‹˜แŠ• แ‹จแ‹“แ‹ญแŠ• แ‰ฃแŠ•แŠฉ แŒˆแˆแŒฟแˆแกแก
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แ‰ แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แŠจแˆถแˆตแ‰ต แˆ˜แ‰ถ แˆบแˆ… แ‰ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ แŠ แ‹ญแŠ• แŒ แ‰ฃแˆณ แˆแŠญแŠ•แ‹ซแ‰ต แˆˆแŠ แ‹ญแŠ• แˆฅแ‹แˆญแАแ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแ‹ฐแˆจแŒ‰ แˆฒแˆ†แŠ• แ‹ญแˆ…แŠ•แŠ• แ‰ฝแŒแˆญ แˆˆแˆ›แˆตแ‹ˆแŒˆแ‹ต แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠจแˆžแ‰ฑ แ‰ แŠ‹แˆ‹ แ‹จแŠ แ‹ญแŠ• แ‰ฅแˆŒแŠ• แ‹จแˆ˜แˆˆแŒˆแˆต แˆแˆแ‹ต แ‰ขแ‹ซแŠซแ‰ฅแ‰ฑ แˆ˜แˆแŠซแˆ แАแ‹ แ‰ฐแ‰ฅแˆแˆแกแก
แ‹จแˆตแ‰ฅแ‹•แŠ“ แˆ˜แ‹›แАแ แ‰ฝแŒแˆญ(personality disorders)
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แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐ แˆฐแ‹ แˆแŒ… แˆ˜แˆแŠญ แˆแˆ‰ แ‰ฃแˆ…แˆชแˆ แ‰ แŠฅแŒ…แŒ‰ แ‹ญแˆˆแ‹ซแ‹ซแˆ แก แ‹ญแˆแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แŒ‚ แˆแŠญ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐ แ‹แŒซแ‹Š แˆ›แŠ•แАแ‰ณแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹จแˆฐแ‹ แˆแŒ… แ‰ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ“แ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰ฅแ‰ป แ‰ฅแ‹™ แŠฅแˆญแˆต แ‰ แŠฅแˆญแˆต แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆ˜แˆณแˆตแˆ‰แŠ• แ‹จแŒ‹แˆซ แ‹จแˆ†แŠ‘ แ‰ฃแˆ…แˆชแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠ แˆ‰ แˆตแˆˆแˆ†แАแˆ แŠจแˆŒแˆŽแ‰ฝ แŒแˆˆแˆฐแ‰ฆแ‰ฝ แ‰ฐแˆตแˆ›แˆแ‰พ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ฐแŒ‹แŒแ‹ž แˆˆแˆ˜แŠ–แˆญ แŠ แŠ•แ‰ธแŒˆแˆญแˆแก แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹›แАแˆ แ‹จแˆตแ‰ฅแ‹•แŠ“ แ‰ฝแŒแˆญ แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ซแ‹จ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแ‹ต แ‹ซแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠจแˆŒแˆŽแ‰ฝ แ‹จแˆ›แˆ…แ‰ แˆจแˆฐแ‰ฅ แŠญแแˆŽแ‰ฝ แŒ‹แˆญ แ‰ฐแˆตแˆ›แˆแ‰ฐแ‹ แˆˆแˆ˜แŠ–แˆญ แ‹ญแ‰ธแŒˆแˆซแˆ‰แข แ‹จแŠฅแАแ‹šแˆ… แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‹จแˆตแ‰ฅแŠ“ แ‰ฝแŒแˆญ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ฃแˆ…แˆชแ‹ญ แ‹จแˆ›แˆ…แ‰ แˆจแˆฐแ‰กแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‰…แˆตแ‰ƒแˆดแŠ“ แˆฐแˆ‹แˆ แˆฒแˆจแ‰ฅแˆฝ แˆ›แ‹จแ‰ตแˆ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆˆแˆ˜แ‹ฐ แАแ‹แข

แ‹จแˆตแ‰ฅแ‹•แŠ“ แˆ˜แ‹›แАแ แ‰ฝแŒแˆญ แŠจ 10 แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰  2แ‰ฑ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆšแ‰ณแ‹ญ แŒฅแŠ“แ‰ถแ‰ฝ แ‹ซแˆณแ‹ซแˆ‰แข แŠฅแАแ‹šแˆ… แ‹จแˆตแ‰ฅแ‹•แŠ“ แˆ˜แ‹›แАแ แ‰ฝแŒแˆฎแ‰ฝ แˆˆแŠ แŠ•แ‹ณแŠ•แ‹ต แ‹จแŠ แ‹•แˆแˆฎ แˆ…แˆ˜แˆžแ‰ฝ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆ˜แАแˆป แˆแŠญแŠ•แ‹ซแ‰ตแˆ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆšแˆ†แŠ‘แˆ แ‹ญแ‰ณแˆ˜แŠ“แˆแก แˆ†แŠ–แˆ แ‹จแ‹šแˆ… แ‰ฝแŒแˆญ แ‰ฐแŒ แ‰‚แ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‹จแ‰ฝแŒแˆฉ แ‰ฐแŒ แ‰‚ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แ‹ซแˆˆแˆ›แˆ˜แŠ• แ‰ฝแŒแˆญ แˆตแˆ‹แˆˆแ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹ แ‹จแˆ…แŠญแˆแŠ“ แŠฅแˆญแ‹ณแ‰ณ แˆˆแˆ˜แˆตแŒ แ‰ตแˆ แŠฅแŒ…แŒ แŠ แˆตแ‰ธแŒ‹แˆช แАแ‹แข

แ‹จแˆตแ‰ฅแ‹•แŠ“ แˆ˜แ‹›แАแ แˆ…แˆ˜แˆ แŠ แ‹ญแАแ‰ถแ‰ฝ 10 แŠ แ‹ญแАแ‰ต แˆฒแˆ†แŠ‘ แˆˆแ‹›แˆฌ แˆแˆˆแ‰ฑแŠ• แ‰ แŠ แŒญแˆฉ แŠฅแŠ•แˆ˜แˆˆแŠจแ‰ณแˆˆแŠ•

1. Narcissistic personality(แŠจแˆแˆ‰ แ‰ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แАแŠ แ‰ฃแ‹ญแАแ‰ต)
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- แ‹จแ‹šแˆ… แ‰ฝแŒแˆญ แ‹ซแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ แŒฃแˆ แ‹จแ‰ฐแŒ‹แАแА แˆซแˆตแŠ• แŠจแ แŠจแ แŠ แ‹ตแˆญแŒŽ แ‹จแˆ›แ‰…แˆจแ‰ฅ แ‰ฐแ‹ซแ‹ญแ‹žแˆ แŠจแแ‰ฐแŠ› แŠ แ‹ตแŠ“แ‰†แ‰ตแŠ• แˆ˜แˆแˆˆแŒ แ‹ญแŠจแ‰ฐแˆ‹แˆ
- แ‰ตแŠ•แˆฝ แ‹ซแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แ‰ฝแˆŽแ‰ณ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แŠญแˆ…แˆŽแ‰ต แ‰ แŒฃแˆ แ‰ แ‰ฐแŒ‹แАแА แˆ˜แˆแŠฉ แˆ›แ‰…แˆจแ‰ฅ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‹˜แŠ•แ‹ต แŠ แ‹ตแŠ“แ‰†แ‰ตแŠ• แˆˆแˆ›แŒแŠ˜แ‰ต แˆ˜แˆžแŠจแˆญ แก แˆซแˆณแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แ‰ฃแˆแ‰ฐแŒˆแ‹ฐแ‰  แ‹จแˆตแŠฌแ‰ต แˆแŠžแ‰ต แฃ แˆตแˆแŒฃแŠ• แŠฅแŠ“ แˆƒแ‹ญแˆ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‹ญแ‹‹แŠ›แˆ‰แก แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฑแˆแˆ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹จ แ‹แ‰ แ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹แŠ“ แ‰ แŒฃแˆ แ‰ฅแ‹™ แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ แ‹แ‰ แ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹แŠ“ แ‰ แˆตแŠฌแ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹ แ‹จแ‰ฐแАแˆณ แ‰ แแ‰…แˆญ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆšแ‹แ‹ตแ‰แˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แ‹ซแˆตแ‰ฃแˆ‰ แ‹ซแ‹แˆซแˆ‰แข
- แˆซแˆณแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐ แˆแ‹ฉ แˆฐแ‹ แ‰ แˆ˜แ‰แŒ แˆญ แŠฅแАแˆฑแŠ• แ‹จแˆšแˆจแ‹ณแ‰ธแ‹ แŠฅแŒ…แŒ แ‰ แŒฃแˆ แŒฅแ‰‚แ‰ต แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ“ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆแˆ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแАแˆฑ แ‹ซแˆ‰ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹จ แ‰ฝแˆŽแ‰ณแŠ“ แ‰ฐแŒแ‰ฃแ‰ฆแ‰ต แ‹ซแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ฅแ‰ป แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆ†แŠ‘ แ‹ซแˆตแ‰ฃแˆ‰
- แ‰ แŠฅแ‹ซแŠ•แ‹ณแŠ•แ‹ฑ แŠฅแŠ•แ‰…แˆตแ‰ƒแˆดแ‹Žแ‰ปแ‰ธแ‹ แŠฅแŠ“ แŠ•แŒแŒแˆซแ‰ธแ‹ แŠ แ‹ตแŠ“แ‰†แ‰ตแŠ• แ‹จแˆšแŒ แ‰ฅแ‰ แŠ“แ‰ฝแ‹แข
- แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹จ แŠฅแŠ•แŠญแ‰ฅแŠซแ‰ค แŠฅแŠ“ แŒ แ‰ฃแ‰†แ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแ‹ฐแˆญแŒแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แ‹จแˆšแˆแˆแŒ‰
- แ‹จแˆŒแˆŽแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆตแˆœแ‰ต แˆˆแˆ˜แŒ แ‰ แ‰… แŠ แˆˆแˆ˜แˆžแŠจแˆญแŠ“ แˆแˆแŒŠแ‹œแˆ แˆซแˆณแ‰ธแ‹ แ‰ฅแ‰ป แ‹ซแˆ›แŠจแˆˆ แŠฅแŠ•แ‰…แˆตแ‰ƒแˆด แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแ‰ฐแŒ แˆ˜แ‹ฑ แ‰ แ‹šแˆ…แˆ แˆŒแˆŽแ‰ฝ แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‹ญแ‰€แŠ‘แ‰ฅแŠ›แˆ แ‰ฅแˆˆแ‹ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆตแ‰ก แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แข

2. แ‹จแ‰ แ‹› แ‰ฐแŒ แˆซแŒฃแˆชแАแ‰ต(paranoid personality)
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- แ‹ซแˆˆแ‰ แ‰‚ แˆแŠญแŠ•แ‹ซแ‰ต แˆจแ‹˜แˆ แ‹ซแˆˆแŠ“ แ‹จแˆ›แ‹ญแˆˆแ‹‹แ‹ˆแŒฅ แ‰ฐแŒ แˆซแŒฃแˆชแАแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹ซแˆˆแˆ›แˆ˜แŠ• แ‰ฝแŒแˆญ
- แˆƒแˆ‹แŠแАแ‰ตแŠ• แ‰ แˆ˜แˆธแˆฝ แˆˆแˆŒแˆŽแ‰ฝ แŠ แˆณแˆแŽ แˆ˜แˆตแŒ แ‰ตแŠ• แ‹จแˆšแˆ˜แˆญแŒก
- แ‰ แ‰ฃแˆ…แˆชแ‹ซแ‰ธแ‹ แ‰ แŒฃแˆ แ‰ฐแŒ แˆซแŒฃแˆช แฃ แАแŒญแŠ“แŒซ แฃ แ‰แŒก แฃ แŠข-แแ‰ตแˆƒแ‹ŠแАแ‰ตแŠ• แ‹จแˆšแ‰ณแ‹ญแ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹
- แ‹จแแ‰…แˆญ แŒ“แ‹ฐแŠ›แŠ• แŠ แ‰ฅแ‹แ‰ถ แˆ˜แŒ แˆซแŒ แˆญ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แ‰ณแˆ›แŠ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแˆแˆ†แА /แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแˆแˆ†แАแ‰ฝ/ แˆ›แˆฐแ‰ฅ
- แŠฅแАแ‹šแˆ… แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ฅแ‹™แ‹แŠ• แŒŠแ‹œ แ‹จแ‰…แˆญแ‰ฅ แ‹จแ‰คแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰ฅ แŠ แ‰ฃแˆ‹แ‰ตแŠ• แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆปแˆˆ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆแŠ‘ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆแˆ
"แˆฐแ‹‰แŠ• แˆ›แˆ˜แŠ• แ‰€แ‰ฅแˆฎ แАแ‹" แ‹จแˆšแˆˆแ‹แŠ• แ‰ฅแˆ‚แˆ แŠ แ‰ฅแ‹แ‰ฐแ‹ แ‹จแˆšแŒ แ‰€แˆ™ แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แข

แˆ˜แˆแŠซแˆ แŠ•แ‰ฃแ‰ฅ!
แ‹ฎแˆดแ แˆณแˆ…แˆŒ (แŠ แ‹˜แŒ‹แŒ… )
this is message i got from nigeria so anyone who can help him...i would send you his adrese
Help him!!!
The one that I told you is this one his doctor hood student but he had upper left extremity problem . So any who can help him contact me. His living Nigeria
*fund raising*
*Date: January 10 2019*
Abusite is high time we help a colleague of ours *Oduoye Malik Olatunde* with the registration number *U12MD1022* a 600level medical students of Ahmadu Bello University which has successfully completed his previous levels of medical training but unable to continue due to his physical impairment (post-polio paralysis)... Abusite and any other person reading this please we are doing *#1000 fund raising* for him... please is what we can afford๐Ÿ˜Ÿ... please help a colleague๐Ÿ™... please help Malik to complete his CAREER in medical line๐Ÿ˜Ÿ.you never can tell how it helps *#3million-#1000* will be a reduction to his needs he needs us *Abusite*..if you can afford more we will be greatful...may God help us All
*Account number is 3132351828 . first Bank, Oduoye Malik Olatunde*
Below are evidence that this not a scam...he needs help from us he really do...He needs the treatment as soon as possible for him to continue his medical training/career...".
His account number is ;;. 3132351828 , First Bank,. Oduoye Malik Olatunde

[1/10, 12:04] Abdulmalik: 07011833179
*Common Medical Abbreviations*

> *Rx* = Treatment
> *Hx* = History
> *Dx* = Diagnosis
> *q* = Every
> *qd* = Every day
> *qod* = Every other day
> *qh* = Every Hour
> *S* = without
> *SS* = One & half
> *C* = With
> *SOS* = If needed
> *AC* = Before Meals
> *PC* = After meals
> *BID* = Twice a Day
> *TID* = Thrice a Day
> *QID* = Four times a day
> *OD* = Once a Day
> *BT* = Bed Time
> *hs* = Bed Time
> *BBF* = Before Breakfast
> *BD* = Before Dinner
> *Tw* = Twice a week
> *SQ* = sub cutaneous
> *IM* = Intramuscular
> *ID* = Intradermal
> *IV* = Intravenous
> *Q4H* = (every 4 hours)
> *QOD* = (every other day)
> *HS* = (at bedtime)
> *PRN* = (as needed)
> *PO or "per os"* (by mouth)
> *Mg* = (milligrams)
> *Mcg/ug* = (micrograms)
> *G or Gm* = (grams)
> *1TSF* (Teaspoon) = 5 ml
> *1 Tablespoonful* =15ml
~ *DDx* =differential Diagnosis
*Tx* =Treatment
*RTx* =Radiotherapy
*CTx* =Chemotherapy
*R/O* =rule out
*s.p* =status post
*PMH(x)* =post medical history
*Px* =Prognosis
*Ix* =Indication
*CIx* =contraindication
*Bx* =biopsy
*Cx* =complication...

*Knowledge About Blood*
1. Which is known as โ€˜River of Lifeโ€™?
*Answer: Blood*
2. Blood circulation was discovered by?
*Answer: William Harvey*
3. The total blood volume in an adult?
*Answer: 5-6 Litres*
4. The pH value of Human blood?
*Answer: 7.35-7.45*
5. The normal blood cholesterol level?
*Answer: 150-250 mg/100 ml*
6. The fluid part of blood?
*Answer: Plasma*
7. Plasma protein fibrinogen has an active role in?
*Answer: Clotting of blood*
8. Plasma protein globulins functions as?
*Answer: Antibodies*
9. Plasma proteins maintain the blood pH?
*Answer: Albumins*
10. Biconcave discs shaped blood cell?
*Answer: RBC* (Erythrocytes)
*11. Non nucleated blood cell?*
*Answer: RBC* (Erythrocytes)
12. Respiratory pigments present in RBC?
*Answer: Haemoglobin*
13. Red pigment present in RBC?
*Answer: Haemoglobin*
14. RBC produced in the?
*Answer: Bone marrow*
15. Iron containing pigment of Haemoglobin?
*Answer: Haem*
16. Protein containing pigment of Haemoglobin?
*Answer: Globin*
17. Graveyard of RBC?
*Answer: Spleen*
18. Blood bank in the body?
*Answer: Spleen*
19. Life span of RBC?
*Answer: 120 Days*
20. Total count is measured by an instrument known as?
*Answer: Haemocytometer*
21. A decrease in RBC count is known as?
*Answer: Anemia*
22. An increase in RBC count is known as?
*Answer: Polycythemia*
23. A high concentration of bilirubin in the blood causes?
*Answer: Jaundice*
24. The disease resistant blood cell?
*Answer: WBC (leucocytes)*
25. Which WBC is known as soldiers of the body?
*Answer: Neutrophils*
26. Largest WBC?
*Answer: Monocyes*
27. Smallest WBC?
*Answer: Lymphocytes*
28. Antibodies producing WBC?
*Answer: Lymphocytes*
29. Life span of WBC?
*Answer: 10-15 days*
30. Blood cell performs an important role in blood clotting?
*Answer: Thrombocytes (Platelets)*
31. Vessels is called?
*Answer: Thrombus*
32. Anticoagulant present in Blood?
*Answer: Heparin*
33. A hereditary bleeding disease?
*Answer: Haemophilia*
34. Bleederโ€™s disease?
*Answer: Haemophilia*
35. Christmas disease?
*Answer: Haemophilia*
36. A type of Anemia with sickle shaped RBC?
*Answer: Sickle cell anemia*
37. Viscosity of Blood?
*Answer: 4.5 to 5.5*
38. Instrument used to measure haemoglobin?
*Answer: Haemoglobinometer*
39. Who demonstrated blood groups?
*Answer: Karl Landsteiner*
40. Who demonstrated Rh factor?
*Answer: Karl Landsteiner*
41. Blood group which is called Universal donor?
*Answer: O*
42. Blood group which is called Universal recipient?
*Answer: AB*
43. Blood group is most common among the Asians?
*Answer: B*

*MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY*

Everybody should know the basic functioning of Human Body and its main parts in order to express and explain their ailment to the Doctor and at the same time one should be able to understand the diagnosis expressed by the Doctor in the medical terminology. For easy recognition of the Compounded Words used in the Medical Terminology for naming the disease, Suffixes are added to Prefixes. For this hereunder giving you a few such prefixes for your ready referen
ce and understanding.

Prefix - Meaning

*1. Adeno* - Glandular
*2. An* - Not
*3. Anti* - Against
*4. Aorto* - Aorta
*5. Artho* - joint
*6. Bleph* - Eyelid
*7. Broncho* - Bronchi
*8. Cardio* - Heart
*9. Cephal* - Head
*10. Cerebro* - Brain
*11. Cervico* - Cervix
*12. Cholecysto* - Gall Bladder
*13. Coli* - Bowel
*14. Colpo* - Vagina
*15. Entero* - Intestine
*16. Gastro* - Stomach
*17. Glosso* - Tongue
*18. Haema* - Blood
*19. Hepa* - Liver
*20. Hystero* - Uterus
*21. Laryngo* - Larynx
*22. Leuco* - White
*23. Metro* - Uterus
*24. Myelo* - Spinal cord
*25. Myo* - Muscle
*26. Nephro* - Kidney
*27. Neuro* - Nerve
*28. Odonto* - Tooth
*29. Orchido* - Testis
*30. Osteo* - Bone
*31. Oto* - Ear
*32. Pharyngo* - Pharynx
*33. Pio* - Pus
*34. Pneumo* - Lung
*35. Ren* - Kidney
*36. Rhin* - Nose
*37. Spleno* - Spleen
*38. Thyro* - Thyroid Gland
*39. Urethro* - Urethra
*40. Vesico* โ€“ Bladder

*Here are the suffixes used in Medical terminology. Check out!Suffix - Meaning*

*1. -aemia* : Blood
*2. -algia* : Pain
*3. -derm* : skin
*4. -dynia* : pain
*5. -ectomy* : removal
*6. -Itis* : inflammation
*7. -lithiasis* : Presence of Stone
*8. -malacia* : softening
*9. -oma* : tumour
*10. -opia* : eye
*11. -osis* : Condition,excess
*12. -otomy* : incision of
*13. -phobia* : fear
*14. -plasty* : surgery
*15. -plegia* : peralysis
*16. -ptosis* : falling
*17. -rhoea* : excessive discharge
*18. -rhage* : to burst forth
*19. -rhythmia* : rhythm.
*20. -stasis* : stoppage of movement
*21. -sthenia* : weakness
*22. -stomy* : outlet
*23. -tomy* : removal
*24. -trophy* : nourishment
*25. -uria* : urine

*Compounded Words - Meaning*

*1. Anaemia* - Deficiency of haemoglobin in the blood
*2. Analgesic* - Medicine which alleviates pain
*3. Arthralgia* - Pain in a joint
*4. Cephalalgia* - Headache
*5. Nephralgia* - Pain in the kidney
*6. Neuralgia* - Nerve pain
*7. Myalgia* - Muscle pain
*8. Otalgia* - Ear ache
*9. Gastralgia* - Pain in the stomach
*10. Pyoderma* - Skin infection with pus formation
*11. Leucoderma* - Defective skin pigmentaion
*12. Hysterodynia* - Pain in the uterus
*13. Hysterectomy* - Excision of the uterus
*14. Nephrectomy* - Excision of a kidney
*15. Adenectomy* - Excision of a gland
*16. Cholecystectomy* - Excision of gall bladder
*17. Thyroidectomy* - Excision of thyroid gland
*18. Arthritis* - Inflammation of a joint
*19. Bronchitis* - Inflammation of the bronchi
*20. Carditis* - Inflammation of the heart
*21. Cervicitis* - Inflammation of the cervix
*22. Colitis* - Inflammation of the colon
*23. Colpitis* - Inflammation of the vagina
*24. Cystitis* - Inflammation of the urinary bladder
*25. Enteritis* - Inflammation of the intestines
*26. Gastritis* - Inflammation of the stomach
*27. Glossitis* - Inflammation of the tongue
*28. Hepatitis* - Inflammation of the liver
*29. Laryngitis* - Inflammation of the larynx
*30. Metritis* - Inflammation of the uterus
*31. Myelitis* - Inflammation of the spinal cord
*32. Nephritis* - Inflammation of the kidney
*33. Pharyngitis* - Inflammation of the pharynx
*34. Blepharitis* - Inflammation of the eyelids
*35. Cholelithiasis* - Stone in the gall bladder
*36. Nephrolithiasis* - Stone in the kidney
*37. Osteomalacia* - Softening of bones through deficiency of calcium or D vitamin
*38. Adenoma* -Benign tumour of glandular tissue
*39. Myoma* - Tumour of muscle
*40. Diplopia* - Double vision
*41. Thrombosis* - Formation of a blood clot
*42. Pyloromyotomy* - Incision of pyloric sphincter muscle
*43. Hedrophobia* - Fear of water(Rabies in humans)
*44. Neuroplasty* - Surgical repair of nerves
*45. Pyloraplasty* - Incision of plastic pylorus to widen passage
*46. Hemiplegia* - Paralysis of one side of the body
*47. Nephroptosis* - Downward displacement of the kidney
*48. Amenorrhoea* - Absence of menstrual discharge
*49. Dysmenorrhoea* - Painful menstruation
*50. Leucorrhoea* - Whitish vaginal discharge
*51. Menorrhoea* - Menstrual bleeding
*52. Haemorrhage* - Escape of blood from a vessel
*53. Arrhythmia* - Any de
viation of normal rhythm of heart
*54. Cholestasis* - Diminution in the flow of bile
*55. Haemostatis* - Arrest of bleeding
*56. Neurasthenia* - Nervous debility
*57. Cystostomy* - Surgical opening made into the bladder
*58. Cystotomy* - Incision into the urinary bladder
*59. Hypertrophy* - Increase in the size of tissues
*60. Haematuria* - Blood in the urine
*61. Glycosuria* - Presence of sugar in the urine
*62. Albuminuria* - Presence of albumin in the urine
แ‹จแแ‰…แˆญ แ‰€แŠ• แŠ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆˆแˆ
Valentine's day แ‹ญแˆ… แ‰€แŠ• แ‰ แ‰ตแŠญแŠญแˆ แ‹จแแ‰…แˆจแŠ›แˆžแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰€แŠ• แˆˆแˆ›แˆ แ‰ฅ
แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆต แˆˆ แ‰ฐแ‹ฐแ‰ แ‰€แ‹ แŠ แˆ‹แˆ›แ‹ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆแŒ แˆจ แ‰€แŠ• ?
แˆตแˆˆแ‹šแˆ… แ‰€แŠ• แˆฒแАแŒˆแˆญ แŠฅแŠ“ แˆฒแ‹ˆแˆซ แŠจแˆ แˆ›แАแ‹
แ‹จแแ‰…แˆญ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแแ‰…แˆจแŠ›แˆžแ‰ฝ แ‰€แŠ• แ‰ แˆ˜แ‰ฃแˆ แ‰ แŠ แˆˆแˆ›แ‰ฝแŠ• แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ แ‰ฅแ‹™แ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‹จแˆšแ‰ณแˆ แ‰ฅ แ‰€แŠ• แАแ‹
แˆ€แˆณแ‰กแŠ• แˆณแ‰ตแˆ˜แˆจแˆแˆญ แŠจแ‰ฐแ‰€แ‰ แˆแŠจแ‹ แˆ˜แˆแŠซแˆ แ‹ญแˆ˜แˆตแˆ‹แˆ
แАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• แŠจแŒ€แˆญแ‰ฃแ‹ แŠฅแŒ…แŒ แ‰ แŒฃแˆ แ‹จแŒ แˆˆแ‰€ แ‹ตแ‰ฅแ‰… แŠ แˆ‹แˆ› แŠ แˆˆแ‹
แ‰ แ‹šแˆ… แ‰€แŠ• แ‰  February 24
แ‰  million แ‹จแˆšแ‰†แŒ แˆฉ แŠฅแˆ…แ‰ถแ‰ปแ‰ฝแŠ•แŠ• แ‹ตแŠ•แŒแˆแŠ“แ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แ‰ แ‹šแˆ… แ‰€แŠ• แ‹ซแŒฃแˆ‰
2. แ‰ แˆญแŠซแ‰ณ แ‹ˆแŒฃแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แ‰ แˆตแŠซแˆญ แˆแŠญแŠ•แ‹ซแ‰ต แ‰ แˆšแ‹ซแˆฝแŠจแˆจแŠญแˆฉแ‰ต แˆ˜แŠชแŠ“
แˆ…แ‹ญแ‹ˆแ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แŠฅแŠ“ แŠ แŠซแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แ‹ซแŒฃแˆ‰
3. แ‰  แ‰ แŠ แˆˆแˆ›แ‰ฝแŠ• แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ แŠจแแ‰ฐแŠ› แˆแŠ”แ‰ณ แ‹จแŠ แˆแŠฎแˆ แˆ˜แŒ แŒฅ แˆฝแ‹ซแŒญ แ‹จแˆšแŠจแŠ“แ‹ˆแŠ•แ‰ แ‰ต แ‰€แŠ• แАแ‹
แ‰ แŠ แŒ แ‰ƒแˆ‹แ‹ญ
แ‰  แ‹แˆ™แ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ แˆตแŠซแˆญ
แ‰ แŠจแแ‰ฐแŠ› แˆแŠ”แ‰ณ แˆ แ‹ญแŒฃแŠ• แ‰ แ‹ฐแˆ แ‹จแˆšแˆจแŠซแ‰ แ‰ต แ‰€แŠ• แАแ‹ Valentine day แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต
แ‰ แŒฅแˆแ‰… แŠฅแŠ“ แŠฅแˆจแ‰‚แ‰… แ‹แˆธแ‰ต แ‰ฅแ‹™แ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแŒ แˆแ‹ตแ‰ แ‰ต แ‰€แŠ• แАแ‹

แˆแˆญแŒซแ‹ แ‹ซแŠ•แ‰ฐ/แ‹ซแŠ•แ‰บ แАแ‹ :
#แˆˆแŠฅแˆญแŒแ‹แŠ“ #แ‹จแˆšแˆจแ‹ฑ #แŒฅแˆฉ #แ‹จแŒแ‰ฅแˆจ #แˆฅแŒ‹ #แŒแŠ•แŠ™แАแ‰ต #แˆแˆแ‹ถแ‰ฝ

แŠฅแˆญแŒแ‹แŠ“ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆแŒ แˆญ #แ‹ˆแˆฒแ‰ฅ แŠจแˆ›แ‹แŠ“แŠ“แ‰ต แ‰ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ• แŠ แˆˆแ‰ แ‰ต แ‹จแˆ›แˆญแŒˆแ‹แŠ• แŠ แŒ‹แŒฃแˆš แŠจแ แˆˆแˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแŒ แ‰ แŠ แˆแŒ‹ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆแˆ‰แŠ•แˆ แАแŒˆแˆญ แˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแŒ แ‹ซแˆตแˆแˆแŒ‹แˆแข

แŠฅแˆญแŒแ‹แŠ“แŠ• แˆˆแˆ˜แแŒ แˆญ แˆแŠ•แˆ แ‹“แ‹ญแАแ‰ต แ‹˜แ‹ด แŠ แˆแ‰ฐแŒˆแŠ˜แˆ. แˆ†แŠ–แˆ แŒแŠ• แ‰ แ‰ฐแ‹ˆแˆฐแА แ‹จแŒแŠ‘แŠแАแ‰ต แ‰ฐแ‹ฐแŒ‹แŒ‹แˆšแАแ‰ต แ‰ แˆ˜แŒจแˆ˜แˆญแŠ“ แŒแŠ‘แŠแАแ‰ต แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŒฅแ‰‚แ‰ต แˆˆแ‹แŒฆแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰ แˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแŒ แŠฅแˆญแŒแ‹แŠ“ แ‹จแˆ˜แŠจแˆฐแ‰ต แŠฅแ‹ตแˆแŠ• แˆŠแ‹ซแˆณแ‹ตแŒ‰ แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆ‰

๐Ÿ‘‰ #แˆตแแˆญแˆ (แ‹จแ‹ˆแŠ•แ‹ต แ‹จแ‹˜แˆญ แแˆฌ)
แŠฅแˆญแŒแ‹แŠ“แŠ• แ‰ แˆšแ‹ซแˆตแ‰กแ‰ แ‰ต แ‹ˆแ‰…แ‰ต แˆฐแ‹ แˆฐแˆซแˆฝ แˆ›แˆˆแˆตแˆˆแˆปแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆ˜แŒ แ‰€แˆ แ‰ แแŒนแˆ แŠ แ‹ญแˆ˜แŠจแˆญแˆ แ‹จแ‹šแˆ…แˆ แˆแŠญแŠ•แ‹ซแ‰ต แˆˆแ‹ˆแŠ•แ‹ต แ‹จแ‹˜แˆญ แˆแˆณแˆฝ แŒŽแŒ‚ แˆตแˆˆแˆ†แА แАแ‹แกแก แŠ แŠ•แ‹ณแŠ•แ‹ต แˆดแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แ‹จแŒฅแˆฌ แ‹•แŠ•แ‰แˆ‹แˆ แАแŒญ แŠญแแˆ‰แŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐ แˆ›แˆˆแˆตแˆˆแˆป แ‹ญแŒ แ‰€แˆ™แ‰ แ‰ณแˆ แ‰ แ‹šแˆ… แŠ แŒ‹แŒฃแˆš แŠฅแŠ•แ‰แˆ‹แˆ‰ แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‰ แˆ‹แˆธ แŠจแˆ†แА แŠขแŠ•แŒแŠญแˆฝแŠ• แˆŠแŠจแˆฐแ‰ต แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆแกแก แ‹จแˆแˆ…แŒธแŠ• แ‰ แˆญ แˆแˆณแˆฝ แŠ•แแŒฅแŠ• แˆˆแˆ˜แŒจแˆ˜แˆญ แ‹แˆƒ แ‰ แ‰ฅแ‹›แ‰ต แˆ˜แŒ แŒฃแ‰ต
๐Ÿ‘‰ #แŠ แ‰…แŒฃแŒซ (แ–แ‹šแˆฝแŠ•)!
แ‰ แŒแ‰ฅแˆจ แˆตแŒ‹ แŒแŠ•แŠ™แАแ‰ต แŒŠแ‹œ แ‹ˆแŠ•แ‹ต แŠจแˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆ†แŠ– แ‰ แˆšแ‹ซแ‹ฐแˆญแŒแ‰ แ‰ต แ‹ˆแ‰…แ‰ต แˆˆแˆ›แˆ…แ€แŠ• แ‰ แˆญ แ‰…แˆญแ‰ฅ แŠจแˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘ แŠ แŠ•แƒแˆญ แ‰ แŒฃแˆ แ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆซแŒญ แŠ แ‰…แŒฃแŒซ แАแ‹แกแก แ‰ แˆ˜แˆฌแ‰ต แˆตแ‰ แ‰ต แŠ แˆ›แŠซแ‹ญแАแ‰ต แˆดแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แŠจแˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแˆšแˆ†แŠ‘แ‰ แ‰ต แ‹จแŒแ‰ฅแˆจ แˆตแŒ‹ แŒแŠ•แŠ™แАแ‰ต แŠ แ‰…แŒฃแŒซ แ‰ แŒฃแˆ แŒŽแŒ‚แŠ“ แ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆซแŒญ แ‹ซแˆแˆ†แА แАแ‹แกแก
๐Ÿ‘‰ #แ‰ แŒ€แˆญแ‰ฃ #แˆ˜แŠ•แŒ‹แˆˆแˆ (แˆ˜แ‰ฐแŠ›แ‰ต)!
แŠ แŠ•แ‹ณแŠ•แ‹ต แˆดแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆšแˆฐแŒกแ‰ต แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹ซแ‹จแ‰ต แŠจแŒแŠ‘แŠแАแ‰ต แ‰ แŠ‹แˆ‹ แ‰ แ‹ณแˆŒแ‹ซแ‰ธแ‹ แˆตแˆญ แ‰ตแˆซแˆต แŠ แˆตแŒˆแ‰ฅแ‰ถ แŠ แˆแŒ‹ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ แŒ€แˆญแ‰ฃ แ‰ฐแŠแ‰ถ แŠฅแŒแˆญแŠ• แˆแŠญ แ‰ฅแˆตแŠญแˆŒแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆšแАแ‹ฑ แŠจแ แ‰ แˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแŒ แ‰ขแ‹ญแŠ•แˆต แˆˆ 20 แ‹ฐแ‰‚แ‰ƒ แˆ˜แ‰†แ‹จแ‰ต แŒ แ‰ƒแˆš แАแ‹ แ‹ญแˆ‹แˆ‰แกแก แˆŒแˆŽแ‰ฝ แˆดแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‰ขแ‹ซแ‹ฐแˆญแŒ‰แˆ แ‰ฃแ‹ซแ‹ฐแˆญแŒ‰แˆ แˆˆแ‹แŒฅ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆŒแˆˆแ‹ แ‹ญแŠ“แŒˆแˆซแˆ‰ แˆแˆญแŒซแ‹ แ‹จแŠฅแˆญแˆตแ‹Ž แАแ‹ แ‹‹แŠ“แ‹ แ‰แˆแАแŒˆแˆญ แŒแŠ• แˆˆ 20 แ‹ฐแ‰‚แ‰ƒ แ‰ แŒ€แˆญแ‰ฃแ‹Ž แ‰ฐแŒ‹แ‹ตแˆ˜แ‹ แ‹จแˆšแ‰†แ‹ฉ แŠจแˆ†แА แˆŠแ‹ˆแŒฃ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แˆŠแ‹ˆแŒˆแ‹ต แ‹จแˆšแ‰ฝแˆˆแ‹ แŒคแŠ“แˆ› แ‹ซแˆแˆ†แА แˆตแแˆญแˆแŠ“ แ‹จแˆดแˆ˜แŠ• แˆแˆณแˆฝ แАแ‹แกแก แŒคแŠ“แˆ› แ‹จแˆตแแˆญแˆ (แ‹จแ‹ˆแŠ•แ‹ต แ‹จแ‹˜แˆญ แˆแˆณแˆฝ) แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แˆดแ‰ต แˆƒแแˆจแ‰ฐ แˆตแŒ‹ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แŠจแ‰ฐแˆจแŒจ แ‰ แŠ‹แˆ‹ แ‹ˆแ‹ฒแ‹ซแ‹ แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แˆ›แˆ…แŒธแŠ• แ‹ญแŒ“แ‹›แˆ แˆตแˆˆแ‹šแˆ… แŠจแˆดแ‰ต แˆƒแแˆจแ‰ฐ แˆตแŒ‹ แˆ˜แˆญแ‹›แˆ› แŠ แŠซแ‰ฃแ‰ข แ‹ญแˆญแ‰ƒแˆแกแก
๐Ÿ‘‰ #แ‹จแŒกแŠ•แ‰ปแ‹Žแ‰ฝ #แŒฅแŠ•แŠซแˆฌ
แ‹จแˆดแ‰ต แˆƒแแˆจแ‰ฐ แˆตแŒ‹ แŒกแŠ•แ‰ปแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แŠจแˆ˜แŒจแˆ˜แˆญ แ‰ฃแˆปแŒˆแˆญ แŠฌแŒแˆแˆต แ‹จแˆšแ‰ฃแˆˆแ‹ แˆตแ–แˆญแ‰ณแ‹Š แŠฅแŠ•แ‰…แˆตแ‰ƒแˆด แŠจแŒแ‰ฅแˆจ แˆตแŒ‹ แŒแŠ•แŠ™แАแ‰ต แ‰ แŠ‹แˆ‹ แ‰ แˆดแ‰ต แˆƒแแˆจแ‰ฐ แˆตแŒ‹ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‹จแ‰€แˆจแ‹แŠ• แ‹จแ‹ˆแŠ•แ‹ต แ‹จแ‹˜แˆญ แแˆฌ แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แˆˆแˆ›แˆตแŒˆแ‰ฃแ‰ต แˆ˜แˆฅแˆซแ‰ต แŒ แ‰ƒแˆš แАแ‹แกแก
(แŠฌแŒแˆแˆต) แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แ‹จแˆดแ‰ตแ‹‹ แ‰ฅแˆแ‰ต แŠ แŠซแ‰ฃแ‰ข แ‹ซแˆ‰แ‰ตแŠ• แŒกแŠ•แ‰ปแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆตแ–แˆญแ‰ต แˆ›แˆฐแˆซแ‰ต แАแ‹‰ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ตแˆ แˆดแ‰ท แ‰ แˆซแˆท แŠจแŒแŠ‘แŠแАแ‰ต แ‰ แŠ‹แˆ‹ แ‹ซแ‹ แˆˆแ‰€แ‰… แŠฅแ‹ซแ‹ฐแˆจแŒˆแ‰ฝ แˆˆ 5 แ‹ฐแ‰‚แ‰ƒ แˆ˜แˆตแˆซแ‰ต แАแ‹‰ แ‰ณแ‹ฒแ‹ซ แ‰ แ‹šแˆ… แŒŠแ‹œ แˆฝแŠ•แ‰ตแ‹ŽแŠ• แˆ˜แˆฝแŠ“แ‰ต แ‹จแˆˆแ‰ฆแ‰ตแˆแกแก

#แˆ˜แˆแŠซแˆ #แŒคแŠ“

แŠจแ‰ฐแˆ˜แ‰พ๐Ÿ‘
แ‰ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ• แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆ˜แˆ†แŠ•
แ‰ แˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแŒ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแŒ
แ‰ แˆแˆˆแ‰ต แ‰ณแ‹›แ‹ฆแ‰ฝ แˆตแˆญ แˆ˜แ‹แ‹ฐแ‰…
แˆฐแ‹ แ‹จแˆ˜แˆ†แŠ• แ‰ตแˆแ‰… แˆ…แŒ
แˆŠแŠ–แˆฉแ‰ต แ‰ แˆ›แ‹ญแˆแ‰…แ‹ฑแ‰ต แˆ…แŒ
แˆŠแˆแŒฝแˆ™แ‰ต แ‰ แˆ›แ‹ญแˆนแ‰ต แˆตแˆ…แ‰ฐแ‰ต
แ‰ แŒฃแˆแˆซ แŒแŒญแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แˆ˜แˆƒแˆ แˆ˜แ‰†แˆ แАแ‹‰ แˆฐแ‹‰ แ‹จแˆ˜แˆ†แŠ• แˆฐแ‹‰แАแ‰ต
แ‹ญแˆ„ แˆแˆ‰ แแŒกแˆญ
แ‰ แแŒฅแˆจแ‰ต แˆ˜แ‹ตแˆจแŠญ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแˆšแˆญแˆ˜แˆฐแˆ˜แˆฐแ‹‰
แˆ‹แŠ•แ‹ฒแ‰ต แ‰…แŒฝแ‰ แ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แŠณแŠ• แˆฐแ‹ แˆ†แŠ– แŠ แ‹ซแ‹‰แ‰…แˆ แˆฐแ‹‰ แˆŠแˆ†แŠ• แŒฝแŠ•แˆต แАแ‹‰
แˆฐแ‹‰ แŠฅแˆตแŠชแˆ†แŠ• แ‹ตแˆจแˆต แŠ แŠ•แ‹ณแŠ•แ‹ด แŠ แˆแˆ‹แŠญ แАแ‹ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ณแŠ•แ‹ดแˆ แˆฐแ‹ญแŒฃแŠ• แАแ‹แข
แŠจแ‹ฐแˆซแˆฒแ‹ซแŠ• แŒˆแ… แŠซแАแ‰ แ‰ฅแŠฉแ‰ต
แˆˆแŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹ซแ‹จแ‰ต ๐Ÿ‘๐Ÿ‘โœโœ@BRA12
โ€‹โ€‹๐Ÿ’š๐Ÿ’›โค๏ธ
๐Ÿ’ แŠฅแˆแ‹ฌ๐Ÿ’
๐Ÿ’š๐Ÿ’›โค๏ธ

๐Ÿ‘‘แŠ แ„ แˆแŠ’แˆแŠญ แŠฅแŠ•แŒแ‹ฒแˆ… แŠฅแˆแ‹ฌ แˆแŠ’แˆแŠญ แŠฅแ‹จแ‰ฐแ‰ฃแˆ‰ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆšแŒ แˆฉ แ‹จแ‰ณแ‹ˆแ‰€ แАแ‹แข แ‹ญแˆ…แŠ• แˆตแ‹ซแˆœ แ‹ซแŒˆแŠ™แ‰ตแˆ แŠฅแŒ…แŒ แˆฉแˆ…แˆฉแˆ… แŠฅแŠ“ แˆˆแˆฐแ‹ แŠ แ‹›แŠ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹ แАแ‹แข แ‹ญแˆ…แŠ• แŠจแˆšแ‹ซแˆจแŒ‹แŒแŒกแˆแŠ•แˆ แŠ แ‰ฅแ‹ญ แˆแŠญแŠ•แ‹ซแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แˆ˜แŠซแŠจแˆ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ฑ แˆˆแŠ แˆฝแŠจแˆฎแ‰ปแ‰ธแ‹ แ‹จแАแ‰ แˆซแ‰ธแ‹ แŠ แˆ˜แˆˆแŠซแŠจแ‰ต แАแ‹แข
แˆแŠ’แˆแŠญ แŠจแˆ›แ‹ญแˆจแˆฑแ‰ต แˆแˆ›แ‹ณแ‰ธแ‹ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ฑ แˆ แˆซแ‹Šแ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹ แˆแŒแ‰ฅ แˆณแ‹ญแ‰ แˆ‹ แŠฅแˆณแ‰ธแ‹ แŠ แ‹ญแ‰ แˆ‰แˆ แАแ‰ แˆญแข แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แŒŠแ‹œ แŠจแ‹ฐแŒƒแ‰ฝ แ‹แ‰ค แ‰คแ‰ต แ‰ฐแŒ‹แ‰ฅแ‹˜แ‹ แˆ„แ‹ฑแข แ‹ฐแŒƒแ‰ฝ แ‹แ‰คแˆ แŠ แˆ›แ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แˆแŠ’แˆแŠญแŠ• แŠจแ‰ฐแ‰€แ‰ แˆ‰ แ‰ แ‹‹แˆ‹ แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แ‰คแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแŒˆแ‰ก แ‰ขแŒ แ‹ญแ‰‹แ‰ธแ‹ "แ‰ แŠแ‰ต แŠ แˆฝแŠจแˆฎแ‰ผแŠ• แŠ แˆตแŒˆแ‰ฃแŠ“ แŠ แ‰ฅแˆ‹แˆแŠแข" แ‰ฅแˆˆแ‹ แŠฅแˆแ‰ข แŠ แˆ‰ แŠ แˆฝแŠจแˆฎแ‰นแˆ แˆˆแŒแ‰ฅแˆญ แˆฒแŒˆแ‰ก แ‹จแˆแŠ’แˆแŠญแŠ•แŠ“ แ‹จแ‹จแˆ˜แŠณแŠ•แŠ•แ‰ฑแŠ• แ‰ แ‰…แˆŽแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‹จแ‹ซแ‹™ แŠ แˆฝแŠจแˆฎแ‰ฝ แ‰€แˆฉแข แ‹ญแˆ…แŠ• แ‹ซแ‹ฉแ‰ต แˆแŠ’แˆแŠญ แ‰ แ‰…แˆŽแŠ แ‰ธแ‹แŠ• "แ‹ˆแ‹ฒแˆ… แŠ แˆแŒฃแ‰ต" แˆฒแˆ‰ แŠ แˆฝแŠจแˆฎแ‰น แŠฅแ‹จแˆฎแŒก แ‰ แ‰…แˆŽแŠ แ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แŠ แ‰€แˆจแ‰กแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹แข แŠ แ‰ฅแˆจแ‹‹แ‰ธแ‹ แ‹จแАแ‰ แˆฉแ‰ต แˆ˜แŠณแŠ•แŠ•แ‰ต "แ‹ˆแ‹ดแ‰ต แˆŠแˆ„แ‹ฑ แАแ‹?" แŠฅแ‹ซแˆ‰ แˆฒแŒ แ‹ญแ‰ แˆแŠ’แˆแŠญ แ‹จแ‰ แ‰…แˆŽแ‹‹แŠ• แˆ˜แˆณแ‰ขแ‹ซ แˆˆแŠฎ แŠจแŠ แˆฝแŠจแˆซแ‰ธแ‹ แ‰ฐแ‰€แ‰ฅแˆˆแ‹ "แˆ‚แ‹ตแŠ“ แˆแˆณแˆ…แŠ• แ‰ฅแˆ‹" แŠ แˆ‰แ‰ตแข แˆแˆ‰แˆ แ‹ฐแАแŒˆแŒก แˆแŠ•แˆŠแŠญแˆ แŠ แˆฝแŠจแˆฎแ‰ปแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แ‰ฐแ‰†แŒฅแ‰ฐแ‹ แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แŒแ‰ฅแˆญ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแŒˆแ‰ก แˆฒแ‹ซแ‹ฐแˆญแŒ‰ แŠฅแŠแ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹ แ‹จแАแ‰ แˆฉแ‰ต แ€แˆแŒ แ‰ตแŠฅแ‹›แ‹ แŒˆแ‰ฅแˆจแˆฅแˆ‹แˆด แŠจแˆแŠ’แˆแŠญ แŠฅแŒ… แ‰ แ‰…แˆŽแ‹‹แŠ• แˆˆแˆ˜แ‰€แ‰ แˆ "แ‹ญแˆตแŒกแŠ แŠฅแŠ” แˆแ‹ซแ‹›แ‰ต" แŠ แˆแ‰ธแ‹แข แˆแŠ’แˆแŠญแˆ "แ‹จแŠ”แŠ• แ‰ฐแ‹แˆแŠแŠ“ แ‹ซแŠ•แ‰ฐแŠ• แŠซแŠ•แ‰ฐ แŠ แˆฝแŠจแˆญ แ‰ฐแ‰€แ‰ แˆ" แŠ แˆแ‰ธแ‹แข แŠจแ‹šแˆ… แ‰ แ‹‹แˆ‹ แˆ˜แŠณแŠ•แŠ•แ‰ฑ แˆแˆ‰ แŠจแŠ แˆฝแŠจแˆฉ แ‰ แ‰…แˆŽแ‹แŠ• แŠฅแ‹จแ‰ฐแ‰€แ‰ แˆ‰ แˆฒแ‹ญแ‹™ แŠ แˆฝแŠจแˆญ แˆแˆณแ‹แŠ• แˆŠแ‰ แˆ‹ แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แŒแ‰ฅแˆญ แŒˆแ‰ฃแข แˆแŠ’แˆแŠญแˆ แŠจแŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แ‹จแŠฎแŠญ แ‹›แ แˆตแˆญ แ‰ แ‰…แˆŽแŠ แ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แ‹ญแ‹˜แ‹ แ‰†แˆ˜แ‹ แŠ แˆฝแŠจแˆฎแ‰ปแ‰ธแ‹ แ‰ แˆแ‰ฐแ‹ แŠฅแˆตแŠชแ‹ˆแŒก แ‹ตแˆจแˆต แŒ แŒ… แŠฅแ‹จแŒ แŒก แ‹ญแŒ แ‰ฅแ‰ แŒ€แˆ˜แˆญแข
แŠฅแˆแ‹ฌ แˆแŠ’แˆแŠญ แ‹จแˆšแˆˆแ‹แŠ• แˆตแˆ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแŠ–แˆฉแ‰ต แ‹ญแˆ… แ‰ตแˆแ‰… แˆแˆตแŠญแˆญ แАแ‹แข

แŠจแŒณแ‹แˆŽแˆต แŠžแŠžแฆ แˆตแˆˆ แŠ แŒค แˆแŠ’แˆแŠญ
แˆ˜แˆแŠซแˆ แ‰€แŠ•
แˆผแˆญ :- @BRA12
We don't have an Independence day, we have Victory day. Adwa 1896

It is a privilege to be born into a history of victory and not that of slavery. Privilege often comes with a responsibility. A responsibility to be sensitive to our African brothers and sisters who suffered all over the world in those dark days. A responsibility to recognize that now it is in our shoulders to carry the torch, to show the Wakanda in us. We have the burden to show how an uncolonized African Nation can thrive.

I am afraid that we may be too proud to recognize our responsibilities. We fail to notice that it was our unity that helped our nation, the underdog, win a war. We fail to notice that people traded their lives to save us from a generational trauma.

For me Adwa Victory is a story of how we can do anything when united.
แ‹ตแˆญ แ‰ขแ‹ซแ‰ฅแˆญ แŠ แŠ•แ‰ แˆณ แ‹ซแˆฐแˆญ
แŒซแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ แˆตแАแˆแ‰ฆแŠ“แ‹Š แ‰ฝแŒแˆฎแ‰น
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แŒซแ‰ต แ‰ฅแ‹™ แŒŠแ‹œ แŒŠแ‹œ แŠจแˆ›แŒฅแŠแ‹ซแАแ‰ต แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆ แˆŒแˆ‹ แŠ แŠซแˆ‹แ‹Šแˆ แ‹ญแˆแŠ• แˆตแА แˆแ‰ฆแŠ“แ‹Š แ‰ฝแŒแˆฎแ‰ฝ แŠ แ‹ซแˆ˜แŒฃแˆ แ‹จแˆšแˆ แŠญแˆญแŠญแˆญ แ‰ฅแ‹™ แŒŠแ‹œ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆˆแˆ˜แ‹ฐ แАแ‹ แ‹ญแˆ… แ‰ฅแ‰ป แˆณแ‹ญแˆ†แŠ• แ‰ แŠ แŠฅแˆแˆฎ แˆ…แŠญแˆแŠ“ แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆ™แ‹ซแ‹Žแ‰ฝแˆ แŒญแˆแˆญ แˆˆแŠ แŠฅแˆแˆฎ แˆ…แˆ˜แˆ แ‹ซแŒ‹แˆแŒฃแˆ แŠ แ‹ซแŒ‹แˆแŒฅแˆ แ‹จแˆšแˆ แŠญแˆญแŠญแˆญ แ‰ฅแ‹™ แŒŠแ‹œ แˆฒแАแˆณ แ‹ญแˆตแ‰ฐแ‹‹แˆ‹แˆแข แ‰ แŠฅแˆญแŒแŒฅ แ‰ฅแ‹™ แŒฅแŠ“แ‰ถแ‰ฝแˆ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ซแ‹จ แŠ แ‹ญแАแ‰ต แ‹แŒคแ‰ตแˆ(report) แАแ‹ แ‹ซแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แˆˆแ‹›แˆฌ แŒฅแ‰‚แ‰ต แˆตแˆˆ แŒซแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‰ แˆ แข

แŒซแ‰ต แŠจ40 แ‰ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแˆšแˆ†แŠ‘ แŠ•แŒฅแˆจ แАแŒˆแˆฎแ‰ฝแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแˆ‰แ‰ต แ‹ญแŒˆแˆ˜แ‰ณแˆ แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ญ แŠซแ‰ถแŠ’แŠ• แŠฅแŠ“ แŠซแ‰ฒแŠ• แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‰ฃแˆ‰แ‰ต แŠจแแ‰ฐแŠ› แˆฑแˆต แŠ แˆแŒช แŠ•แŒฅแˆจแАแŒˆแˆฎแ‰ฝ แ‹ญแ‹ญแ‹›แˆ แ‰ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘แˆ แŒซแ‰ต แˆฑแˆต แŠ แˆตแ‹ซแ‹ฅ แŠจแˆ†แŠ‘แ‰ต แ‹•แŒพแ‰ฝ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‹ญแˆ˜แ‹ฐแ‰ฃแˆ แข
แŒซแ‰ต แˆฑแˆต แŠ แˆ˜แŒฃ แ‹จแˆšแ‰ฃแˆˆแ‹ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แˆฐแ‹ แ‰ฐแ‹ฐแŒ‹แŒ‹แˆš แ‹ญแŒ แ‰€แˆ˜แ‹ แ‹จแАแ‰ แˆจแ‹แŠ• แ‹จแŒซแ‰ต แˆ˜แŒ แŠ• แ‹จแˆšแˆแˆแŒˆแ‹แŠ• แ‹แŒคแ‰ต แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แˆแˆญแ‰ƒแŠ“ แˆณแ‹ซแˆ˜แŒฃแˆˆแ‰ต แˆฒแ‰€แˆญ แ‹ญแˆ…แˆ แ‹แŒคแ‰ต(แˆแˆญแ‰ƒแŠ“) แˆˆแˆ›แŒแŠ˜แ‰ต แ‹จแŒซแ‰ฑแŠ• แˆ˜แŒ แŠ• แ‰ แ‰ฐแ‹ฐแŒ‹แŒ‹แˆš แˆ˜แŒจแˆ˜แˆญ แˆฒแŒ แ‰ แ‰…แ‰ แ‰ต แฃ

แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆแˆ แ‰ฃแˆแ‰ฐแŒ แ‰€แˆ˜(แŒซแ‰ตแŠ• แ‰ฃแˆแ‹แˆฐแ‹ฐ) แŒŠแ‹œ แ‹จแˆšแˆจแ‰ฅแˆน แˆตแА แˆแ‰ฆแŠ“แ‹Š แŠฅแŠ“ แŠ แŠซแˆ‹แ‹Š แˆˆแ‹แŒฆแ‰ฝ แˆ›แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹‹แˆ แˆฒแŒ€แˆ˜แˆญ แˆแˆณแˆŒ แˆ˜แАแŒซแАแŒญแก แ‹จแŠฅแŠ•แ‰…แˆแ แˆ˜แˆจแ‰ แˆฝ: แ‹ตแ‰ฃแ‰ด: แˆ˜แŒญแŠ“แАแ‰… : แ‰ตแŠฉแˆจแ‰ต แˆ›แŒฃแ‰ตแก แ‹จแˆ›แˆตแ‰ณแ‹ˆแˆต แ‰ฝแŒแˆญแก แ‹จแˆ˜แˆณแˆฐแˆ‰แ‰ตแŠ•
แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆแˆ แ‹จแˆšแŒ แ‰ แ‰…แ‰ แ‰ตแŠ• แ‹จแˆตแˆซ : แ‹จแ‰คแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰ฅ แŠฅแŠ“ แˆ›แˆ…แ‰ แˆซแ‹Š แˆƒแˆ‹แŠแАแ‰ตแŠ• แ‰ธแˆ แ‰ แˆ›แˆˆแ‰ต แŒซแ‰ตแŠ• แˆˆแˆ›แŒแŠ˜แ‰ต แ‰ แˆšแˆจแ‹ฑ แŠฅแŠ•แ‰…แˆตแ‰ƒแˆดแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠจแ‰ฐแŒ แˆ˜แ‹ฐ แข

แŠ แŠซแˆ‹แ‹ŠแŠ“ แˆตแА แˆแ‰ฆแŠ“แ‹Š แ‰ฝแŒแˆฎแ‰น
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แ‹จแŠฅแŠ•แ‰…แˆแ แˆ˜แ‹›แ‰ฃแ‰ต :แ‹จแŠญแ‰ฅแ‹ฐแ‰ต แˆ˜แ‰€แАแˆต :แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ซแ‹จ แ‹จแˆ˜แ‰ตแŠ•แแˆป แŠ แŠซแˆ‹แ‰ต แ‰ฝแŒแˆฎแ‰ฝ แก แˆ˜แŒฅแŽ แ‹จแŠ แ แŒ แˆจแŠ•: แˆซแˆต แˆแ‰ณแ‰ต:แˆตแŠ•แˆแ‰ฐ แ‹ˆแˆฒแ‰ฅ: แ‹จแŠจแŠ•แˆแˆญ แˆ˜แ‹ตแˆจแ‰… แˆ˜แ‰แˆฐแˆ แŠฅแŠ“ แˆ˜แˆ‹แˆ‹แŒฅ: แ‹ตแ‰ฅแˆญแ‰ต: แ‰ถแˆŽ แ‰แŒก แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ•: แ‹จแˆ›แˆตแ‰ณแ‹ˆแˆต แ‰ฝแŒแˆญ: แ‹จแ‰ แ‹› แŒฅแˆญแŒฃแˆฌ แˆ˜แАแŒซแАแŒญแข

แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แŒˆแˆˆแˆตแ‰ฅ แŠฅแАแ‹šแˆ… แ‰ฝแŒแˆฎแ‰ฝ แŠซแˆตแ‰ฐแ‹‹แˆˆแŠ“ แ‰ฐแАแˆณแˆฝแАแ‰ฑ แŠซแˆˆ แ‰ แˆ…แŠญแˆแŠ“ แŠฅแ‹จแ‰ฐแˆจแ‹ณ แŒซแ‰ตแŠ• แˆ›แ‰†แˆ แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆแก แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆแˆ แŒซแ‰ตแŠ• แ‰ แŠจแแ‰ฐแŠ› แˆ˜แŒ แŠ• แˆ˜แŒ แ‰€แˆ แˆณแ‹ญแŠฎแˆฒแˆต(psychosis) แˆˆแ‰ฐแ‰ฃแˆˆแˆ แ‹จแŠ แŠฅแˆแˆฎ แˆ…แˆ˜แˆ แˆŠแ‹ณแˆญแŒ แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆ แก แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ญ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ซแ‹จ แ‹จแŠ แŠฅแˆแˆฎ แˆ…แˆ˜แˆ แ‹ซแˆˆแ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹ แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‹ญแˆ…แŠ• แ‹•แŒฝ แ‹จแˆšแŒ แ‰€แˆ™ แŠจแˆ†แА แˆ…แˆ˜แˆ™ แ‰ แ‰ฐแ‹ฐแŒ‹แŒ‹แˆš แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแ‹ซแŒˆแˆจแˆฝแŠ“ แ‹จแˆ…แŠญแˆแŠ“ แ‹แŒคแ‰ฑแˆ แŠฅแŒ…แŒ แ‰ แŒฃแˆ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแ‹˜แŒˆแ‹ญ แˆŠแ‹ซแ‹ฐแˆญแŒ แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆ แข
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แˆ˜แˆแŠซแˆ แ‰†แ‹ญแ‰ณ
แ‹ฎแˆดแ แˆณแˆ…แˆŒ